Australian funnel-web spider (English Wikipedia)

Fact sheet: Funnel-web spider CSIRO Note: Though formerly well resourced in entomology, CSIRO acknowledges on this site that it currently does no research into Australian funnel-web spiders.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Gray, Michael R. (24 November 2010). "A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62 (3): 285–392. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556. ISSN 0067-1975.
Hogg, H.R. (1901). "On Australian and New Zealand spiders of the suborder Mygalomorphae". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1901: 218–279. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1901.tb08176.x.
Wheeler, Ward C.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Crowley, Louise M.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Goloboff, Pablo A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Prendini, Lorenzo; Ramírez, Martín J.; Sierwald, Petra; Almeida-Silva, Lina; Alvarez-Padilla, Fernando; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Benavides Silva, Ligia R.; Benjamin, Suresh P.; Bond, Jason E.; Grismado, Cristian J.; Hasan, Emile; Hedin, Marshal; Izquierdo, Matías A.; Labarque, Facundo M.; Ledford, Joel; Lopardo, Lara; Maddison, Wayne P.; Miller, Jeremy A.; Piacentini, Luis N.; Platnick, Norman I.; Polotow, Daniele; Silva-Dávila, Diana; Scharff, Nikolaj; Szűts, Tamás; Ubick, Darrell; Vink, Cor J.; Wood, Hannah M. & Zhang, Junxia (2016), "The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling", Cladistics, 33 (6): 574–616, doi:10.1111/cla.12182, PMID 34724759, S2CID 35535038
Hedin, M.; Derkarabetian, S.; Ramírez, M.J.; Vink, C. & Bond, J.E. (2018). "Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution". Scientific Reports. 8 (1636): 1636. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1636H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19946-2. PMC 5785998. PMID 29374214.
"Family: Atracidae Hogg, 1901". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
Isbister G, Gray M, Balit C, Raven R, Stokes B, Porges K, Tankel A, Turner E, White J, Fisher M (2005). "Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases". Med J Aust. 182 (#8): 407–11. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06760.x. hdl:2440/17349. PMID 15850438. S2CID 18066524.
Vetter, Richard S.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2008). "Medical Aspects of Spider Bites". Annual Review of Entomology. 53: 409–29. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093503. PMID 17877450.
Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Fan, Hui Wen (2011). "Spider Bite". The Lancet. 378 (9808): 2039–47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62230-1. PMID 21762981. S2CID 27408940.
Isbister G, Gray M (2004). "Bites by Australian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), including funnel-web spiders (Atracinae) and mouse spiders (Actinopodidae: Missulena spp)". Toxicon. 43 (#2): 133–40. Bibcode:2004Txcn...43..133I. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.009. PMID 15019472.
Nicholson G, Graudins A (2002). "Spiders of medical importance in the Asia-Pacific: atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins". Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 29 (#9): 785–94. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03741.x. PMID 12165044. S2CID 12620544.
Harris J, Sutherland S, Zar M (1981). "Actions of the crude venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) on autonomic neuromuscular transmission". Br J Pharmacol. 72 (#2): 335–40. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09132.x. PMC 2071519. PMID 6260279.
Sheumack D, Comis A, Claassens R, Mylecharane E, Spence I, Howden M (1991). "An endogenous antitoxin to the lethal venom of the funnel web spider, Atrax robustus, in rabbit sera". Comp Biochem Physiol C. 99 (#1–2): 157–61. doi:10.1016/0742-8413(91)90093-9. PMID 1675965.
Wiener S (1959). "The Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus): II. Venom yield and other characteristics of spiders in captivity". Med J Aust. 46 (#2): 678–82. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb129426.x. PMID 13844638. S2CID 2131853.
Torda T, Loong E, Greaves I (1980). "Severe lung oedema and fatal consumption coagulopathy after funnel-web bite". Med J Aust. 2 (#8): 442–4. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb131914.x. PMID 7010098. S2CID 20647927.
Sutherland S, Duncan A (1980). "New first-aid measures for envenomation: with special reference to bites by the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus)". Med J Aust. 1 (#8): 378–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134931.x. PMID 6771503. S2CID 24213819.
Graudins A, Wilson D, Alewood P, Broady K, Nicholson G (2002). "Cross-reactivity of Sydney funnel-web spider antivenom: neutralization of the in vitro toxicity of other Australian funnel-web (Atrax and Hadronyche) spider venoms". Toxicon. 40 (#3): 259–66. Bibcode:2002Txcn...40..259G. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00210-0. PMID 11711122.
Rash L, Birinyi-Strachan L, Nicholson G, Hodgson W (2000). "Neurotoxic activity of venom from the Australian eastern mouse spider (Missulena bradleyi) involves modulation of sodium channel gating". Br J Pharmacol. 130 (#8): 1817–24. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703494. PMC 1572261. PMID 10952670.
Isbister G, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D (2003). "Antivenom treatment in arachnidism". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41 (#3): 291–300. doi:10.1081/CLT-120021114. PMID 12807312. S2CID 37946164.
Fisher M, Raftos J, McGuinness R, Dicks I, Wong J, Burgess K, Sutherland S (1981). "Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) antivenom. 2. Early clinical experience". Med J Aust. 2 (#10): 525–6. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb112973.x. PMID 7321948.
Hartman L, Sutherland S (1984). "Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) antivenom in the treatment of human envenomation". Med J Aust. 141 (#12–13): 796–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1984.tb132953.x. PMID 6503783. S2CID 22059048.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

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Isbister G, Gray M, Balit C, Raven R, Stokes B, Porges K, Tankel A, Turner E, White J, Fisher M (2005). "Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases". Med J Aust. 182 (#8): 407–11. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06760.x. hdl:2440/17349. PMID 15850438. S2CID 18066524.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

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Hedin, M.; Derkarabetian, S.; Ramírez, M.J.; Vink, C. & Bond, J.E. (2018). "Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution". Scientific Reports. 8 (1636): 1636. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1636H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19946-2. PMC 5785998. PMID 29374214.
Isbister G, Gray M (2004). "Bites by Australian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), including funnel-web spiders (Atracinae) and mouse spiders (Actinopodidae: Missulena spp)". Toxicon. 43 (#2): 133–40. Bibcode:2004Txcn...43..133I. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.009. PMID 15019472.
Graudins A, Wilson D, Alewood P, Broady K, Nicholson G (2002). "Cross-reactivity of Sydney funnel-web spider antivenom: neutralization of the in vitro toxicity of other Australian funnel-web (Atrax and Hadronyche) spider venoms". Toxicon. 40 (#3): 259–66. Bibcode:2002Txcn...40..259G. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00210-0. PMID 11711122.

mja.com.au (Global: low place; English: 8,161^st place)

Isbister G, Gray M, Balit C, Raven R, Stokes B, Porges K, Tankel A, Turner E, White J, Fisher M (2005). "Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases". Med J Aust. 182 (#8): 407–11. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06760.x. hdl:2440/17349. PMID 15850438. S2CID 18066524.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Wheeler, Ward C.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Crowley, Louise M.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Goloboff, Pablo A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Prendini, Lorenzo; Ramírez, Martín J.; Sierwald, Petra; Almeida-Silva, Lina; Alvarez-Padilla, Fernando; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Benavides Silva, Ligia R.; Benjamin, Suresh P.; Bond, Jason E.; Grismado, Cristian J.; Hasan, Emile; Hedin, Marshal; Izquierdo, Matías A.; Labarque, Facundo M.; Ledford, Joel; Lopardo, Lara; Maddison, Wayne P.; Miller, Jeremy A.; Piacentini, Luis N.; Platnick, Norman I.; Polotow, Daniele; Silva-Dávila, Diana; Scharff, Nikolaj; Szűts, Tamás; Ubick, Darrell; Vink, Cor J.; Wood, Hannah M. & Zhang, Junxia (2016), "The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling", Cladistics, 33 (6): 574–616, doi:10.1111/cla.12182, PMID 34724759, S2CID 35535038
Hedin, M.; Derkarabetian, S.; Ramírez, M.J.; Vink, C. & Bond, J.E. (2018). "Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution". Scientific Reports. 8 (1636): 1636. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1636H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19946-2. PMC 5785998. PMID 29374214.
Isbister G, Gray M, Balit C, Raven R, Stokes B, Porges K, Tankel A, Turner E, White J, Fisher M (2005). "Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases". Med J Aust. 182 (#8): 407–11. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06760.x. hdl:2440/17349. PMID 15850438. S2CID 18066524.
Vetter, Richard S.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2008). "Medical Aspects of Spider Bites". Annual Review of Entomology. 53: 409–29. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093503. PMID 17877450.
Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Fan, Hui Wen (2011). "Spider Bite". The Lancet. 378 (9808): 2039–47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62230-1. PMID 21762981. S2CID 27408940.
Isbister G, Gray M (2004). "Bites by Australian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), including funnel-web spiders (Atracinae) and mouse spiders (Actinopodidae: Missulena spp)". Toxicon. 43 (#2): 133–40. Bibcode:2004Txcn...43..133I. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.009. PMID 15019472.
Nicholson G, Graudins A (2002). "Spiders of medical importance in the Asia-Pacific: atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins". Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 29 (#9): 785–94. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03741.x. PMID 12165044. S2CID 12620544.
Harris J, Sutherland S, Zar M (1981). "Actions of the crude venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) on autonomic neuromuscular transmission". Br J Pharmacol. 72 (#2): 335–40. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09132.x. PMC 2071519. PMID 6260279.
Sheumack D, Comis A, Claassens R, Mylecharane E, Spence I, Howden M (1991). "An endogenous antitoxin to the lethal venom of the funnel web spider, Atrax robustus, in rabbit sera". Comp Biochem Physiol C. 99 (#1–2): 157–61. doi:10.1016/0742-8413(91)90093-9. PMID 1675965.
Wiener S (1959). "The Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus): II. Venom yield and other characteristics of spiders in captivity". Med J Aust. 46 (#2): 678–82. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb129426.x. PMID 13844638. S2CID 2131853.
Torda T, Loong E, Greaves I (1980). "Severe lung oedema and fatal consumption coagulopathy after funnel-web bite". Med J Aust. 2 (#8): 442–4. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb131914.x. PMID 7010098. S2CID 20647927.
Sutherland S, Duncan A (1980). "New first-aid measures for envenomation: with special reference to bites by the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus)". Med J Aust. 1 (#8): 378–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134931.x. PMID 6771503. S2CID 24213819.
Graudins A, Wilson D, Alewood P, Broady K, Nicholson G (2002). "Cross-reactivity of Sydney funnel-web spider antivenom: neutralization of the in vitro toxicity of other Australian funnel-web (Atrax and Hadronyche) spider venoms". Toxicon. 40 (#3): 259–66. Bibcode:2002Txcn...40..259G. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00210-0. PMID 11711122.
Rash L, Birinyi-Strachan L, Nicholson G, Hodgson W (2000). "Neurotoxic activity of venom from the Australian eastern mouse spider (Missulena bradleyi) involves modulation of sodium channel gating". Br J Pharmacol. 130 (#8): 1817–24. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703494. PMC 1572261. PMID 10952670.
Isbister G, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D (2003). "Antivenom treatment in arachnidism". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41 (#3): 291–300. doi:10.1081/CLT-120021114. PMID 12807312. S2CID 37946164.
Fisher M, Raftos J, McGuinness R, Dicks I, Wong J, Burgess K, Sutherland S (1981). "Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) antivenom. 2. Early clinical experience". Med J Aust. 2 (#10): 525–6. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb112973.x. PMID 7321948.
Hartman L, Sutherland S (1984). "Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) antivenom in the treatment of human envenomation". Med J Aust. 141 (#12–13): 796–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1984.tb132953.x. PMID 6503783. S2CID 22059048.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hedin, M.; Derkarabetian, S.; Ramírez, M.J.; Vink, C. & Bond, J.E. (2018). "Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution". Scientific Reports. 8 (1636): 1636. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1636H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19946-2. PMC 5785998. PMID 29374214.
Harris J, Sutherland S, Zar M (1981). "Actions of the crude venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) on autonomic neuromuscular transmission". Br J Pharmacol. 72 (#2): 335–40. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09132.x. PMC 2071519. PMID 6260279.
Rash L, Birinyi-Strachan L, Nicholson G, Hodgson W (2000). "Neurotoxic activity of venom from the Australian eastern mouse spider (Missulena bradleyi) involves modulation of sodium channel gating". Br J Pharmacol. 130 (#8): 1817–24. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703494. PMC 1572261. PMID 10952670.

nmbe.ch (Global: 2,178^th place; English: 1,554^th place)

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"Family Atracidae Hogg, 1901", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2018-05-14
"Family: Atracidae Hogg, 1901". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2025-10-24.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

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Wheeler, Ward C.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Crowley, Louise M.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Goloboff, Pablo A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Prendini, Lorenzo; Ramírez, Martín J.; Sierwald, Petra; Almeida-Silva, Lina; Alvarez-Padilla, Fernando; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Benavides Silva, Ligia R.; Benjamin, Suresh P.; Bond, Jason E.; Grismado, Cristian J.; Hasan, Emile; Hedin, Marshal; Izquierdo, Matías A.; Labarque, Facundo M.; Ledford, Joel; Lopardo, Lara; Maddison, Wayne P.; Miller, Jeremy A.; Piacentini, Luis N.; Platnick, Norman I.; Polotow, Daniele; Silva-Dávila, Diana; Scharff, Nikolaj; Szűts, Tamás; Ubick, Darrell; Vink, Cor J.; Wood, Hannah M. & Zhang, Junxia (2016), "The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling", Cladistics, 33 (6): 574–616, doi:10.1111/cla.12182, PMID 34724759, S2CID 35535038
Isbister G, Gray M, Balit C, Raven R, Stokes B, Porges K, Tankel A, Turner E, White J, Fisher M (2005). "Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases". Med J Aust. 182 (#8): 407–11. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06760.x. hdl:2440/17349. PMID 15850438. S2CID 18066524.
Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Fan, Hui Wen (2011). "Spider Bite". The Lancet. 378 (9808): 2039–47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62230-1. PMID 21762981. S2CID 27408940.
Nicholson G, Graudins A (2002). "Spiders of medical importance in the Asia-Pacific: atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins". Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 29 (#9): 785–94. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03741.x. PMID 12165044. S2CID 12620544.
Wiener S (1959). "The Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus): II. Venom yield and other characteristics of spiders in captivity". Med J Aust. 46 (#2): 678–82. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb129426.x. PMID 13844638. S2CID 2131853.
Torda T, Loong E, Greaves I (1980). "Severe lung oedema and fatal consumption coagulopathy after funnel-web bite". Med J Aust. 2 (#8): 442–4. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb131914.x. PMID 7010098. S2CID 20647927.
Sutherland S, Duncan A (1980). "New first-aid measures for envenomation: with special reference to bites by the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus)". Med J Aust. 1 (#8): 378–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134931.x. PMID 6771503. S2CID 24213819.
Isbister G, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D (2003). "Antivenom treatment in arachnidism". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41 (#3): 291–300. doi:10.1081/CLT-120021114. PMID 12807312. S2CID 37946164.
Hartman L, Sutherland S (1984). "Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) antivenom in the treatment of human envenomation". Med J Aust. 141 (#12–13): 796–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1984.tb132953.x. PMID 6503783. S2CID 22059048.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Press Release: MEGASPIDER – "What nightmares are made of!"". Australian Reptile Park. 12 November 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Funnel-web Fangs National Geographic. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Hamilton-Smith, Lexy (2021-07-15). "This funnel-web spider from Queensland has one of the world's deadliest venoms. It could also save lives". www.abc.net.au. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
Australian Spider and Insect Bites; University of Sydney

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Gray, Michael R. (24 November 2010). "A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62 (3): 285–392. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556. ISSN 0067-1975.

Australian funnel-web spider (English Wikipedia)

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