Batavi (Germanic tribe) (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Batavi (Germanic tribe)" in English language version.

Last modified: 18:29:15, 15 August 2026 (UTC)

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Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 55, Wagner 2015 Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80 Wagner, Norbert (2015), "Lemovii, Helvecones*, Batavi, Βατίνοι, Chamavi, Cherusci Stammesnamen zwischen Germanen und Kelten", Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, 128: 289–298
Roymans 2004, pp. 131–132. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
See Roymans 2004, pp. 23, 25, 43–44, citing Caesar, Gallic War, 4.4 and 6.31. See also 3.28-29, 6.32-34 for descriptions of the landscape. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Roymans 2004, pp. 57, 251. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Habermehl et al. 2022, p. 70. Habermehl, Diederick; van Kerckhove, Julie; Roymans, Nico; Kootker, Lisette; Boreel, Gerard; Braekmans, Dennis; Heeren, Stijn (2022), "Investigating migration and mobility in the Early Roman frontier. The case of the Batavi in the Dutch Rhine delta (c. 50/30 BC–AD 40)", Germania, 100: 65–108
Roymans 2004, p. 27. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Roymans 2004, pp. 27, 55, 61. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Roymans 2004, pp. 23–26. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Roymans 2004, p. 20 citing Caesar, Gallic War, 7.13 Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Speidel 1994, pp. 15–16, Roymans 2004, pp. 56–57. Speidel, Michael P. (1994). Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78255-9. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Roymans 2004, p. 56. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Roymans 2004, pp. 20, 56–58, 211, 227, 229. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Roymans 2004, p. 9. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Habermehl et al. 2022, pp. 94–96. Habermehl, Diederick; van Kerckhove, Julie; Roymans, Nico; Kootker, Lisette; Boreel, Gerard; Braekmans, Dennis; Heeren, Stijn (2022), "Investigating migration and mobility in the Early Roman frontier. The case of the Batavi in the Dutch Rhine delta (c. 50/30 BC–AD 40)", Germania, 100: 65–108
Roymans 2004, pp. 32–33. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 55 citing Tacitus, Annals, 2.11. Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80
Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 56. Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80
Derks & Teitler 2019, pp. 66–71. Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80
Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 57. Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80
van Rossum 2004, p. 115 Roselaar 2016, p. 150, Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 57, think there might have been 9 such cohorts at one point. van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655 Roselaar, Saskia T. (2016), "State-Organised Mobility in the Roman Empire: Legionaries and Auxiliaries", In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004307377_008 Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80
For lists of such examples see, for example Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 56, Roymans 2014, p. 238, Speidel 1991, p. 278. Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80 Roymans, Nico (2014), "The Batavians between Germania and Rome", in Janković, Marko A.; Mihajlović, Vladimir D.; Babić, Staša (eds.), The Edges of the Roman World, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-5899-1 Speidel, Michael P. (1991), "Swimming the Danube under Hadrian's eyes: A Feat of the Emperors' Batavi Horse Guard", Ancient Society, 22: 277–282
Roymans & Heeren 2021. Roymans, Nico; Heeren, Stijn (2021), "Romano-Frankish interaction in the Lower Rhine frontier zone from the late 3rd to the 5th century – Some key archaeological trends explored", Germania, 99: 133–156, doi:10.11588/ger.2021.92212
Roymans 2004, pp. 144, 208, 244, 257. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Roymans 2004, pp. 232–233, 257–258. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Dierkens & Périn 2003 p.168 citing Panegyric VIII(2), and Panegyric IX(5), written about 297 and 298 AD (Nixon & Rodgers 1994, pp. 113, 176). Dierkens, Alain; Périn, Patrick (2003), "The 5th-century advance of the Franks in Belgica II: history and archaeology", Essays on the Early Franks, Barkhuis, pp. 165–193 Nixon, C E V; Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1994). In praise of later Roman emperors: the Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08326-1.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Dio Cassius, Roman History, 54.32.
See Rasch 2005, p. 25 for word use references including especially Dio Cassius, Roman History, 55.24. For Panegyric VIII(2), and Panegyric IX(5), written about 297 and 298 AD, see Nixon & Rodgers 1994, pp. 113, 176. Rasch, Gerhard (2005), "Antike geographische Namen nördlich der Alpen", in Zimmer, Stefan (ed.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - Ergänzungsbände, vol. 47, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110908213, ISBN 978-3-11-017832-6 Nixon, C E V; Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1994). In praise of later Roman emperors: the Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08326-1.
Dio Cassius, Roman History, 55.24
Dio Cassius, Roman History, 60.20.
Dio Cassius, Roman History, 69.9.
Lanting & van der Plicht 2010, pp. 40–41 citing XII Panegyrici Latini, 6(7) of 310, 5.3. Nixon & Rodgers 1994, p. 224 Nixon, C E V; Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1994). In praise of later Roman emperors: the Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08326-1.
Eumenius XII Panegyrici Latini, 9(5) of 298, 4.1. English, with commentary: Nixon & Rodgers 1994, p. 154 Nixon, C E V; Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1994). In praise of later Roman emperors: the Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08326-1.
Dierkens & Périn 2003 p.168 citing Panegyric VIII(2), and Panegyric IX(5), written about 297 and 298 AD (Nixon & Rodgers 1994, pp. 113, 176). Dierkens, Alain; Périn, Patrick (2003), "The 5th-century advance of the Franks in Belgica II: history and archaeology", Essays on the Early Franks, Barkhuis, pp. 165–193 Nixon, C E V; Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1994). In praise of later Roman emperors: the Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08326-1.
Zosimus, New History, 3.8 Greek, English

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Speidel 1994, pp. 15–16, Roymans 2004, pp. 56–57. Speidel, Michael P. (1994). Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78255-9. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Speidel 1994, pp. 35–37. Speidel, Michael P. (1994). Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78255-9.
Speidel 1994, pp. 38–45. Speidel, Michael P. (1994). Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78255-9.
Speidel 1994, p. 13 citing De Bello Alexandrino, 29f Speidel, Michael P. (1994). Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78255-9.
Knorr, Jacqueline (2014). Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia. Volume 9 of Integration and Conflict Studies. Berghahn Books. p. 91. ISBN 9781782382690.

dbnl.org (Global: 1,412^th place; English: 1,636^th place)

Toorians 2006, pp. 180–182. Toorians, Lauran (2006), "Betuwe en Hessen, Bataven en Chatten", Naamkunde (36 (2005-2006)): 179–190

degruyterbrill.com (Global: 6,220^th place; English: 3,995^th place)

Callies 1975, p. 90. Callies, Horst (1975), "Bataver § 1. Historisches", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 2 (2 ed.), De Gruyter, pp. 90–91, ISBN 978-3-11-006740-8
Callies 1975 citing Caesar, Gallic War, 4.10; Pliny, Natural History, 4.101; Tacitus, Germania, 29. Callies, Horst (1975), "Bataver § 1. Historisches", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 2 (2 ed.), De Gruyter, pp. 90–91, ISBN 978-3-11-006740-8
Callies 1975. Callies, Horst (1975), "Bataver § 1. Historisches", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 2 (2 ed.), De Gruyter, pp. 90–91, ISBN 978-3-11-006740-8

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Neumann 2008, pp. 32–33. Neumann, Günter (2008) [1983], "Die Sprachverhältnissein den germanischen Provinzen des Römischen Reiches", Namenstudien zum Altgermanischen, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110210446
See Rasch 2005, p. 25 for word use references including especially Dio Cassius, Roman History, 55.24. For Panegyric VIII(2), and Panegyric IX(5), written about 297 and 298 AD, see Nixon & Rodgers 1994, pp. 113, 176. Rasch, Gerhard (2005), "Antike geographische Namen nördlich der Alpen", in Zimmer, Stefan (ed.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - Ergänzungsbände, vol. 47, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110908213, ISBN 978-3-11-017832-6 Nixon, C E V; Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1994). In praise of later Roman emperors: the Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08326-1.
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 286–287 citing Tacitus, Histories, 5.19 and 5.20. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 287. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 289. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 290–291. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 291–294. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 298. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
van Rossum 2004, p. 115 citing Tacitus Histories, 4.16, and contrasting it to the opposed unit under Labeo in 4.18. Roselaar 2016, p. 150 counts these as one unit. van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655 Roselaar, Saskia T. (2016), "State-Organised Mobility in the Roman Empire: Legionaries and Auxiliaries", In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004307377_008
van Rossum 2004, p. 115 Roselaar 2016, p. 150, Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 57, think there might have been 9 such cohorts at one point. van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655 Roselaar, Saskia T. (2016), "State-Organised Mobility in the Roman Empire: Legionaries and Auxiliaries", In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004307377_008 Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80
van Rossum 2004, p. 115. van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655
van Rossum 2004, p. 118, Roselaar 2016, p. 151 van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655 Roselaar, Saskia T. (2016), "State-Organised Mobility in the Roman Empire: Legionaries and Auxiliaries", In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004307377_008
van Rossum 2004, pp. 118–119. van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655
van Rossum 2004, pp. 121–123. van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655
van Rossum 2004, pp. 119, 120–121, Roselaar 2016, p. 151 van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655 Roselaar, Saskia T. (2016), "State-Organised Mobility in the Roman Empire: Legionaries and Auxiliaries", In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004307377_008
Roymans & Heeren 2021. Roymans, Nico; Heeren, Stijn (2021), "Romano-Frankish interaction in the Lower Rhine frontier zone from the late 3rd to the 5th century – Some key archaeological trends explored", Germania, 99: 133–156, doi:10.11588/ger.2021.92212
Beyen, Marnix (2000). "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850". European History Quarterly. 30 (4): 493–532. doi:10.1177/026569140003000402. ISSN 0265-6914. S2CID 145656182. Fulltext: EBSCO

humbox.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Batavian Myth: A Study Pack from the Department of Dutch, University College London

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 55, Wagner 2015 Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80 Wagner, Norbert (2015), "Lemovii, Helvecones*, Batavi, Βατίνοι, Chamavi, Cherusci Stammesnamen zwischen Germanen und Kelten", Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, 128: 289–298
For lists of such examples see, for example Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 56, Roymans 2014, p. 238, Speidel 1991, p. 278. Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80 Roymans, Nico (2014), "The Batavians between Germania and Rome", in Janković, Marko A.; Mihajlović, Vladimir D.; Babić, Staša (eds.), The Edges of the Roman World, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-5899-1 Speidel, Michael P. (1991), "Swimming the Danube under Hadrian's eyes: A Feat of the Emperors' Batavi Horse Guard", Ancient Society, 22: 277–282
Speidel 1991. Speidel, Michael P. (1991), "Swimming the Danube under Hadrian's eyes: A Feat of the Emperors' Batavi Horse Guard", Ancient Society, 22: 277–282
Lanting & van der Plicht 2010, p. 55, Speidel 1996 Speidel, Michael P. (1996), "Raising New Units for the Late Roman Army: "Auxilia Palatina"", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 50: 163–170
Speidel 1996. Speidel, Michael P. (1996), "Raising New Units for the Late Roman Army: "Auxilia Palatina"", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 50: 163–170

livius.org (Global: 2,150^th place; English: 2,305^th place)

Zosimus, New History, 3.8 Greek, English

openedition.org (Global: 366^th place; English: 883^rd place)

journals.openedition.org

Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 286–287 citing Tacitus, Histories, 5.19 and 5.20. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 287. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 289. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 290–291. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 291–294. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 298. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Beyen, Marnix (2000). "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850". European History Quarterly. 30 (4): 493–532. doi:10.1177/026569140003000402. ISSN 0265-6914. S2CID 145656182. Fulltext: EBSCO

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

Caesar, Gallic War, 4.10
Caesar, Gallic War, 4.1 and 4.4
See Roymans 2004, pp. 23, 25, 43–44, citing Caesar, Gallic War, 4.4 and 6.31. See also 3.28-29, 6.32-34 for descriptions of the landscape. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Pliny, Natural History, 4.101 English, Latin
Tacitus, Histories, 4.15
Tacitus, Annals, 2.6
Tacitus, Germania, 29.
Tacitus, Histories, 4.12.
Tacitus, Histories, 4.18
Tacitus, Histories, 5.23
Roymans 2004, p. 20 citing Caesar, Gallic War, 7.13 Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-705-0.
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 286–287 citing Tacitus, Histories, 5.19 and 5.20. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Derks & Teitler 2019, p. 55 citing Tacitus, Annals, 2.11. Derks, Tom; Teitler, Hans (2019), "Batavi in the Roman Army of the Principate: An Inventory of the Sources", Bonner Jahrbücher, 218: 53–80
Suetonius, Caligula, 43.
van Rossum 2004, p. 115 citing Tacitus Histories, 4.16, and contrasting it to the opposed unit under Labeo in 4.18. Roselaar 2016, p. 150 counts these as one unit. van Rossum, J.A. (2004), "The end of the Batavian auxiliaries as 'national' units", in de Ligt, Luuk; Hemelrijk, Emily; Singor, H.W. (eds.), In Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Impact of Empire, vol. 4, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004401655_008, ISBN 9789004401655 Roselaar, Saskia T. (2016), "State-Organised Mobility in the Roman Empire: Legionaries and Auxiliaries", In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004307377_008
Tacitus, Annals, 2.8.
Tacitus, Annals, 2.11.
Tacitus, Histories, 2.17.
Tacitus, Histories, 2.43; Plutarch, Otho, 12.4-5.
Tacitus, Histories, 4.66.
Tacitus, Histories, 5.14. The battle is described in 5.15.
Tacitus, Agricola, 18
Tacitus, Annals, 14.29.

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Petrikovits 1981, p. 379 citing Dio Cassius, Roman History, 54.36. Petrikovits, Harald (1981), "Chatten II. Historisches", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 4 (2 ed.), De Gruyter, pp. 379–386, ISBN 978-3-11-006513-8

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Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 286–287 citing Tacitus, Histories, 5.19 and 5.20. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 287. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 289. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 290–291. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, pp. 291–294. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
Van Enckevort & Heirbaut 2015, p. 298. Van Enckevort, Harry; Heirbaut, Elly N. A. (2015), "Nijmegen, from Oppidum Batavorum to Ulpia Noviomagus, civitas of the Batavi: two successive civitas-capitals", Gallia, vol. 72, pp. 285–298, doi:10.4000/gallia.1577, ISBN 978-2-271-08834-5, ISSN 0016-4119
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Batavi (Germanic tribe) (English Wikipedia)

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