References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Baptism in early Christianity" in the English version

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MacArthur, John (1983), Hebrews: New Testament Commentary, Moody, p. 139, ISBN 978-0-8024-0753-5

Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E (2006), The Expositor's Bible Commentary: Hebrews-Revelation, Zondervan, p. 61, ISBN 978-0-310-26894-9

Lichtenberger, Herman (1999). "Syncretistic Features in Jewish and Jewish-Christian Baptism Movements". In Dunn, James DG (ed.). Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, AD 70 to 135. Grand Rapids, MI: William B Eerdmans. p. 87. ISBN 0-8028-4498-7. OCLC 40433122. Retrieved January 19, 2009.

Chadwick, Henry (2001). "John Baptist". The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-19-924695-5. OCLC 191826204. Retrieved February 24, 2009.

Kruse, Colin G (2004), The Gospel according to John: an Introduction and Commentary, William B Eerdmans, p. 119, ISBN 9780802827715

Bockmuel 2001, p. 27. Bockmuel, Markus, ed. (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1.

Tomson 2001, p. 27. Tomson, Peter J (2001), "Jesus and His Judaism", in Bockmuehl, Markus (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 27, ISBN 0-521-79678-4.

Bockmuel 2001, p. 40. Bockmuel, Markus, ed. (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1.

Bockmuel 2001, p. 30. Bockmuel, Markus, ed. (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1.

Chilton, Bruce (2001). "Friends and enemies". In Bockmuehl, Markus (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-521-79678-4.

Brown, Raymond Edward (1988), The Gospel and Epistles of John: a Concise Commentary, Liturgical Press, p. 3, ISBN 9780814612835

Green, Joel B; McKnight, Scot; Marshall, I Howard (1992), Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship, InterVarsity Press, p. 375, ISBN 9780830817771

Smith, Dwight Moody; Culpepper, R Alan; Black, C Clifton (1996), Exploring the Gospel of John: In Honor of D. Moody Smith, Westminster John Knox Press, p. 28, ISBN 9780664220839.

Cwiekowski, Frederick J (1988), The Beginnings of the Church, Paulist Press, p. 55, ISBN 9780809129263, This text from the fourth gospel gives the impression that when John was no longer at Bethany (Jn 3:23; cf. 1:28) Jesus— accompanied by former disciples of John—— was himself in the Jordan area conducting a ministry of baptism. When Jesus left the area of Judea and began his ministry in Galilee he evidently abandoned his baptizing ministry and concentrated on preaching and teaching.

Ferguson 1996, pp. 201–2: 'The baptism commanded by Jesus in the making of disciples is an immersion in water. The topic formerly was warmly debated, but in these days there is general scholarly agreement. Several lines of evidence converge in support of the baptismal action as a dipping. […] The New Testament descriptions of baptism imply a full bath.' Ferguson, Everett (1996), The church of Christ: a biblical ecclesiology for today, Wm. B. Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-4189-6.

Ferguson 1996, p. 202: 'Later church practice in this regard led artists to the strange fantasy of Jesus standing waist deep in water while John poured water on his head (such pictures do not occur until medieval western times).' Ferguson, Everett (1996), The church of Christ: a biblical ecclesiology for today, Wm. B. Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-4189-6.

Turner 2000, p. 16. Turner, Paul (2000), Hallelujah Highway, Liturgy Training Publications, ISBN 978-1-56854-320-8.

Turner 2000, p. 16 (quote): 'The document clearly prefers baptism by immersion in a natural body of water. Turner, Paul (2000), Hallelujah Highway, Liturgy Training Publications, ISBN 978-1-56854-320-8.

Strang, Veronica (1997). "Water in the Church". The Meaning of Water. Berg Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 1-85973-753-6. Fonts and baptisteries were constructed with taps and channels to ensure that they were supplied with moving water, which, as Schmemann points out, is symbolically crucial: 'The early Christian prescription is to baptize in living water. This is not merely a technical term denoting running water as distinct from standing water… it is this understanding that determined the form and theology of the baptismal font… The characteristic feature of the "baptistery" was that water was carried into it by a conduit, thus remaining "living water".'

Metzger, Marcel (1997). "The Order of Baptism in the Didache". History of the Liturgy: The Major Stages. Collegeville Township, MN: Liturgical Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-8146-2433-2. The Didache recognizes the superior value of running water for the baptismal immersion but does not impose it as a necessary condition… The regulations of the Didache also foresee the case in which immersion is impossible for lack of water and prescribe baptism by pouring water three times on the candidate's head.

Dau, WHT (1995). "Baptism". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. A–D. MI: William B Eerdmans. p. 419. ISBN 0-8028-3781-6. This seems to say that to baptize by immersion was the practice recommended for general use, but that the mode of affusion was also valid and enjoined on occasions

Dever, Mark E (2007), "The Church", in Akin, Daniel A (ed.), "lexically+significant"&pg=PA786 A Theology for the Church, B&H, p. 786, ISBN 978-0-8054-2640-3, It is lexically significant that, in this document, first- (or early second-) century Greek-speaking Christians could refer to ἔκχεον as a βαπτίσματος (baptism)

Dyrness & Kärkkäinen 2008, p. "baptism+any+less+valid" 101. Dyrness, William A; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti, eds. (2008), Global Dictionary of Theology, Intervarsity Press, ISBN 978-0-8308-2454-0.

Toulouse, Mark G (1992), "immersion+though+normally"&pg=PA146 Joined in Discipleship, Chalice Press, p. 146, ISBN 978-0-8272-1710-2

Brownson, James V (2006), "not+say+however+whether+immersion"&pg=PA75 The Promise of Baptism, Eerdmans, p. 75, ISBN 978-0-8028-3307-5

Ferguson, Sinclair B (2009b), "Infant Baptism Response", in Wright, David F (ed.), Baptism: Three Views, InterVarsity Press, p. 52, ISBN 978-0-8308-3856-1

Marshall, Howard (2002), "The Meaning of the Verb 'Baptize'", in Porter, Cross (ed.), Dimensions of Baptism: Biblical and Theological Studies, Sheffield Academic Press, pp. 18, 23, ISBN 0-8264-6203-0

Guy, Laurie (2004), Introducing Early Christianity: A Topical Survey of Its Life, Beliefs, and Practices, InterVarsity Press, pp. 224–25, ISBN 9780830826988

Browning, W. R. F. (2004). "Submersion". Dictionary of the Bible. Oxford University Press, UK. ISBN 978-0-19-860890-5.

Rogers 2006. Rogers, Clement F (2006) [Oxford, 1903], "Baptism and Christian Archeology", Studies in Biblical and Patristic Criticism: or Studia Biblica & Ecclesiastica, vol. 5, Gorgias Press, ISBN 978-1-59333-465-9.

Cote 1876, pp. 32 ff.. Cote, Wolfrid (1876), The Archaeology of Baptism, Read Books Design, ISBN 9781445599786.

Cote 1876, p. 31. Cote, Wolfrid (1876), The Archaeology of Baptism, Read Books Design, ISBN 9781445599786.

Cote 1876, pp. 34–35. Cote, Wolfrid (1876), The Archaeology of Baptism, Read Books Design, ISBN 9781445599786.

Cote 1876, pp. 177–78. Cote, Wolfrid (1876), The Archaeology of Baptism, Read Books Design, ISBN 9781445599786.

Cote 1876, pp. 160–61. Cote, Wolfrid (1876), The Archaeology of Baptism, Read Books Design, ISBN 9781445599786.

Rogers 2006, pp. 257–58. Rogers, Clement F (2006) [Oxford, 1903], "Baptism and Christian Archeology", Studies in Biblical and Patristic Criticism: or Studia Biblica & Ecclesiastica, vol. 5, Gorgias Press, ISBN 978-1-59333-465-9.

Rogers 2006, p. 304. Rogers, Clement F (2006) [Oxford, 1903], "Baptism and Christian Archeology", Studies in Biblical and Patristic Criticism: or Studia Biblica & Ecclesiastica, vol. 5, Gorgias Press, ISBN 978-1-59333-465-9.

Ferguson 2009, p. 5: 'Stenzel's introduction identifies his interest as liturgy, not theology or parallels from the history of religions, and primarily the Latin development leading to the medieval Roman liturgy' ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Kunzler, Michael (2001), The Liturgy of the Church, LIT, p. 262, ISBN 3-8258-4854-X, Stenzel is of the opinion that both immersion and affusion were practised. He bases his opinion on archaeological findings which show a lack of depth in baptismal 'pools' ('piscinae'), making a total immersion of an adult impossible. Pictorial representations which reflect baptismal procedures of the time strengthen his opinion: 'The person being baptized stands in water which reaches only half way up his body and water is poured from above. If the flow of water is sufficient then he is wholly covered at least for an instant with water and so 'buried', 'immersed', as the Fathers say

Actes du Congrès International d'Archéologie Chrétienne, vol. 2, Vatican, 1989 [Lyon, Vienne, Grenoble, Genève et Aoste, 21–28 septembre 1986], pp. 1451–68, Jean-Charles Picard, working with the literary texts but correlating them with archaeological sources for southern France and northern Italy, concludes that the authors who furnish details of the baptismal rite speak only of immersion. Tinguere, mergere, and submergere seem to imply a total immersion, and he notes that there is no ancient representation where the celebrant pours water on the head of the baptized.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link); as reported in Ferguson 2009, p. 852. ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Die Taufe in der orthodoxen Kirche: Geschichte, Spendung und Symbolik nach der Lehre der Väter [The Baptism in the Orthodox Church: History, dispensation and symbolism according to the teaching of the Fathers] (in German), Trier: Paulinus, 1987, pp. 101–2, as reported in Ferguson 2009, p. 860 ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Pillinger, Renate (1995), "The Significance of Early Christian Monuments for the Study of Liturgy: The Example of Baptism", Studia liturgica, 25: 32–50, doi:10.1177/003932079502500102, S2CID 193390811, reported in Ferguson 2009, p. 858. ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Ben Pechat, Malka, (needs title), Consequently I have come to the conclusion that an adult of average height should have adapted himself, helped by the priest, to the dimensions of the font and to its internal design by taking an appropriate position which would have enabled him to dip and rise [sic] his head without losing his balance. Either bending his knees, kneeling, or sitting, an adult could have been totally immersed as required in fonts from 1.30 m [4.3 ft] to 60 cm [2.0 ft] deep ... Under 60 cm (2.0 ft) by depth the fonts were probably used for child baptism only quoted in Ferguson 2009, p. 852. ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Ferguson 2009. ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Ferguson 1996, pp. 201–3. Ferguson, Everett (1996), The church of Christ: a biblical ecclesiology for today, Wm. B. Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-4189-6.

Ferguson 2009, pp. 857–58: 'The Christian literary sources, backed by secular word usage and Jewish religious immersions, give an overwhelming support for full immersion as the normal action. Exceptions in cases of lack of water and especially of sickbed baptism were made. Submersion was undoubtedly the case for the fourth and fifth centuries in the Greek East, and only slightly less certain for the Latin West. [...] The express statements in the literary sources, supported by other hints, the depictions in art, and the very presence of specially built baptismal fonts, along with their size and shape, indicate that the normal procedure was for the administrator with his head on the baptizand's head to bend the upper part of the body forward and dip the head under the water.' ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Ferguson 2009, p. 858: 'Claiming that the literature and the church orders represent the ideal and archaeology the average, Rogers examines the artistic representations in various media and baptismal fonts. His work is now quite dated, especially in dates assigned to the items examined, is replaced by later, more complete knowledge, and includes many items later than the period of my study' ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Ferguson 2009, pp. 836–8: 'The progressive reduction in size from an exterior diameter of nearly 3 meters [10 ft] and interior diameter of over 2.40 meters to an interior dimension of 1.80 meters [5 ft 11 in] may reflect increased use of affusion or the decline of adult baptism […] At Noli in Liguria beneath the Romanesque church of San Paragorio there is a fifth-century font, octagonal on the exterior and a circle on the interior with a diameter of 1.26 meters and a depth of about 1.60 meters. It shows successive reduction in size […] A late baptistery may be noted for its indication of changes prompted by the general practice of infant baptism' ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Ferguson 2009, p. 849. ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Ferguson 2009, p. 834. ——— (2009), Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2748-7.

Jensen, Robin (2010), Living Water, Brill, p. 137, ISBN 978-9-00418898-3

Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C, eds. (2000), Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Amsterdam University Press, p. 148, ISBN 9789053565032

Bower, Peter C, ed. (2003), Companion to the Book of Common Worship, Geneva Press, p. 163, ISBN 978-0-66450232-4

Hellholm, David (2011), Ablution, Initiation and Baptism, et al, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 682, 699, 1397, ISBN 978-3-11024751-0

Francis Mannion, M. (2002), "Pastoral Answers", Our Sunday Visitor, p. 99, ISBN 978-0-87973725-2

catholicplanet.com

A more literal translation is Didache, Catholic planet, Now concerning baptism, baptize thus: Having first taught all these things, baptize ye into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, in living water. And if thou hast not living water, baptize into other water; and if thou canst not in cold, then in warm (water). But if thou hast neither, pour [water] thrice upon the head in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. But before Baptism let the baptizer and the baptized fast, and any others who can; but thou shalt command the baptized to fast for one or two days before, Philip Schaff's translation. Other translations are given at Early Christian Writings.^[93]

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Dyrness & Kärkkäinen 2008, p. 101. Dyrness, William A; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti, eds. (2008), Global Dictionary of Theology, Intervarsity Press, ISBN 978-0-8308-2454-0.

Schöllgen, Georg (1996), "The Didache as Church Order", in Draper, Jonathan A (ed.), The Didache in Modern Research, Brill, p. 47, ISBN 978-90-04-10375-7

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bible.oremus.org

Jn 3:22–30, 4:1–4

3:22–26

Dapaah 2005, pp. 7, 98: 'We propose to defend the historicity of this piece of Johannine material. We shall argue that the Johannine evidence of Jesus' baptizing activity may be a snippet of historical tradition, as there is no discernible theological agenda behind that piece of information. Moreover, the synoptists' silence may be explained, among others, by the supposition that the Evangelists were embarrassed by the event and that reference to the rite was unnecessary in a baptizing church […] The absence of Jesus' baptizing ministry in the synoptic Gospels does not mean that the Johannine detail is not authentic, neither does it suggest that the synoptists invented the story that John was out of action when Jesus arrived on the scene.(Mark 1:14 and par) The Marcan tradition, for example, which is chronologically earlier than the Fourth Gospel, suggests that Jesus was so close to John that Jesus moved to Galilee to embark on an independent ministry when John was imprisoned. It appears that John and Jesus initially worked together, an event which the Fourth Evangelist makes explicit' Dapaah, Daniel S (2005), The Relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth: A Critical Study, Washington, DC: University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-3109-6, OCLC 60342941

3:3, 3:16

1:24–28, 3:22–23, 10:40–41

vatican.va

Catechism of the Catholic Church, Rome, IT: The Vatican, 1225, archived from the original on December 3, 2010, The blood and water that flowed from the pierced side of the crucified Jesus are types of Baptism and the Eucharist, the sacraments of new life. From then on, it is possible 'to be born of water and the Spirit' in order to enter the Kingdom of God

web.archive.org

Smith, Joseph, "St. John Chapter 4", Translation of the Bible, Center place, archived from the original on February 27, 2010, retrieved December 9, 2010

worldcat.org

Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 888, 'John the Baptist'. Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A (2005), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd rev ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280290-9, OCLC 58998735.

Funk 1998, p. 268, 'John the Baptist'. Funk, Robert W. (1998), The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus, San Francisco: Harper, ISBN 0-06-062978-9, OCLC 37854370.

Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 209, 377. ISBN 0-8006-3122-6. OCLC 38590348.

Bowker, John (1999). The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866242-4. OCLC 60181672.^{[page needed]}

Sanders, EP (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9059-7. OCLC 30112315.^{[page needed]}

Funk 1998, pp. 365–440, 'John'. Funk, Robert W. (1998), The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus, San Francisco: Harper, ISBN 0-06-062978-9, OCLC 37854370.

Dapaah 2005, p. 98. Dapaah, Daniel S (2005), The Relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth: A Critical Study, Washington, DC: University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-3109-6, OCLC 60342941

Funk 1998, pp. 365–440. Funk, Robert W. (1998), The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus, San Francisco: Harper, ISBN 0-06-062978-9, OCLC 37854370.

Dapaah 2005, p. 97. Dapaah, Daniel S (2005), The Relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth: A Critical Study, Washington, DC: University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-3109-6, OCLC 60342941

Cross & Livingstone 2005, pp. 151–54, 'Baptism'. Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A (2005), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd rev ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280290-9, OCLC 58998735.

Funk 1998, pp. 129–270, 'Matthew'. Funk, Robert W. (1998), The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus, San Francisco: Harper, ISBN 0-06-062978-9, OCLC 37854370.

May, Herbert Gordon; Metzger, Bruce (1977). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1213–39. ISBN 0-19-528348-1. OCLC 3145429.

Harris, Stephen L (1985). Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Introduction. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield. pp. 266–68. ISBN 0-87484-696-X. OCLC 12042593.

Funk, Robert Walter; Hoover, Roy W (1993). "Stages in the Development of Early Christian Tradition". The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus: New Translation and Commentary. New York City: Macmillan. p. 128. ISBN 0-02-541949-8. OCLC 28421734.

Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 482: 'Baptism is by *immersion if possible, otherwise by threefold *affusion' Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A (2005), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd rev ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280290-9, OCLC 58998735.

Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 1145-1146, 'Nicene Creed'. Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A (2005), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd rev ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280290-9, OCLC 58998735.

Baptism in early Christianity (English Wikipedia)

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