BMP file format (English Wikipedia)

James D. Murray; William vanRyper (April 1996). "Microsoft Windows Bitmap". Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats (Second ed.). O'Reilly. p. 572. ISBN 1-56592-161-5. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
James D. Murray; William vanRyper (April 1996). "OS/2 Bitmap". Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats (Second ed.). O'Reilly. p. 630. ISBN 1-56592-161-5. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
Microsoft Corporation (1990). Microsoft Windows Programmer's Reference. Microsoft Press. "Device-Independent Bitmap Functions"; the BITMAPINFOHEADER, BITMAPFILEHEADER, and BITMAPCOREHEADER structures. ISBN 1-55615-309-0. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
Petzold, Charles (1990). "Bits, Bits, and Metafiles". Programming Windows (2nd ed.). Microsoft Press. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
Microsoft Corporation (1987). Microsoft Windows Software Development Kit: Programmer's Reference (Version 2.0 ed.). Microsoft Corporation. BITMAP data structure; CreateBitmap and CreateCompatibleBitmap functions. Document No. 050051053-200-102-1087. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
Heller, Martin (December 1990). "I've Got DIBs". Beyond DOS: Windows and OS/2. BYTE. pp. 101–104. Retrieved 2026-09-18.
IBM Corporation (March 1992). OS/2 2.0 Presentation Manager Programming Reference, Volume 3 (First ed.). IBM. Appendix A ("Data Types") and Appendix D ("Standard Bit-Map Formats"). Order No. S10G-6272-00. Retrieved 2026-09-13.

bitsavers.org (Global: 3,844^th place; English: 1,960^th place)

Microsoft Corporation (1989). Microsoft Operating System/2 Programmer's Reference (PDF). Vol. 2 (Version 1.1 ed.). Microsoft Press. BITMAPINFO and BITMAPINFOHEADER data types. ISBN 1-55615-221-3. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
Microsoft Corporation (1989). Microsoft Operating System/2 Programmer's Reference (PDF). Vol. 3 (Version 1.1 ed.). Microsoft Press. Chapter 5, "File Formats," §5.4.1–5.4.2; the BITMAPFILEHEADER data type. ISBN 1-55615-222-1. Retrieved 2026-09-14.
Petzold, Charles (1989). "Bitmaps, Icons, Pointers, and Strings". Programming the OS/2 Presentation Manager (PDF). Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-170-5. Retrieved 2026-09-14.
Yi-Hsin Chen; Frederick C. Mintzer; Keith S. Pennington (January 1987). "PANDA: Processing Algorithm for Noncoded Document Acquisition" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 31 (1): 32–43. Retrieved 2026-09-14.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Julian Smart; Stefan Csomor & Kevin Hock (2006). Cross-Platform GUI Programming with Wxwidgets. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-147381-6.

digitalpreservation.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bitmap Image File (BMP), Version 5". Digital Preservation. Library of Congress. 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-03-11.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

"IANA Considerations". Windows Image Media Types. IETF. sec. 5. doi:10.17487/RFC7903. RFC 7903.

edm2.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tabi, Timur (December 1993). "Using OS/2 2.x bitmap files". EDM/2. Vol. 1, no. 7. the cbFix field and its editor's note on variable-length initialization. Retrieved 2026-09-15.

entropymine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Summers, Jason (2015-10-30). "pal8os2v2-16.bmp". Retrieved 2016-07-06.
Summers, Jason (2015-10-30). "BMP Suite". Retrieved 2016-07-06.

gimp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

docs.gimp.org

"Export as BMP". GIMP User Manual. The GIMP Documentation Team. Retrieved 2026-09-16.

gnome.org (Global: 4,412^th place; English: 4,268^th place)

gitlab.gnome.org

"bmp-load.c". GIMP source code. GIMP. function ReadImage: reads the alpha mask into masks[3] and, if it is nonzero, sets image_type = GIMP_RGBA_IMAGE. Retrieved 2026-09-14.

googlesource.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chromium.googlesource.com

"bmp_image_reader.cc". Chromium source code. Chromium. function ProcessBitmasks: "BITMAPV3HEADER+ have an alpha bitmask in the info header... so we respect it at all times". Retrieved 2026-09-14.

jacobfilipp.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Charlap, David (April 1995). "The BMP File Format, Part 2". Dr. Dobb's Journal. the sections on row padding, 24-bit pixel encoding, and run-length encoding. Retrieved 2026-09-15.
Charlap, David (March 1995). "The BMP File Format, Part 1". Dr. Dobb's Journal. the size field of BITMAPFILEHEADER "is a count of bytes used for the BITMAPFILEHEADER combined with the subsequent BITMAPHEADER". Retrieved 2026-09-15.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

learn.microsoft.com

"[MS-WMF]: Windows Metafile Format". Open Specifications. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"Alpha Blending (Windows GDI)". Win32 apps. Microsoft. "Alpha values per pixel are only supported for 32-bpp BI_RGB". Retrieved 2026-09-14.
"BLENDFUNCTION (wingdi.h)". Win32 apps. Microsoft. the AC_SRC_ALPHA value of the AlphaFormat member, and Remarks. Retrieved 2026-09-14.
"DIBs and Their Use". Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"Bitmap Header Types". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"BITMAPFILEHEADER (wingdi.h)". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"BITMAPCOREHEADER (wingdi.h)". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-14.
"BITMAPINFOHEADER structure". Microsoft. biClrUsed, biClrImportant and biBitCount members. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"[MS-WMF]: BitmapInfoHeader Object". Open Specifications. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-15.
"JPEG and PNG Extensions for Specific Bitmap Functions and Structures". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"BITMAPINFOHEADER (Windows CE 5.0)". Microsoft. BI_ALPHABITFIELDS in the biCompression member. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"BITMAPV4HEADER (wingdi.h)". Win32 apps. Microsoft. bV4RedMask, bV4GreenMask, bV4BlueMask and bV4AlphaMask members. Retrieved 2026-09-14.
"BITMAPV5HEADER (wingdi.h)". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-14.
"[MS-WMF]: LogicalColorSpace Enumeration". Open Specifications. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-15.
"[MS-WMF]: LogicalColorSpaceV5 Enumeration". Open Specifications. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-15.
"Using Structures in WCS 1.0". Win32 apps. Microsoft. table "Differences Between V4 and V5 Headers". Retrieved 2026-09-14.
"[MS-WMF]: GamutMappingIntent Enumeration". Open Specifications. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-15.
"Rendering Intents". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-16.
"Using GDI Functions With WCS". Win32 apps. Microsoft. table "Bitmap Functions with WCS". Retrieved 2026-09-14.
"[MS-WMF]: BitmapV4Header Object". Open Specifications. Microsoft. RedMask, GreenMask and BlueMask ("MUST be ignored" unless BI_BITFIELDS) vs. AlphaMask (no such restriction). Retrieved 2026-09-15.
"RGBA Mode and Windows Palette Management". Win32 apps. Microsoft. the defaultpal array; "the standard 20 colors in the system palette cannot be changed". Retrieved 2026-09-14.
"BITMAPINFO (wingdi.h)". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"Image Stride". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"Image Pixel Format Constants (Gdipluspixelformats.h)". Win32 apps. Microsoft. PixelFormat32bppARGB and PixelFormat64bppARGB members, and Remarks. Retrieved 2026-09-15.
"BITMAPINFOHEADER Structure (Windows CE)". Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"Types of Bitmaps". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-13.
"Bitmap Compression". Win32 apps. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-14.

devblogs.microsoft.com

Chen, Raymond (2021-05-25). "Why are device-independent bitmaps upside-down?". The Old New Thing. Microsoft. Retrieved 2026-09-19.

rfc-editor.org (Global: 747^th place; English: 325^th place)

"IANA Considerations". Windows Image Media Types. IETF. sec. 5. doi:10.17487/RFC7903. RFC 7903.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Cox, Chris (2010-11-15). "Invalid BMP Format with Alpha channel". Photoshop Windows forum. Adobe. Archived from the original on 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2016-05-22.

BMP file format (English Wikipedia)

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