Aurora (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Aurora" in English language version.

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"News: Acoustics researcher finds explanation for auroral sounds". 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

agu.org

news.agu.org

Lipuma, Lauren. "Scientists discover what powers celestial phenomenon STEVE". AGU News. American Geophysical Union. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.

alaska.edu

gse.gi.alaska.edu

Alaska.edu Archived 20 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Solar wind forecast from a University of Alaska website

archive.org

Tromholt, Sophus (1881). "Om Nordlysets Perioder / Sur les périodes de l'aurore boréale [On the periods of the aurora borealis]". Meteorologisk Aarbog for 1880. Part 1 (in Danish and French). Copenhagen, Denmark: Danske Meteorologiske Institut. pp. I–LX.
Birkeland, Kristian (1908). The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902–1903. New York: Christiania (Oslo): H. Aschehoug & Co. p. 720. out-of-print, full text online
"Aurora Borealis and the Telegraph". The British Colonist. Vol. 2, no. 56. Victoria, V.I. [Vancouver Island, B.C.]: Amor De Cosmos. 19 October 1859. p. 1, col. 2. ISSN 0839-4229. OCLC 1115103262 – via Internet Archive.
Clarke, J. (1910), Physical Science in the time of Nero, pp. 39–41, London: Macmillan, accessed 1 January 2017.
Bostock, J. and Riley, H. T. (1855), The Natural History of Pliny, Vol. II, London: Bohn, accessed 1 January 2017.

archives.gov

founders.archives.gov

The original English text of Benjamin Franklin's article on the cause of auroras is available at: U.S. National Archives: Founders Online Archived 31 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine

arxiv.org

Hamacher, D. W. (2013). "Aurorae in Australian Aboriginal Traditions" (PDF). Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 16 (2): 207–219. arXiv:1309.3367. Bibcode:2013JAHH...16..207H. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2013.02.05. S2CID 118102443. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Helling, Christiane; Rimmer, Paul B. (23 September 2019). "Lightning and charge processes in brown dwarf and exoplanet atmospheres". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 377 (2154): 20180398. arXiv:1903.04565. Bibcode:2019RSPTA.37780398H. doi:10.1098/rsta.2018.0398. PMC 6710897. PMID 31378171.

athabascau.ca

auspace.athabascau.ca

"Simultaneous ground and satellite observations of an isolated proton arc at sub-auroral latitudes". Journal of Geophysical Research. 2007. Archived from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.

atlasobscura.com

Frost, Natasha (4 October 2017). "1770 Kyoto Diary". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.

aurorasaurus.org

blog.aurorasaurus.org

"Eyes on the Aurora, Part 2: What is a Keogram?". Aurorasaurus. 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
"The discovery of the auroral dunes: How one thing led to another". Aurorasaurus. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.

bbc.com

"شفق قطبی در آسمان کویر ایران". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). 12 May 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.

books.google.com

Guiducci, Mario; Galilei, Galileo (1619). Discorso delle Comete [Discourse on Comets] (in Italian). Firenze (Florence), Italy: Pietro Cecconcelli. p. 39. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2019. On p. 39, Galileo explains that auroras are due to sunlight reflecting from thin, high clouds. From p. 39: "... molti di voi avranno più d'una volta veduto 'l Cielo nell' ore notturne, nelle parti verso Settentrione, illuminato in modo, che di lucidità non-cede alla piu candida Aurora, ne lontana allo spuntar del Sole; effetto, che per mio credere, non-ha origine altrode, che dall' essersi parte dell' aria vaporosa, che circonda la terra, per qualche cagione in modo più del consueto assottigliata, che sublimandosi assai più del suo consueto, abbia sormontato il cono dell' ombra terrestre, si che essendo la sua parte superiore ferita dal Sole abbia potuto rifletterci il suo splendore, e formarci questa boreale aurora." ("... many of you will have seen, more than once, the sky in the night hours, in parts towards the north, illuminated in a way that the clear [sky] does not yield to the brighter aurora, far from the rising of the sun; an effect that, by my thinking, has no other origin than being part of the vaporous air that surrounds the Earth, for some reason thinner than usual, which, being sublimated far more than expected, has risen above the cone of the Earth's shadow, so that its upper part, being struck by the sun['s light], has been able to reflect its splendor and to form this aurora borealis.")
Bruzek, A.; Durrant, C. J. (2012). Illustrated Glossary for Solar and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 190. ISBN 978-94-010-1245-4. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Steel, Frances; Anderson, Atholl; Ballantyne, Tony; Benjamin, Julie; Booth, Douglas; Brickell, Chris; Gilderdale, Peter; Haines, David; Liebich, Susan (2018). New Zealand and the Sea: Historical Perspectives. Bridget Williams Books. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-947518-71-4. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
Goodman, N., ed. (2011). The Ingenious Dr. Franklin: Selected Scientific Letters of Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8122-0561-9.

borna.news

"چطور شد که شفق قطبی در ایران هم دیده شد؟ +عکس". fa (in Persian). Retrieved 20 July 2024.

dapep.org

"Aurora Borealis". dapep.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.^{[clarification needed]}

discovery.com

news.discovery.com

O'Neill, Ian (29 July 2015). "Monstrous Aurora Detected Beyond our Solar System". Discovery. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.

doi.org

Siscoe, G. L. (1986). "An historical footnote on the origin of 'aurora borealis'". History of Geophysics. Vol. 2. pp. 11–14. Bibcode:1986HGeo....2...11S. doi:10.1029/HG002p0011. ISBN 978-0-87590-276-0. ISSN 8755-1217.
Feldstein, Y. I. (2011). "A Quarter Century with the Auroral Oval". EOS. 67 (40): 761. Bibcode:1986EOSTr..67..761F. doi:10.1029/EO067i040p00761-02.
Østgaard, N.; Mende, S. B.; Frey, H. U.; Sigwarth, J. B.; Åsnes, A.; Weygand, J. M. (2007). "Auroral conjugacy studies based on global imaging". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 69 (3): 249. Bibcode:2007JASTP..69..249O. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.05.026.
Frey, H. U. (2007). "Localized aurora beyond the auroral oval". Reviews of Geophysics. 45 (1): RG1003. Bibcode:2007RvGeo..45.1003F. doi:10.1029/2005RG000174.
Stamper, J.; Lockwood, M.; Wild, M. N. (December 1999). "Solar causes of the long-term increase in geomagnetic activity" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 104 (A12): 28, 325–28, 342. Bibcode:1999JGR...10428325S. doi:10.1029/1999JA900311. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
Papitashvili, V. O.; Papitashva, N. E.; King, J. H. (September 2000). "Solar cycle effects in planetary geomagnetic activity: Analysis of 36-year long OMNI dataset" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (17): 2797–2800. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27.2797P. doi:10.1029/2000GL000064. hdl:2027.42/94796. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
Østgaard, N. (2003). "Observations of non-conjugate theta aurora". Geophysical Research Letters. 30 (21): 2125. Bibcode:2003GeoRL..30.2125O. doi:10.1029/2003GL017914.
Størmer, Carl (1946). "Frequency of 12,330 measured heights of aurora from southern Norway in the years 1911–1944". Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity. 51 (4): 501–504. Bibcode:1946TeMAE..51..501S. doi:10.1029/te051i004p00501.
Clark, Stuart (2007). "Astronomical fire: Richard Carrington and the solar flare of 1859". Endeavour. 31 (3): 104–109. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2007.07.004. PMID 17764743.
Zhu, L.; Schunk, R. W.; Sojka, J. J. (1997). "Polar cap arcs: A review". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 59 (10): 1087. Bibcode:1997JASTP..59.1087Z. doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(96)00113-7.
Yahnin, A. G.; Sergeev, V. A.; Gvozdevsky, B. B.; Vennerstrøm, S. (1997). "Magnetospheric source region of discrete auroras inferred from their relationship with isotropy boundaries of energetic particles". Annales Geophysicae. 15 (8): 943. Bibcode:1997AnGeo..15..943Y. doi:10.1007/s00585-997-0943-z.
Thomson, E. (1917). "Inferences concerning auroras". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 3 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:1917PNAS....3....1T. doi:10.1073/pnas.3.1.1. PMC 1091158. PMID 16586674.
Partamies, N.; Whiter, D.; Kadokura, A.; Kauristie, K.; Tyssøy, H. Nesse; Massetti, S.; Stauning, P.; Raita, T. (2017). "Occurrence and average behavior of pulsating aurora". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 122 (5): 5606–5618. Bibcode:2017JGRA..122.5606P. doi:10.1002/2017JA024039. ISSN 2169-9402. S2CID 38394431. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
Gurnett, D.A. (1974). "The Earth as a radio source". Journal of Geophysical Research. 79 (28): 4227. Bibcode:1974JGR....79.4227G. doi:10.1029/JA079i028p04227.
Anderson, K. A. (1960). "Balloon observations of X-rays in the auroral zone". Journal of Geophysical Research. 65 (2): 551–564. Bibcode:1960JGR....65..551A. doi:10.1029/jz065i002p00551.
Nishimura, Y.; Gallardo-Lacourt, B.; Zou, Y.; Mishin, E.; Knudsen, D. J.; Donovan, E. F.; Angelopoulos, V.; Raybell, R. (16 April 2019). "Magnetospheric signatures of STEVE: Implication for the magnetospheric energy source and inter-hemispheric conjugacy". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (11): 5637–5644. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..46.5637N. doi:10.1029/2019GL082460.
Palmroth, M.; Grandin, M.; Helin, M.; Koski, P.; Oksanen, A.; Glad, M. A.; Valonen, R.; Saari, K.; Bruus, E.; Norberg, J.; Viljanen, A.; Kauristie, K.; Verronen, P. T. (2020). "Citizen Scientists Discover a New Auroral Form: Dunes Provide Insight Into the Upper Atmosphere". AGU Advances. 1. doi:10.1029/2019AV000133. hdl:10138/322003. S2CID 213839228. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
Grandin, Maxime; Palmroth, Minna; Whipps, Graeme; Kalliokoski, Milla; Ferrier, Mark; Paxton, Larry J.; Mlynczak, Martin G.; Hilska, Jukka; Holmseth, Knut; Vinorum, Kjetil; Whenman, Barry (2021). "Large-Scale Dune Aurora Event Investigation Combining Citizen Scientists' Photographs and Spacecraft Observations". AGU Advances. 2 (2): EGU21-5986. Bibcode:2021EGUGA..23.5986G. doi:10.1029/2020AV000338.
Bower, G. E.; Milan, S. E.; Paxton, L. J.; Anderson, B. J. (May 2022). "Occurrence Statistics of Horse Collar Aurora". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (5). Bibcode:2022JGRA..12730385B. doi:10.1029/2022JA030385. hdl:11250/3055028. ISSN 2169-9380. S2CID 248842161. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
McIlwain, C E (1960). "Direct Measurement of Particles Producing Visible Auroras". Journal of Geophysical Research. 65 (9): 2727. Bibcode:1960JGR....65.2727M. doi:10.1029/JZ065i009p02727.
Reiff, P. H.; Collin, H. L.; Craven, J. D.; Burch, J. L.; Winningham, J. D.; Shelley, E. G.; Frank, L. A.; Friedman, M. A. (1988). "Determination of auroral electrostatic potentials using high- and low-altitude particle distributions". Journal of Geophysical Research. 93 (A7): 7441. Bibcode:1988JGR....93.7441R. doi:10.1029/JA093iA07p07441.
Bryant, D. A.; Collin, H. L.; Courtier, G. M.; Johnstone, A. D. (1967). "Evidence for Velocity Dispersion in Auroral Electrons". Nature. 215 (5096): 45. Bibcode:1967Natur.215...45B. doi:10.1038/215045a0. S2CID 4173665.
Schield, M. A.; Freeman, J. W.; Dessler, A. J. (1969). "A Source for Field-Aligned Currents at Auroral Latitudes". Journal of Geophysical Research. 74 (1): 247–256. Bibcode:1969JGR....74..247S. doi:10.1029/JA074i001p00247.
Armstrong, J. C.; Zmuda, A. J. (1973). "Triaxial magnetic measurements of field-aligned currents at 800 kilometers in the auroral region: Initial results". Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 (28): 6802–6807. Bibcode:1973JGR....78.6802A. doi:10.1029/JA078i028p06802.
Pokhotelov, D.; Lotko, W.; Streltsov, A.V. (2002). "Effects of the seasonal asymmetry in ionospheric Pedersen conductance on the appearance of discrete aurora". Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (10): 79-1 – 79-4. Bibcode:2002GeoRL..29.1437P. doi:10.1029/2001GL014010. S2CID 123637108.
Crooker, N. U.; Feynman, J.; Gosling, J. T. (1 May 1977). "On the high correlation between long-term averages of solar wind speed and geomagnetic activity". Journal of Geophysical Research. 82 (13): 1933. Bibcode:1977JGR....82.1933C. doi:10.1029/JA082i013p01933. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Shue, J.-H; Chao, J. K.; Fu, H. C.; Russell, C. T.; Song, P.; Khurana, K. K.; Singer, H. J. (May 1997). "A new functional form to study the solar wind control of the magnetopause size and shape". J. Geophys. Res. 102 (A5): 9497–9511. Bibcode:1997JGR...102.9497S. doi:10.1029/97JA00196.
Lyons, L. R.; Kim, H.-J.; Xing, X.; Zou, S.; Lee, D.-Y.; Heinselman, C.; Nicolls, M. J.; Angelopoulos, V.; Larson, D.; McFadden, J.; Runov, A.; Fornacon, K.-H. (2009). "Evidence that solar wind fluctuations substantially affect global convection and substorm occurrence". J. Geophys. Res. 114 (A11306): 1–14. Bibcode:2009JGRA..11411306L. doi:10.1029/2009JA014281.
Angelopoulos, V.; McFadden, J. P.; Larson, D.; Carlson, C. W.; Mende, S. B.; Frey, H.; Phan, T.; Sibeck, D. G.; Glassmeier, K.-H.; Auster, U.; Donovan, E.; Mann, I. R.; Rae, I. J.; Russell, C. T.; Runov, A.; Zhou, X.-Z.; Kepko, L. (2008). "Tail Reconnection Triggering Substorm Onset". Science. 321 (5891): 931–5. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..931A. doi:10.1126/science.1160495. PMID 18653845. S2CID 206514133.
Orr, L.; Chapman, S. C.; Gjerloev, J. W.; Guo, W. (23 March 2021). "Network community structure of substorms using SuperMAG magnetometers, L. Orr, S. C. Chapman, J. W. Gjerloev & W. Guo". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 1842. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22112-4. PMC 7988152. PMID 33758181.
The theory of acceleration by parallel electric fields is reviewed in detail by Lysak R, Echim M, Karlsson T, Marghitu O, Rankin R, Song Y, Watanabe TH (2020). "Quiet, Discrete Auroral Arcs: Acceleration Mechanisms" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 216 (92): 92. Bibcode:2020SSRv..216...92L. doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00715-5. S2CID 220509575. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
A discussion of 8 theories in use in 2020 as well as several no longer in common use can be found in: Borovsky JE, Birn J, Echim MM, Fujita S, Lysak RL, Knudsen DJ, Marghitu O, Otto A, Watanabe TH, Tanaka T (2020). "Quiescent Discrete Auroral Arcs: A Review of Magnetospheric Generator Mechanisms" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 216 (92). doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0619-5. S2CID 214002762. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
Pokhotelov, D. (2002). Effects of the active auroral ionosphere on magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling (PhD Thesis). Dartmouth College. doi:10.1349/ddlp.3332.
Schroeder JW, Howes GG, Kletzing CA, et al. (7 June 2021). "Laboratory measurements of the physics of auroral electron acceleration by Alfvén waves". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 3103. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.3103S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23377-5. PMC 8184961. PMID 34099653.
Kataoka, Ryuho; Iwahashi, Kiyomi (17 September 2017). "Inclined zenith aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770: Graphical evidence of extreme magnetic storm". Space Weather. 15 (10): 1314–1320. Bibcode:2017SpWea..15.1314K. doi:10.1002/2017SW001690.
Stewart, Balfour (1861). "On the Great Magnetic Disturbance of 28 August to 7 September 1859, as Recorded by Photography at the Kew Observatory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 151: 423–430 [428]. doi:10.1098/rstl.1861.0023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
Green, J; Boardsen, S; Odenwald, S; Humble, J; Pazamickas, K (2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157.
Peratt, Anthony L. (2014). Physics of the Plasma Universe (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 357. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7819-5. ISBN 978-1-4614-7819-5. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
Hamacher, D. W. (2013). "Aurorae in Australian Aboriginal Traditions" (PDF). Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 16 (2): 207–219. arXiv:1309.3367. Bibcode:2013JAHH...16..207H. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2013.02.05. S2CID 118102443. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Wehi, Priscilla M.; Scott, Nigel J.; Beckwith, Jacinta; Pryor Rodgers, Rata; Gillies, Tasman; Van Uitregt, Vincent; Krushil, Watene (2021). "A short scan of Māori journeys to Antarctica". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 52 (5): 587–598. doi:10.1080/03036758.2021.1917633. PMC 11485871. PMID 39440197.
Phillips, J. L.; Stewart, A. I. F.; Luhmann, J. G. (1986). "The Venus ultraviolet aurora: Observations at 130.4 nm". Geophysical Research Letters. 13 (10): 1047–1050. Bibcode:1986GeoRL..13.1047P. doi:10.1029/GL013i010p01047. ISSN 1944-8007. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
Galand, M.; Feldman, P. D.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Biver, N.; Cheng, Y.-C.; Rinaldi, G.; Rubin, M.; Altwegg, K.; Deca, J.; Beth, A.; Stephenson, P. (21 September 2020). "Far-ultraviolet aurora identified at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko". Nature Astronomy. 4 (11): 1084–1091. Bibcode:2020NatAs...4.1084G. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1171-7. hdl:10044/1/82183. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 221884342. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
Helling, Christiane; Rimmer, Paul B. (23 September 2019). "Lightning and charge processes in brown dwarf and exoplanet atmospheres". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 377 (2154): 20180398. arXiv:1903.04565. Bibcode:2019RSPTA.37780398H. doi:10.1098/rsta.2018.0398. PMC 6710897. PMID 31378171.

elobservador.com.uy

"Aurora austral en Uruguay: fotógrafos registran un hecho "histórico" y astrónomos explican por qué pasó". El Observador (Uruguay). Retrieved 13 May 2024.

esa.int

"ESA Portal – Mars Express discovers auroras on Mars". European Space Agency. 11 August 2004. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.

etymonline.com

Harper, Douglas, ed. (2025). "Aurora". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 5 January 2025.

geirangerguide.no

"Northern Lights". Geiranger Guide. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.

ghostarchive.org

"Revontulien 'dyynit', uusia löydöksiä – Aurora 'dunes' revisited". YouTube. 4 May 2021. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Papitashvili, V. O.; Papitashva, N. E.; King, J. H. (September 2000). "Solar cycle effects in planetary geomagnetic activity: Analysis of 36-year long OMNI dataset" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (17): 2797–2800. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27.2797P. doi:10.1029/2000GL000064. hdl:2027.42/94796. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
Palmroth, M.; Grandin, M.; Helin, M.; Koski, P.; Oksanen, A.; Glad, M. A.; Valonen, R.; Saari, K.; Bruus, E.; Norberg, J.; Viljanen, A.; Kauristie, K.; Verronen, P. T. (2020). "Citizen Scientists Discover a New Auroral Form: Dunes Provide Insight Into the Upper Atmosphere". AGU Advances. 1. doi:10.1029/2019AV000133. hdl:10138/322003. S2CID 213839228. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
Bower, G. E.; Milan, S. E.; Paxton, L. J.; Anderson, B. J. (May 2022). "Occurrence Statistics of Horse Collar Aurora". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (5). Bibcode:2022JGRA..12730385B. doi:10.1029/2022JA030385. hdl:11250/3055028. ISSN 2169-9380. S2CID 248842161. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
Green, J; Boardsen, S; Odenwald, S; Humble, J; Pazamickas, K (2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157.
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