Ball lightning (English Wikipedia)

C. Seward, Chiping Chen and K. Ware, "Ball lightning explained as a stable plasma toroid," PPPS-2001 Pulsed Power Plasma Science 2001. 28th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and 13th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. Digest of Papers (Cat. No.01CH37251), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2001, pp. 269-272 vol.1, doi: 10.1109/PPPS.2001.1002044.

iflscience.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ball Lightning? Video From Alberta, Canada Shows Strange Glowing Orb Moving Slowly Across A Field". IFLScience. 22 July 2025. Retrieved 23 January 2026.

inspirehep.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rubinstein, J". Inspire HEP. Retrieved 6 March 2017.

iop.org (Global: 1,046^th place; English: 1,608^th place)

iopscience.iop.org

Gladyshev, G P; Smirnov, Boris M (28 February 1989). "First international symposium on ball lightning". Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 32 (2): 186. doi:10.1070/PU1989v032n02ABEH002684. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
Friedl, R; Fantz, U; Pilottek, I; Schmid, D; Steibel, S (4 March 2021). "Spatio-temporal structure and emission of a large plasmoid in atmosphere". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 54 (9): 095205. Bibcode:2021JPhD...54i5205F. doi:10.1088/1361-6463/abc918. ISSN 0022-3727.

stacks.iop.org

Dvornikov, Maxim (2010). "Formation of bound states of electrons in spherically symmetric oscillations of plasma". Physica Scripta. 81 (5) 055502. arXiv:1002.0764. Bibcode:2010PhyS...81e5502D. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/81/05/055502. S2CID 116939689.
Dvornikov, Maxim (2013). "Pairing of charged particles in a quantum plasmoid". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 46 (4) 045501. arXiv:1208.2208. Bibcode:2013JPhA...46d5501D. doi:10.1088/1751-8113/46/4/045501. S2CID 118523275.

lighthouses.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Cape Naturaliste Lighthouse". Lighthouses of Western Australia. Lighthouses of Australia Inc. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; English: 1,417^th place)

Letzter, Rafi (6 March 2018). "The 'Skyrmion' May Have Solved the Mystery of Ball Lightning". Live Science. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

meessen.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Meessen, A. (2012). "Ball Lightning: Bubbles of Electronic Plasma Oscillations" (PDF). Journal of Unconventional Electromagnetics and Plasmas. 4: 163–179. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

nationalgeographic.com

Nunez, Christina (6 March 2019). "Ball lightning: weird, mysterious, perplexing, and deadly". www.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2022.

news.nationalgeographic.com

Handwerk, Brian (22 January 2007). "Ball Lightning Mystery Solved? Electrical Phenomenon Created in Lab". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007.

naturalplasmas.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Stakhanov, I.P. (1979). The Physical nature of ball lightning (CEGB Translation, CE8244) (PDF). Moscow: Atomizdat.
Turner, D.J. (1994). "The structure and stability of ball lightning" (PDF). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A. 347 (1682): 83. Bibcode:1994RSPTA.347...83T. doi:10.1098/rsta.1994.0040.

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

Slezak, Michael (16 January 2014). "Natural ball lightning probed for the first time". New Scientist. 221 (2953): 17. Bibcode:2014NewSc.221...17S. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60173-1. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
"Lightning balls created in the lab". New Scientist. 10 January 2007. A more down-to-earth theory, proposed by John Abrahamson and James Dinniss at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, is that ball lightning forms when lightning strikes soil, turning any silica in the soil into pure silicon vapour. As the vapour cools, the silicon condenses into a floating aerosol bound into a ball by charges that gather on its surface, and it glows with the heat of silicon recombining with oxygen.
Slezak, Michael (2014). "Natural ball lightning probed for the first time". New Scientist. 221 (2953): 17. Bibcode:2014NewSc.221...17S. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60173-1. Retrieved 17 January 2014.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cen, Jianyong; Yuan, Ping; Xue, Simin (17 January 2014). "Observation of the Optical and Spectral Characteristics of Ball Lightning". Physical Review Letters. 112 (3) 035001. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112c5001C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.035001. PMID 24484145.
Paiva, Gerson Silva; Antonio Carlos Pavão; Elder Alpes de Vasconcelos; Odim Mendes Jr.; Eronides Felisberto da Silva Jr. (2007). "Production of Ball-Lightning-Like Luminous Balls by Electrical Discharges in Silicon". Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (4) 048501. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98d8501P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.048501. PMID 17358820.
Abrahamson, John; Dinniss, James (2000). "Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil". Nature. 403 (6769): 519–21. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..519A. doi:10.1038/35000525. PMID 10676954. S2CID 4387046.
Wu, H. C. (June 2019). "Relativistic-microwave theory of ball lightning". Scientific Reports. 6 28263. arXiv:1411.4784. Bibcode:2016NatSR...628263W. doi:10.1038/srep28263. PMC 4916449. PMID 27328835.
Turner, D.J. (2002). "The fragmented science of ball lightning". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A. 360 (1790): 107–152. doi:10.1098/rsta.2001.0921. PMID 16210174.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Wu, H. C. (June 2019). "Relativistic-microwave theory of ball lightning". Scientific Reports. 6 28263. arXiv:1411.4784. Bibcode:2016NatSR...628263W. doi:10.1038/srep28263. PMC 4916449. PMID 27328835.
Meshcheryakov, Oleg (2007). "Ball Lightning–Aerosol Electrochemical Power Source or A Cloud of Batteries". Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2 (3) 319: 319–330. Bibcode:2007NRL.....2..319M. doi:10.1007/s11671-007-9068-2. PMC 3246378.

nii.ac.jp (Global: 195^th place; English: 1,046^th place)

ci.nii.ac.jp

"Science of ball lightning (fire ball)". National Institute of Informatics (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: World Scientific. 4–6 July 1988. Retrieved 12 May 2026. International Symposium on Ball Lightning (Fire Ball)

novapublishers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dvornikov, Maxim; Dvornikov, Sergey (2007). "Electron gas oscillations in plasma. Theory and applications". In Gerard, F. (ed.). Advances in Plasma Physics Research. Vol. 5. pp. 197–212. arXiv:physics/0306157. Bibcode:2003physics...6157D. ISBN 978-1-59033-928-2. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2018.

ntlworld.com (Global: 9,630^th place; English: 5,577^th place)

homepage.ntlworld.com

Chauncy Montgomery M'Govern (May 1899). "The New Wizard of the West". Pearson's Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009 – via homepage.ntlworld.com.

online.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

jlnlabs.online.fr

"How to make a Stable Plasmoid ( Ball Lightning ) with the GMR (Graphite Microwave Resonator) by Jean-Louis Naudin". Jlnlabs.online.fr. 22 December 2005. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

orion-ir.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

applphys.orion-ir.ru

Fedosin, Sergey G.; Kim, A. S. (2001). "The physical theory of ball lightning". Applied Physics (Russian Journal). 1: 69–87. doi:10.5281/zenodo.14005316. S2CID 20073308.

orthodox.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and His Family". Orthodox.net. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

McNally, J. Rand (1 May 1966). Preliminary Report on Ball Lightning. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). doi:10.2172/4533050. OSTI 4533050. Retrieved 16 October 2024.

planet.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

home.planet.nl

Anon (2008). "Tenth international syposium on ball lightning/ International symposium III on unconventional plasmas". ICBL. Retrieved 10 May 2010.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Gladyshev, G.P.; Smirnov, Boris M. (1989). "First international symposium on ball lightning". Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk. 157 (2): 364. doi:10.3367/UFNr.0157.198902g.0364. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
Youichi Sakawa; Kazuyoshi Sugiyama; Tetsuo Tanabe; Richard More (January 2006). "Fireball Generation in a Water Discharge". Plasma and Fusion Research. 1: 039. Bibcode:2006PFR.....1...39S. doi:10.1585/pfr.1.039.

royalsocietypublishing.org (Global: 1,880^th place; English: 2,810^th place)

Turner, D.J. (2002). "The fragmented science of ball lightning". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A. 360 (1790): 107–152. doi:10.1098/rsta.2001.0921. PMID 16210174.

scienceinschool.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Creating the 4th state of matter with microwaves by Halina Stanley". scienceinschool.org. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

Anon (18 July 1997). "Ask the experts". Scientific American. Retrieved 4 April 2007.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Manykin, E. A.; Zelener, B. B.; Zelener, B. V. (2010). "Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of nonideal Rydberg matter". Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters. 92 (9): 630. Bibcode:2010JETPL..92..630M. doi:10.1134/S0021364010210125. S2CID 121748296.
Jennison, R. C. (1969). "Ball Lightning". Nature. 224 (5222): 895. Bibcode:1969Natur.224..895J. doi:10.1038/224895a0. S2CID 4271920.
Ohtsuki, Y. H.; H. Ofuruton (1991). "Plasma fireballs formed by microwave interference in air". Nature. 350 (6314): 139–141. Bibcode:1991Natur.350..139O. doi:10.1038/350139a0. S2CID 4321381.
Abrahamson, John; Dinniss, James (2000). "Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil". Nature. 403 (6769): 519–21. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..519A. doi:10.1038/35000525. PMID 10676954. S2CID 4387046.
Dvornikov, Maxim (2010). "Formation of bound states of electrons in spherically symmetric oscillations of plasma". Physica Scripta. 81 (5) 055502. arXiv:1002.0764. Bibcode:2010PhyS...81e5502D. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/81/05/055502. S2CID 116939689.
Dvornikov, Maxim (1 December 2011). "Axially and spherically symmetric solitons in warm plasma". Journal of Plasma Physics. 77 (6): 749–764. arXiv:1010.0701. Bibcode:2011JPlPh..77..749D. doi:10.1017/S002237781100016X. ISSN 1469-7807. S2CID 118505800.
Davydova, T. A.; Yakimenko, A. I.; Zaliznyak, Yu. A. (28 February 2005). "Stable spatial Langmuir solitons". Physics Letters A. 336 (1): 46–52. arXiv:physics/0408023. Bibcode:2005PhLA..336...46D. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2004.11.063. S2CID 119369758.
Dvornikov, Maxim (8 February 2012). "Effective attraction between oscillating electrons in a plasmoid via acoustic wave exchange". Proc. R. Soc. A. 468 (2138): 415–428. arXiv:1102.0944. Bibcode:2012RSPSA.468..415D. doi:10.1098/rspa.2011.0276. ISSN 1364-5021. S2CID 28359324.
Dvornikov, Maxim (2013). "Pairing of charged particles in a quantum plasmoid". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 46 (4) 045501. arXiv:1208.2208. Bibcode:2013JPhA...46d5501D. doi:10.1088/1751-8113/46/4/045501. S2CID 118523275.
Dijkhuis, G. C. (13 March 1980). "A model for ball lightning". Nature. 284 (5752): 150–151. Bibcode:1980Natur.284..150D. doi:10.1038/284150a0. S2CID 4269441.
Zelikin, M. I. (2008). "Superconductivity of plasma and fireballs". Journal of Mathematical Sciences. 151 (6): 3473–3496. doi:10.1007/s10958-008-9047-x. S2CID 123066140.
Dvornikov, Maxim (1 November 2012). "Quantum exchange interaction of spherically symmetric plasmoids". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 89 (2012): 62–66. arXiv:1112.0239. Bibcode:2012JASTP..89...62D. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2012.08.005. S2CID 119268742.
Peer, J.; Kendl, A. (2010). "Transcranial stimulability of phosphenes by long lightning electromagnetic pulses". Physics Letters A. 374 (29): 2932–2935. arXiv:1005.1153. Bibcode:2010PhLA..374.2932P. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2010.05.023. S2CID 119276495.
- Erratum: Peer, J.; Cooray, V.; Cooray, G.; Kendl, A. (2010). "Erratum and addendum to "Transcranial stimulability of phosphenes by long lightning electromagnetic pulses" [Phys. Lett. A 374 (2010) 2932]". Physics Letters A. 347 (47): 4797–4799. Bibcode:2010PhLA..374.4797P. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2010.09.071.
- Manykin, E. A.; Ojovan, M. I.; Poluektov, P. P. (2006). Samartsev, Vitaly V (ed.). "Rydberg matter: Properties and decay". Proceedings of the SPIE. SPIE Proceedings. 6181: 618105–618105–9. Bibcode:2006SPIE.6181E..05M. doi:10.1117/12.675004. S2CID 96732651.
- Norman, G. É. (2001). "Rydberg matter as a metastable state of strongly nonideal plasma". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters. 73 (1): 10–12. Bibcode:2001JETPL..73...10N. doi:10.1134/1.1355396. S2CID 120857543.
- Manykin, E. A.; Zelener, B. B.; Zelener, B. V. (2011). "Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of nonideal Rydberg matter". JETP Letters. 92 (9): 630. Bibcode:2010JETPL..92..630M. doi:10.1134/S0021364010210125. S2CID 121748296.
- Holmlid, L. (2007). "Direct observation of circular Rydberg electrons in a Rydberg matter surface layer by electronic circular dichroism". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 19 (27) 276206. Bibcode:2007JPCM...19A6206H. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/27/276206. S2CID 95032480.
- Fedosin, Sergey G. (19 October 2024). "Electron-ion model of ball and bead lightning". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 265 106374. arXiv:2410.18132. Bibcode:2024JASTP.26506374F. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2024.106374. S2CID 273448290.
- Fedosin, Sergey G.; Kim, A. S. (2001). "The physical theory of ball lightning". Applied Physics (Russian Journal). 1: 69–87. doi:10.5281/zenodo.14005316. S2CID 20073308.
- Endean, V. G. (1976). "Ball lightning as electromagnetic energy". Nature. 263 (5580): 753–755. Bibcode:1976Natur.263..753E. doi:10.1038/263753a0. S2CID 4194750.

sikhnet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Miracle saved panth". Sikhnet.com. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2014.

technologyreview.com (Global: 2,515^th place; English: 1,716^th place)

Emerging Technology (11 May 2010). "Magnetically Induced Hallucinations Explain Ball Lightning, Say Physicists". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 6 July 2020.

thenational.ae (Global: 3,188^th place; English: 4,888^th place)

Matthews, Robert (23 February 2009). "Aliens? Great balls of fire". The National. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.

theregister.co.uk (Global: 1,877^th place; English: 1,233^rd place)

Ball lightning is all in the mind, say Austrian physicists, The Register, 19 May 2010.

thetimes.com (Global: 221^st place; English: 110^th place)

Simons, Paul (17 February 2009). "Weather Eye: Charles Darwin, the meteorologist". The Times. London. Retrieved 6 July 2020.

txstate.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,494^th place)

cose.txstate.edu

"ISBL-12". 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

ufpe.br (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco". Ufpe.br. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
"Pesquisadores da UFPE geram, em laboratório, fenômeno atmosférico conhecido como bolas luminosas". Ufpe.br. 16 January 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

umich.edu (Global: 429^th place; English: 307^th place)

quod.lib.umich.edu

Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1864). A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 22 January 2014.

urlib.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Paiva, Gerson Silva; Antonio Carlos Pavão; Elder Alpes de Vasconcelos; Odim Mendes Jr.; Eronides Felisberto da Silva Jr. (2007). "Production of Ball-Lightning-Like Luminous Balls by Electrical Discharges in Silicon". Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (4) 048501. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98d8501P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.048501. PMID 17358820.

usatoday.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

Getline, Meryl (17 October 2005). "Playing with (St. Elmo's) fire". USA Today.

uu.se (Global: 3,445^th place; English: 3,148^th place)

hvi.uu.se

Larsson, Anders (23 April 2002). "Ett fenomen som gäckar vetenskapen" (in Swedish). Uppsala University. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2007.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Nunez, Christina (6 March 2019). "Ball lightning: weird, mysterious, perplexing, and deadly". www.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
"BL_Info_10". Ernmphotography.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
Matthews, Robert (23 February 2009). "Aliens? Great balls of fire". The National. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
"Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and His Family". Orthodox.net. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
Larsson, Anders (23 April 2002). "Ett fenomen som gäckar vetenskapen" (in Swedish). Uppsala University. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
Chauncy Montgomery M'Govern (May 1899). "The New Wizard of the West". Pearson's Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009 – via homepage.ntlworld.com.
"ISBL-12". 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
"'Ball lightning' created in German laboratory". Cosmos Online. 7 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 July 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
"How to make a Stable Plasmoid ( Ball Lightning ) with the GMR (Graphite Microwave Resonator) by Jean-Louis Naudin". Jlnlabs.online.fr. 22 December 2005. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
"Creating the 4th state of matter with microwaves by Halina Stanley". scienceinschool.org. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco". Ufpe.br. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
"Pesquisadores da UFPE geram, em laboratório, fenômeno atmosférico conhecido como bolas luminosas". Ufpe.br. 16 January 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
Handwerk, Brian (22 January 2007). "Ball Lightning Mystery Solved? Electrical Phenomenon Created in Lab". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007.
"Index of /Epaps/Phys_rev_lett/E-PRLTAO-98-047705". Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
Dvornikov, Maxim; Dvornikov, Sergey (2007). "Electron gas oscillations in plasma. Theory and applications". In Gerard, F. (ed.). Advances in Plasma Physics Research. Vol. 5. pp. 197–212. arXiv:physics/0306157. Bibcode:2003physics...6157D. ISBN 978-1-59033-928-2. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
"Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK, Air Defence Region, Executive Summary" (PDF). disclosureproject.org. Defence Intelligence Staff. December 2000. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2017.
Meessen, A. (2012). "Ball Lightning: Bubbles of Electronic Plasma Oscillations" (PDF). Journal of Unconventional Electromagnetics and Plasmas. 4: 163–179. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Friedl, R; Fantz, U; Pilottek, I; Schmid, D; Steibel, S (4 March 2021). "Spatio-temporal structure and emission of a large plasmoid in atmosphere". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 54 (9): 095205. Bibcode:2021JPhD...54i5205F. doi:10.1088/1361-6463/abc918. ISSN 0022-3727.
Kapitsa, Peter L. (1955). "The Nature of Ball Lightning". In Donald J. Ritchie (ed.). Ball Lightning: A Collection of Soviet Research in English Translation (1961 ed.). Consultants Bureau, New York. pp. 11–16. ISBN 978-0-8357-5950-2. OCLC 717403. {{cite encyclopedia}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Dvornikov, Maxim (1 December 2011). "Axially and spherically symmetric solitons in warm plasma". Journal of Plasma Physics. 77 (6): 749–764. arXiv:1010.0701. Bibcode:2011JPlPh..77..749D. doi:10.1017/S002237781100016X. ISSN 1469-7807. S2CID 118505800.
Dvornikov, Maxim (8 February 2012). "Effective attraction between oscillating electrons in a plasmoid via acoustic wave exchange". Proc. R. Soc. A. 468 (2138): 415–428. arXiv:1102.0944. Bibcode:2012RSPSA.468..415D. doi:10.1098/rspa.2011.0276. ISSN 1364-5021. S2CID 28359324.

Ball lightning (English Wikipedia)

abc.net.au (Global: 120th place; English: 70th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

agu.org (Global: 6,686th place; English: 5,945th place)

europa.agu.org

amasci.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arstechnica.com (Global: 473rd place; English: 338th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

avherald.com (Global: 4,322nd place; English: 3,787th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

benthamopenarchives.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cosmosmagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

disclosureproject.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

ernmphotography.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

eswd.eu (Global: low place; English: 7,203rd place)

globalnews.ca (Global: 1,016th place; English: 518th place)

guernseypress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

hathitrust.org (Global: 296th place; English: 153rd place)

babel.hathitrust.org

howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354th place; English: 958th place)

science.howstuffworks.com

idnes.cz (Global: 290th place; English: 1,047th place)

zpravy.idnes.cz

ieee.org (Global: 912th place; English: 722nd place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

iflscience.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

inspirehep.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

iop.org (Global: 1,046th place; English: 1,608th place)

iopscience.iop.org

stacks.iop.org

lighthouses.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,726th place; English: 1,417th place)

meessen.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489th place; English: 425th place)

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

naturalplasmas.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041st place; English: 901st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nii.ac.jp (Global: 195th place; English: 1,046th place)

ci.nii.ac.jp

novapublishers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ntlworld.com (Global: 9,630th place; English: 5,577th place)

homepage.ntlworld.com

online.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

jlnlabs.online.fr

orion-ir.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

applphys.orion-ir.ru

orthodox.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,098th place; English: 1,146th place)

planet.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

home.planet.nl

researchgate.net (Global: 96th place; English: 89th place)

royalsocietypublishing.org (Global: 1,880th place; English: 2,810th place)

scienceinschool.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110th place; English: 817th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sikhnet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

technologyreview.com (Global: 2,515th place; English: 1,716th place)

thenational.ae (Global: 3,188th place; English: 4,888th place)

theregister.co.uk (Global: 1,877th place; English: 1,233rd place)

thetimes.com (Global: 221st place; English: 110th place)

txstate.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,494th place)

cose.txstate.edu

ufpe.br (Global: low place; English: low place)

umich.edu (Global: 429th place; English: 307th place)

quod.lib.umich.edu

urlib.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

usatoday.com (Global: 55th place; English: 36th place)

uu.se (Global: 3,445th place; English: 3,148th place)

hvi.uu.se

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

abc.net.au (Global: 120^th place; English: 70^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

agu.org (Global: 6,686^th place; English: 5,945^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arstechnica.com (Global: 473^rd place; English: 338^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

avherald.com (Global: 4,322^nd place; English: 3,787^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

eswd.eu (Global: low place; English: 7,203^rd place)

globalnews.ca (Global: 1,016^th place; English: 518^th place)

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354^th place; English: 958^th place)

idnes.cz (Global: 290^th place; English: 1,047^th place)

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

iop.org (Global: 1,046^th place; English: 1,608^th place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; English: 1,417^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nii.ac.jp (Global: 195^th place; English: 1,046^th place)

ntlworld.com (Global: 9,630^th place; English: 5,577^th place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

royalsocietypublishing.org (Global: 1,880^th place; English: 2,810^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

technologyreview.com (Global: 2,515^th place; English: 1,716^th place)

thenational.ae (Global: 3,188^th place; English: 4,888^th place)

theregister.co.uk (Global: 1,877^th place; English: 1,233^rd place)

thetimes.com (Global: 221^st place; English: 110^th place)

txstate.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,494^th place)

umich.edu (Global: 429^th place; English: 307^th place)

usatoday.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

uu.se (Global: 3,445^th place; English: 3,148^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)