Back pain (English Wikipedia)

Patel AT, Ogle AA (March 2000). "Diagnosis and management of acute low back pain". American Family Physician. 61 (6): 1779–86, 1789–90. PMID 10750882. Archived from the original on 11 February 2001.

adxcorp.net

Church EJ, Odle TG (2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of back pain" (PDF). Radiologic Technology. 79 (2): 126–151, quiz 152–155. PMID 18032750. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2021.

books.google.com

Masterson R (2008). "Past, Present, and Future of Interventional Physiatry". In Slipman CW, Derby R, Simeone FA, Mayer TG (eds.). Interventional spine : an algorithmic approach. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders Elsevier. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7216-2872-1.

choosingwisely.org

*American College of Physicians; Annals of Internal Medicine (April 2012), "Imaging tests for lower-back pain: Why you probably don't need them." (PDF), High Value Care, Consumer Reports, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2013, retrieved 23 December 2013
- American College of Physicians (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Physicians, retrieved 10 December 2013

clinicalkey.com

Yeganeh M, Baradaran HR, Qorbani M, Moradi Y, Dastgiri S (May 2017). "The effectiveness of acupuncture, acupressure and chiropractic interventions on treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 27: 11–18. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.11.012. PMID 28438274.
Sudhir A, Perina D (2018). "Musculoskeletal Back Pain". Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier. pp. 569–76. ISBN 978-0323354790 – via ClinicalKey.

colcorona.net

"COVID and back pain - Omicron variant invades skeletal muscle cells". www.colcorona.net. Retrieved 2022-12-09.

consumerhealthchoices.org

*American College of Physicians; Annals of Internal Medicine (April 2012), "Imaging tests for lower-back pain: Why you probably don't need them." (PDF), High Value Care, Consumer Reports, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2013, retrieved 23 December 2013
- American College of Physicians (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Physicians, retrieved 10 December 2013

dartmouth.edu

Deyo RA, Weinstein JN (February 2001). "Low back pain" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (5): 363–70. doi:10.1056/NEJM200102013440508. PMID 11172169. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2021-09-04.

doi.org

Deyo RA, Weinstein JN (February 2001). "Low back pain" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (5): 363–70. doi:10.1056/NEJM200102013440508. PMID 11172169. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
Cohen SP (February 2015). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (2): 284–99. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.008. PMID 25659245.
Kongsted A, Kent P, Axen I, Downie AS, Dunn KM (May 2016). "What have we learned from ten years of trajectory research in low back pain?". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 17: 220. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1071-2. PMC 4875630. PMID 27209166.
Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA (Jul–Aug 2009). "Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain". Pain Physician. 12 (4): E35 – E70. doi:10.36076/ppj.2009/12/E35. PMID 19668291.
Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK (October 2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (7): 478–91. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006. PMID 17909209.
Orendácová J, Cízková D, Kafka J, Lukácová N, Marsala M, Sulla I, et al. (August 2001). "Cauda equina syndrome". Progress in Neurobiology. 64 (6): 613–637. doi:10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00065-4. PMID 11311464. S2CID 27419841.
van den Bosch MA, Hollingworth W, Kinmonth AL, Dixon AK (January 2004). "Evidence against the use of lumbar spine radiography for low back pain". Clinical Radiology. 59 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2003.08.012. PMID 14697378.
Woolf CJ (March 2011). "Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain". Pain. 152 (3 Suppl): S2–15. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030. PMC 3268359. PMID 20961685.
Verdu B, Decosterd I, Buclin T, Stiefel F, Berney A (2008-01-01). "Antidepressants for the treatment of chronic pain" (PDF). Drugs. 68 (18): 2611–32. doi:10.2165/0003495-200868180-00007. PMID 19093703. S2CID 10509699. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017.
Elfering A, Semmer N, Birkhofer D, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N (January 2002). "Risk factors for lumbar disc degeneration: a 5-year prospective MRI study in asymptomatic individuals". Spine. 27 (2): 125–134. doi:10.1097/00007632-200201150-00002. PMID 11805656. S2CID 30267765.
Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T (May 2011). "Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position". European Spine Journal. 20 (5): 690–697. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3. PMC 3082683. PMID 21193933.
Raastad J, Reiman M, Coeytaux R, Ledbetter L, Goode AP (April 2015). "The association between lumbar spine radiographic features and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 44 (5): 571–85. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.10.006. PMID 25684125.
Jarvik JG, Deyo RA (October 2002). "Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging" (PDF). Annals of Internal Medicine. 137 (7): 586–97. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00010. PMID 12353946. S2CID 860164.
Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, Solovieva S, Viikari-Juntura E (January 2010). "The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis" (PDF). The American Journal of Medicine. 123 (1): 87.e7–35. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.028. PMID 20102998.
Burton AK, Tillotson KM, Main CJ, Hollis S (March 1995). "Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble". Spine. 20 (6): 722–28. doi:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00014. PMID 7604349. S2CID 21171676.
Carragee EJ, Alamin TF, Miller JL, Carragee JM (2005). "Discographic, MRI and psychosocial determinants of low back pain disability and remission: a prospective study in subjects with benign persistent back pain". The Spine Journal. 5 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2004.05.250. PMID 15653082.
Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Yu F (May 2003). "Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of low-back pain and related disability with psychological distress among patients enrolled in the UCLA Low-Back Pain Study". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 56 (5): 463–71. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00010-6. PMID 12812821.
Dionne CE (July 2005). "Psychological distress confirmed as predictor of long-term back-related functional limitations in primary care settings" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 58 (7): 714–18. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.12.005. PMID 15939223.
Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Turko E, Ansell D, Vaidyanathan A, Wells GA, Stiell IG (July 2014). "Risk factors for serious underlying pathology in adult emergency department nontraumatic low back pain patients". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 47 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.140. PMID 24725822.
Chou R, Qaseem A, Owens DK, Shekelle P (February 2011). "Diagnostic imaging for low back pain: advice for high-value health care from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 154 (3): 181–89. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00008. PMID 21282698. S2CID 1326352.
Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA (February 2009). "Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet. 373 (9662): 463–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60172-0. PMID 19200918. S2CID 31602395.
Oland G, Hoff TG (September 1996). "Intraspinal cross-section areas measured on myelography–computed tomography. The relation to outcome in nonoperated lumbar disc herniation". Spine. 21 (17): 1985–89, discussion 1990. doi:10.1097/00007632-199609010-00009. PMID 8883199. S2CID 42667819.
Kapeller P, Fazekas F, Krametter D, Koch M, Roob G, Schmidt R, Offenbacher H (1997). "Pyogenic infectious spondylitis: clinical, laboratory and MRI features". European Neurology. 38 (2): 94–98. doi:10.1159/000113167. PMID 9286631.
Deyo RA, Diehl AK (May 1988). "Cancer as a cause of back pain: frequency, clinical presentation, and diagnostic strategies". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 3 (3): 230–38. doi:10.1007/BF02596337. PMID 2967893. S2CID 22831204.
Patel ND, Broderick DF, Burns J, Deshmukh TK, Fries IB, Harvey HB, et al. (September 2016). "ACR Appropriateness Criteria Low Back Pain". Journal of the American College of Radiology. 13 (9): 1069–1078. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2016.06.008. PMID 27496288.
Steffens D, Maher CG, Pereira LS, Stevens ML, Oliveira VC, Chapple M, et al. (February 2016). "Prevention of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (2): 199–208. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7431. PMID 26752509.
Baron R, Binder A, Attal N, Casale R, Dickenson AH, Treede RD (July 2016). "Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice". European Journal of Pain. 20 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1002/ejp.838. PMC 5069616. PMID 26935254.
Stockwell S (May 2017). "New Clinical Guideline for Low Back Pain Says Try Nondrug Therapies First". The American Journal of Nursing. 117 (5): 16. doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000516263.01592.38. PMID 28448354. S2CID 40086812.
Orchard, John (2023). "The fight between medicine and scepticism needs to be resolved by evidence: Book reviews". JSAMS Plus. 2: 100042. doi:10.1016/j.jsampl.2023.100042.
French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, Reggars JW, Esterman AJ (April 2006). "A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain". Spine. 31 (9): 998–1006. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000214881.10814.64. PMID 16641776. S2CID 9349942.
Dahm KT, Brurberg KG, Jamtvedt G, Hagen KB (June 2010). "Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low-back pain and sciatica". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD007612. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007612.pub2. PMID 20556780.
Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Koes BW (July 2005). "Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (3): CD000335. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2. PMC 10068907. PMID 16034851.
Pocovi, Natasha C; Lin, Chung-Wei Christine; French, Simon D; Graham, Petra L; van Dongen, Johanna M; Latimer, Jane; Merom, Dafna; Tiedemann, Anne; Maher, Christopher G; Clavisi, Ornella; Tong, Shuk Yin Kate; Hancock, Mark J (June 2024). "Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualised, progressive walking and education intervention for the prevention of low back pain recurrence in Australia (WalkBack): a randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 404 (10448): 134–144. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00755-4. PMID 38908392.
Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M (September 2015). "Massage for low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD001929. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3. PMC 8734598. PMID 26329399.
Yeganeh M, Baradaran HR, Qorbani M, Moradi Y, Dastgiri S (May 2017). "The effectiveness of acupuncture, acupressure and chiropractic interventions on treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 27: 11–18. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.11.012. PMID 28438274.
Rubinstein SM, de Zoete A, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (March 2019). "Benefits and harms of spinal manipulative therapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 364: l689. doi:10.1136/bmj.l689. PMC 6396088. PMID 30867144.
Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW, et al. (Cochrane Back and Neck Group) (September 2012). "Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (9): CD008880. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2. PMC 6885055. PMID 22972127.
Poquet N, Lin CW, Heymans MW, van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Koes BW, Maher CG (April 2016). "Back schools for acute and subacute non-specific low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4): CD008325. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008325.pub2. PMC 11074243. PMID 27113258.
Parreira P, Heymans MW, van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Koes BW, Poquet N, et al. (August 2017). "Back Schools for chronic non-specific low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (8): CD011674. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011674.pub2. PMC 6483296. PMID 28770974.
Sahar T, Cohen MJ, Ne'eman V, Kandel L, Odebiyi DO, Lev I, et al. (October 2007). "Insoles for prevention and treatment of back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD005275. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005275.pub2. PMID 17943845.
Wegner I, Widyahening IS, van Tulder MW, Blomberg SE, de Vet HC, Brønfort G, et al. (August 2013). "Traction for low-back pain with or without sciatica". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (8): CD003010. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003010.pub5. PMC 6823219. PMID 23959683.
Staal JB, de Bie R, de Vet HC, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P (July 2008). "Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008 (3): CD001824. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001824.pub3. PMC 7096223. PMID 18646078.
Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk DC (August 2013). "Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (8): CD004959. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004959.pub4. PMC 11056234. PMID 23983011.
Deyo RA, Von Korff M, Duhrkoop D (January 2015). "Opioids for low back pain". BMJ. 350: g6380. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6380. PMC 6882374. PMID 25561513.
Jones, CMP; Day, RO; Koes, BW; Latimer, J; Maher, CG; McLachlan, AJ; Billot, L; Shan, S; Lin, CC; OPAL Investigators, Coordinators (22 July 2023). "Opioid analgesia for acute low back pain and neck pain (the OPAL trial): a randomised placebo-controlled trial" (PDF). Lancet. 402 (10398): 304–312. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00404-X. PMID 37392748.
van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, Solway S, Bouter LM (2003). "Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (2): CD004252. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004252. PMC 6464310. PMID 12804507.
"Spinal interventions for chronic back pain". BMJ. 388: r179. 2025. doi:10.1136/bmj.r179.
Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Resnick DK, Shaffer WO, Loeser JD (May 2009). "Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline". Spine. 34 (10): 1094–109. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a105fc. PMID 19363455. S2CID 1504909.
Ostgaard HC, Andersson GB, Karlsson K (May 1991). "Prevalence of back pain in pregnancy". Spine. 16 (5): 549–52. doi:10.1097/00007632-199105000-00011. PMID 1828912. S2CID 5546397.

ehealthmd.com

"Surgery For Back Pain". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2010.

harvard.edu

health.harvard.edu

"When is back surgery the right choice?". Harvard Health Publishing. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 2019-12-24.

healthmetricsandevaluation.org

"2010 Global Burden of Disease Study". Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014.

iasp-pain.org

"Psychology of Back Pain". International Asscosiation for the Study of Pain (IASP). 9 July 2021.

jacobimed.org

Jarvik JG, Deyo RA (October 2002). "Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging" (PDF). Annals of Internal Medicine. 137 (7): 586–97. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00010. PMID 12353946. S2CID 860164.

macdonaldpublishing.com

Burke GL (2008). "Chapter 3: The Anatomy of Pain in Backache". Backache:From Occiput to Coccyx. Vancouver, BC: MacDonald Publishing. ISBN 978-0-920406-47-2. Archived from the original on 2019-03-16. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
Burke GL. "Chapter 9: The Surgical Treatment". Backache from Occiput to Coccyx. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016.

medscape.com

"Back Pain". Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Church EJ, Odle TG (2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of back pain" (PDF). Radiologic Technology. 79 (2): 126–151, quiz 152–155. PMID 18032750. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2021.
Deyo RA, Weinstein JN (February 2001). "Low back pain" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (5): 363–70. doi:10.1056/NEJM200102013440508. PMID 11172169. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
Cohen SP (February 2015). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (2): 284–99. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.008. PMID 25659245.
Patel AT, Ogle AA (March 2000). "Diagnosis and management of acute low back pain". American Family Physician. 61 (6): 1779–86, 1789–90. PMID 10750882. Archived from the original on 11 February 2001.
Kongsted A, Kent P, Axen I, Downie AS, Dunn KM (May 2016). "What have we learned from ten years of trajectory research in low back pain?". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 17: 220. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1071-2. PMC 4875630. PMID 27209166.
Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA (Jul–Aug 2009). "Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain". Pain Physician. 12 (4): E35 – E70. doi:10.36076/ppj.2009/12/E35. PMID 19668291.
Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK (October 2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (7): 478–91. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006. PMID 17909209.
Orendácová J, Cízková D, Kafka J, Lukácová N, Marsala M, Sulla I, et al. (August 2001). "Cauda equina syndrome". Progress in Neurobiology. 64 (6): 613–637. doi:10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00065-4. PMID 11311464. S2CID 27419841.
van den Bosch MA, Hollingworth W, Kinmonth AL, Dixon AK (January 2004). "Evidence against the use of lumbar spine radiography for low back pain". Clinical Radiology. 59 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2003.08.012. PMID 14697378.
Woolf CJ (March 2011). "Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain". Pain. 152 (3 Suppl): S2–15. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030. PMC 3268359. PMID 20961685.
Verdu B, Decosterd I, Buclin T, Stiefel F, Berney A (2008-01-01). "Antidepressants for the treatment of chronic pain" (PDF). Drugs. 68 (18): 2611–32. doi:10.2165/0003495-200868180-00007. PMID 19093703. S2CID 10509699. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017.
Donnally III CJ, Hanna A, Varacallo M (2020). "Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28846354. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
Elfering A, Semmer N, Birkhofer D, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N (January 2002). "Risk factors for lumbar disc degeneration: a 5-year prospective MRI study in asymptomatic individuals". Spine. 27 (2): 125–134. doi:10.1097/00007632-200201150-00002. PMID 11805656. S2CID 30267765.
Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T (May 2011). "Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position". European Spine Journal. 20 (5): 690–697. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3. PMC 3082683. PMID 21193933.
Raastad J, Reiman M, Coeytaux R, Ledbetter L, Goode AP (April 2015). "The association between lumbar spine radiographic features and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 44 (5): 571–85. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.10.006. PMID 25684125.
Jarvik JG, Deyo RA (October 2002). "Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging" (PDF). Annals of Internal Medicine. 137 (7): 586–97. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00010. PMID 12353946. S2CID 860164.
Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, Solovieva S, Viikari-Juntura E (January 2010). "The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis" (PDF). The American Journal of Medicine. 123 (1): 87.e7–35. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.028. PMID 20102998.
Burton AK, Tillotson KM, Main CJ, Hollis S (March 1995). "Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble". Spine. 20 (6): 722–28. doi:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00014. PMID 7604349. S2CID 21171676.
Carragee EJ, Alamin TF, Miller JL, Carragee JM (2005). "Discographic, MRI and psychosocial determinants of low back pain disability and remission: a prospective study in subjects with benign persistent back pain". The Spine Journal. 5 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2004.05.250. PMID 15653082.
Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Yu F (May 2003). "Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of low-back pain and related disability with psychological distress among patients enrolled in the UCLA Low-Back Pain Study". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 56 (5): 463–71. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00010-6. PMID 12812821.
Dionne CE (July 2005). "Psychological distress confirmed as predictor of long-term back-related functional limitations in primary care settings" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 58 (7): 714–18. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.12.005. PMID 15939223.
Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Turko E, Ansell D, Vaidyanathan A, Wells GA, Stiell IG (July 2014). "Risk factors for serious underlying pathology in adult emergency department nontraumatic low back pain patients". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 47 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.140. PMID 24725822.
Chou R, Qaseem A, Owens DK, Shekelle P (February 2011). "Diagnostic imaging for low back pain: advice for high-value health care from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 154 (3): 181–89. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00008. PMID 21282698. S2CID 1326352.
Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA (February 2009). "Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet. 373 (9662): 463–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60172-0. PMID 19200918. S2CID 31602395.
Oland G, Hoff TG (September 1996). "Intraspinal cross-section areas measured on myelography–computed tomography. The relation to outcome in nonoperated lumbar disc herniation". Spine. 21 (17): 1985–89, discussion 1990. doi:10.1097/00007632-199609010-00009. PMID 8883199. S2CID 42667819.
Kapeller P, Fazekas F, Krametter D, Koch M, Roob G, Schmidt R, Offenbacher H (1997). "Pyogenic infectious spondylitis: clinical, laboratory and MRI features". European Neurology. 38 (2): 94–98. doi:10.1159/000113167. PMID 9286631.
Deyo RA, Diehl AK (May 1988). "Cancer as a cause of back pain: frequency, clinical presentation, and diagnostic strategies". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 3 (3): 230–38. doi:10.1007/BF02596337. PMID 2967893. S2CID 22831204.
Patel ND, Broderick DF, Burns J, Deshmukh TK, Fries IB, Harvey HB, et al. (September 2016). "ACR Appropriateness Criteria Low Back Pain". Journal of the American College of Radiology. 13 (9): 1069–1078. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2016.06.008. PMID 27496288.
Steffens D, Maher CG, Pereira LS, Stevens ML, Oliveira VC, Chapple M, et al. (February 2016). "Prevention of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (2): 199–208. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7431. PMID 26752509.
Baron R, Binder A, Attal N, Casale R, Dickenson AH, Treede RD (July 2016). "Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice". European Journal of Pain. 20 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1002/ejp.838. PMC 5069616. PMID 26935254.
Stockwell S (May 2017). "New Clinical Guideline for Low Back Pain Says Try Nondrug Therapies First". The American Journal of Nursing. 117 (5): 16. doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000516263.01592.38. PMID 28448354. S2CID 40086812.
French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, Reggars JW, Esterman AJ (April 2006). "A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain". Spine. 31 (9): 998–1006. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000214881.10814.64. PMID 16641776. S2CID 9349942.
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