Battle of Kosovo (English Wikipedia)

"1515 | John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty". Albanianhistory.net. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2012-02-13. Lazar (6), the Despot of Serbia, and King Marko of Bulgaria and Theodore Musachi, the second-born of our family, and the other Lords of Albania united and set off for battle, which the Christians lost (7).

arizona.edu

cmes.arizona.edu

Emmert 1991, p. 4. Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Emmert 1991, p. 3, The historian is faced with a difficult problem when he attempts to discover what occurred in the Battle of Kosovo. There are no eyewitness accounts of the battle, and rather significant differences exist among those contemporary sources which do mention the event. Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Emmert 1991, p. 11. Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Emmert 1991, p. 3, Given the divisiveness among Serbian lords which generally characterized the decades following Dusan's death, the fact that Lazar, Vuk, and Tvrtko were able to conclude an alliance against the Turks was reason for at least some optimism. Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Emmert 1991^{[page needed]} Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Emmert 1991, p. 3 Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.

books.google.com

Fine 1994, p. 409 Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Fine 1994, p. 410, Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw. Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Emmert 1990, Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.^{[page needed]} Emmert, Thomas Allan (1990). Serbian Golgotha: Kosovo, 1389. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-175-3.
Waley, Daniel; Denley, Peter (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8. The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
Oliver, Ian (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I. B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2. Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
Binns, John (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8. The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
Cox 2002, p. 30, The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory. Cox, John K. (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8.
Frucht, Richard (2004). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury. p. 534. ISBN 9781576078013.
Roszkowski, Wojciech (2015). East Central Europe: A Concise History. Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Instytut Jagielloński. p. 36. ISBN 9788365972200.
Sedlar 2013, p. 244, Nearly the entire Serbian fighting force (between 12,000 and 20,000 men) had been present at Kosovo, while the Ottomans (with 27,000 to 30,000 on the battlefield) retained numerous reserves in Anatolia. Sedlar, Jean W. (2013). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.
Malcolm 1998, p. 62. Malcolm, N. (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8.
Karpat, Kemal H.; Zens, Robert W. (2003). Ottoman Borderlands: Issues, Personalities, and Political Changes. Center of Turkish Studies, University of Wisconsin. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-299-20024-4. Troops of his emirate seconded Murad I in the battle of Kosovo Polje (1389), as indicated in the "Book of Victory" (Fatih-name) issued by Bayezid the Thunderbolt.
Kortüm, Hans-Henning (2006). Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. Akademie. p. 231. ISBN 978-3-05-004131-5. But having been established under Murad I (1362–1389), essentially as a bodyguard, the Janissaries cannot have been present in large numbers at Nicopolis (there were no more than 2,000 at Kosovo in 1389)
Somel, S. A. (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4617-3176-4.
Cox 2002, p. 29, But there were also certainly Bosnians and Albanians, who were Christian at the time, among the Christian fighters Cox, John K. (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8.
Malcolm 1998, p. 63. Malcolm, N. (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8.
Veremes, Thanos; Kophos, Euangelos (1998). Kosovo: avoiding another Balkan war. Athens: Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign policy. p. 418. ISBN 9789607061409. ... is a historical fact that they were on the Serbian side against the Ottoman Empire in that cataclysmic battle of 1389 (under Albanian counts Balsha and Jonima)
Elsie, Robert (2004). Historical dictionary of Kosova. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6. ... Vlach contingents of Voyvode Mircea, the troops of Lazar's son-in-law Vuk Brankovic and Albanian forces under George Balsha and Demeter Jonima.
Petritsch, Wolfgang; Kaser, Karl; Pichler, Robert (1999). Kosovo - Kosova: Mythen, Daten, Fakten (in German) (2. Aufl ed.). Klagenfurt: Wieser. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9783851293043. ... geantwortet haben und sich mit einer Armee von 6.000 Mann nach Kosova aufgemacht haben soll. An der Schlacht auf dem Amselfeld nahmen auch andere mäch- tige albanische Fürsten teil : Demeter Jonima , dessen Reich sich über die..
Petta 2000, p. 123, Giovanni Musacchi esule in Italia, provano la contemporanea presenza di rami cristiani e musulmanio; e accadde anzi che i figli di un Teodoro Musacchi, caduto nel 1389 sul campo di battaglia di Kosovo, dove aveva combattuto a fianco dei serbi, divenissero musulmani, e che uno di loro, già sangiacco di Albania, cadesse nel 1442 combattendo contro gli ungheresi. Petta, Paolo (2000). Despoti d'Epiro e principi di Macedonia: esuli albanesi nell'Italia del Rinascimento (in Italian). Argo. ISBN 8882340287.
Di Lellio, Anna (2009). The battle of Kosovo, 1389: an Albanian epic. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 12. ISBN 9781848850941. A more elaborate representation of the Battle, based on Ottoman sources, attributes to the Albanian leaders Balsha, Jonima and Muzaka an organized Albanian contingent as numerous as one-fourth of the entire Balkan coalition.
Myftiu, Genc (2000). Albania: a Patrimony of European Values Guide of Albanian History and Culture Heritage. SEDA. p. 14. Two years later Gjergj Balsha II, Teodor Muzaka and Dhimitër Jonima fought in the battle of Kosovo... a quarter of the military force in the anti-Ottoman coalition was Albanian...
Iseni, Bashkim (2008). La question nationale en Europe du sud-est: genèse, émergence et développement de l'identité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine (in French). Bern: Peter Lang. p. 84. ISBN 978-3039113200. L'historiographie albanaise quant à elle met davantage l'accent sur la présence albanaise dans ce qui était une grande coalition de principautés chrétienne contre les Ottomans. Selon elle, sur les sept chefs de guerre de cette coalition, deux étaient albanais, Gjergj Balsha II et Dhimiter Jonima. Auraient aussi participé à cette bataille d'autres féodaux albanais, notamment Gjon Muzaka et Teodor Muzaka II. La participation albanaise aurait atteint un quart de la totalité des troupes de la coalition.
Waley, Daniel; Denley, Peter (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8. A landmark came when an alliance between Bosnians and Serbs met Ottoman forces in June 1389. at Kosovo Polje. Much uncertainty hangs over this celebrated battle which, as is now notorious, subsequently came to occupy a central place in Serbian nationalist ideology. Next to nothing can be said with assurance about numbers and multi-ethnic composition of both armies.
Budak 2001, p. 287. Budak, Neven (2001). "John of Palisna, the Hospitaller Prior of Varna". In Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, Jozsef (eds.). The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity. Central European University Press. ISBN 963-9241-42-3.
Runciman, Hunyadi & Laszlovszky 2001, p. 281. Runciman, S.; Hunyadi, Z.; Laszlovszky, J. (2001). The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity. CEU Medievalia Series (in Italian). Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University. ISBN 978-963-9241-42-8.
Malcolm 1998, p. 64. Malcolm, N. (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8.
Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 138. ISBN 9781598844290.
Çelebi, Evliya; Šabanović, Hazim (1996). Putopisi: odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama (in Bosnian). Sarajevo-Publishing. p. 280. Retrieved 26 July 2013. Paša Jigit- -beg, koji se prvi put pominje kao jedan između turskih komandanata u kosovskoj bici.
Nastasijevic, Slavomir (1987). Vitezi Kneza Lazara (in Serbian). Narodna Knjiga Beograd. p. 187. ISBN 8633100150. [Serbian heavy cavalry took V wedge shape charge position breaking through Ottoman infantry and light cavalry.]
Rogers, Clifford J., ed. (2010). "Battle of Kosovo Polje". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. p. 471. ISBN 9780195334036.
Mihaljčić 1989, p. 117, 158. Mihaljčić, Rade (1989). The Battle of Kosovo in history and in popular tradition. Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod. ISBN 9788613003663.
Fine 1994, p. 414. Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Chadwick, H. Munro; Chadwick, Nora K. (2010). The Growth of Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 382. ISBN 9781108016155.
Fine 1994, p. 410: Vuk Branković charged him with being in secret contact with the Turks. When Lazar faced Miloš with the charge, Miloš denied it, saying, "Tomorrow my deeds will show that I am faithful to my lord." To prove his loyalty, shortly before dawn on 28 June (the day on which the battle occurred) Miloš slipped out of the Serbian camp and announced himself to the Turkish sentries as a Serbian deserter. Taken to the sultan, he pulled out a knife he had secreted in his garments and stabbed Murad, fatally wounding him. We do not know whether there had actually been any accusations in the Serbian camp before the battle, but it is a fact that a Serb named Miloš Obilić (or Kobilić) did desert and murder the Sultan. Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Gwin, Peter (1999). "Overrun with Ghosts of Conflicts Past". Europe. 383–392. Delegation of the Commission of the European Communities. Again, accounts vary depending on the source, although one popular version describes a desperate act of Serb heroism. As the battle turned against the Serbs, one of their noblemen, Milos Obilic pretended to desert to the Turkish forces. When he was brought before Murad, Obilic pulled out a hidden dagger and killed him.
Singleton, Fred (1985). A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9780521274852.
Flemming, Barbara (2017). Essays on Turkish Literature and History. Brill. p. 319. ISBN 9789004355767.
Vucinich, Wayne S; Emmert, Thomas A. (1991). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle. University of Minnesota. ISBN 9789992287552.
Ćirković, Sima M. (1990). Kosovska bitka u istoriografiji: Redakcioni odbor Sima Ćirković (urednik izdanja) [... et al.] (in Serbian). Zmaj. p. 38. Retrieved 11 September 2013. Код Мињанелиjа, кнез је претходно заробл - ен и принуЬен да Мурату положи заклетву верности! и тада је један од њих, кажу да је то био Лазар, зарио Мурату мач у прса
Fine 1994, pp. 409–411 Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Volkan, Vamik D. (1998). Bloodlines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. Westview. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8133-9038-3.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Quataert, Donald (11 August 2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-521-83910-5.
Fine 1994, p. 575. Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Duijzings 2000, p. 184 Duijzings, Gerlachlus (January 2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-392-9.
Kaser & Katschnig-Fasch 2005, p. 100. Kaser, Karl; Katschnig-Fasch, Elisabeth (2005). Gender and Nation in South Eastern Europe (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-8258-8802-2.
Cimeša, Milica (28 November 2012). Wakounig, Marija (ed.). From Collective Memories to Intercultural Exchanges. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-3-643-90287-0.
Schlichte, Klaus; Stetter, Stephan, eds. (2023). The Historicity of International Politics: Imperialism and the Presence of the Past. Cambridge University Press. p. 270. ISBN 9781009199056.
Ognjenović 2014, p. 137 Ognjenović, Gorana (2014). Politicization of Religion, the Power of Symbolism: The Case of Former Yugoslavia and its Successor States. Springer. ISBN 978-1137477897.
Dierauer, Isabelle (16 May 2013). Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict. University Press of America. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7618-6106-5.

ceeol.com

Xhufi, Pëllumb (2011). "La Macédoine Occidentale dans l'histoire des Albanais du VIIe au XVe siècle". Studia Albanica (in French) (2): 3–21. ISSN 0585-5047. Cette faiblesse a été cependant passagère, car au XIVe siècle, on mentionne de nouveau comme maître de cette aire Andrea Gropa, qui a participé en 1389 à la bataille de la Plaine du Kosovo, aux côtés de Théodore Muzaka.

core.ac.uk

Humphreys 2013, p. 46, But what can be said with some certainly is that on Vidovdan 1389 the Serbian Tzar Lazar with an army estimated at 15,000–20,000 troops faced an Ottoman army of 27,000–30,000, led by Sultan Murad on Kosovo Polje (Field of the Blackbirds) near Pristina. Let there be no doubt that these were large armies; the famous Battle of Agincourt – fought some three decades later in 1415 – was contested by forces whose numbers are estimated at 6,000–9,000 on one side and 12,000–30,000 (much the biggest estimate) on the other. Humphreys, Brendan (2013). The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths (PDF) (Thesis).
Humphreys 2013, p. 46:Both armies – and this is a fact that is ignored by the hagiographic telling – contained soldiers of various origins; Bosnians, Albanians, Hungarians, Greeks, Bulgars, perhaps even Catalans (on the Ottoman side). Humphreys, Brendan (2013). The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths (PDF) (Thesis).

deremilitari.org

Emmert 1996; Makušev, V. V. (1871), "Prilozi k srpskoj istoriji XIV i XV veka", Glasnik srpskog učenog društva 32 (in Serbian), pp. 174–5 Emmert, Thomas (1996), "Milos Obilic and the Hero Myth", Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies, vol. 10, archived from the original on 2010-02-13

dergipark.org.tr

Muhadri, Bedrı (2021-03-29). "The Battle of Kosovo 1389 and the Albanians". Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi. 7 (1): 436–452. doi:10.21551/jhf.898751. ISSN 2458-7672. S2CID 233651440. The famous Albanian prince, Teodor Muzaka II, was killed in this battle, as well as many other Albanian comrades.
Uğurlu 2011. Uğurlu, Mesut (2011). "Kosova Efsanesi". Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları (HÜTAD) (in Turkish). 14 (14): 241–252.

doi.org

Muhadri, Bedrı (2021-03-29). "The Battle of Kosovo 1389 and the Albanians". Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi. 7 (1): 436–452. doi:10.21551/jhf.898751. ISSN 2458-7672. S2CID 233651440. The famous Albanian prince, Teodor Muzaka II, was killed in this battle, as well as many other Albanian comrades.
Jakica, Lara (2010–2011). "The problem of resurrection of Kosovo mythology in Serbian popular culture". Transcultural Studies. 6/7: 161–170. doi:10.1163/23751606-00601011.

intermagazin.rs

"ИСТОРИЈА КОЈУ НИСМО УЧИЛИ НА ЧАСОВИМА: Милош Обилић је био турски заточник, али јесте убио Мурата на Косову". www.intermagazin.rs (in Serbian).

nytimes.com

archive.nytimes.com

Vickers, Miranda. "Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo". The New York Times Archives. But in spite of this a large coalition army led by Serbian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Bosnian and Albanian nobles gathered on the wide plain of Kosovo to confront the Ottoman army. Albanian princes were at that time close allies of the Serbs, the result of their shared desire to oppose the Ottomans. In many districts the Slavonic and Albanian elements existed side-by-side, and numerous examples are known of close economic and political ties between Serbs and Albanians during the medieval period.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Muhadri, Bedrı (2021-03-29). "The Battle of Kosovo 1389 and the Albanians". Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi. 7 (1): 436–452. doi:10.21551/jhf.898751. ISSN 2458-7672. S2CID 233651440. The famous Albanian prince, Teodor Muzaka II, was killed in this battle, as well as many other Albanian comrades.

serbianstudies.org

Đorđević 1990. Đorđević, Dimitrije (Spring 1990). "The role of St. Vitus Day in modern Serbian history" (PDF). Serbian Studies. 5 (3). North American Society for Serbian Studies: 33–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2022-05-27.

web.archive.org

Emmert 1991, p. 4. Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Đorđević 1990. Đorđević, Dimitrije (Spring 1990). "The role of St. Vitus Day in modern Serbian history" (PDF). Serbian Studies. 5 (3). North American Society for Serbian Studies: 33–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
Emmert 1991, p. 3, The historian is faced with a difficult problem when he attempts to discover what occurred in the Battle of Kosovo. There are no eyewitness accounts of the battle, and rather significant differences exist among those contemporary sources which do mention the event. Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Emmert 1991, p. 11. Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Emmert 1991, p. 3, Given the divisiveness among Serbian lords which generally characterized the decades following Dusan's death, the fact that Lazar, Vuk, and Tvrtko were able to conclude an alliance against the Turks was reason for at least some optimism. Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
"1515 | John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty". Albanianhistory.net. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2012-02-13. Lazar (6), the Despot of Serbia, and King Marko of Bulgaria and Theodore Musachi, the second-born of our family, and the other Lords of Albania united and set off for battle, which the Christians lost (7).
Emmert 1991^{[page needed]} Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
Emmert 1996; Makušev, V. V. (1871), "Prilozi k srpskoj istoriji XIV i XV veka", Glasnik srpskog učenog društva 32 (in Serbian), pp. 174–5 Emmert, Thomas (1996), "Milos Obilic and the Hero Myth", Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies, vol. 10, archived from the original on 2010-02-13
Emmert 1991, p. 3 Emmert, Thomas (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne; Emmert, Thomas (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle (PDF). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 99922-875-5-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-30.

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Xhufi, Pëllumb (2011). "La Macédoine Occidentale dans l'histoire des Albanais du VIIe au XVe siècle". Studia Albanica (in French) (2): 3–21. ISSN 0585-5047. Cette faiblesse a été cependant passagère, car au XIVe siècle, on mentionne de nouveau comme maître de cette aire Andrea Gropa, qui a participé en 1389 à la bataille de la Plaine du Kosovo, aux côtés de Théodore Muzaka.
Muhadri, Bedrı (2021-03-29). "The Battle of Kosovo 1389 and the Albanians". Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi. 7 (1): 436–452. doi:10.21551/jhf.898751. ISSN 2458-7672. S2CID 233651440. The famous Albanian prince, Teodor Muzaka II, was killed in this battle, as well as many other Albanian comrades.

yorku.ca

Greenawalt 2001, p. 52. Greenawalt, Alexander (2001). "Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory" (PDF). Spaces of Identity. 31.
Greenawalt 2001, p. 53. Greenawalt, Alexander (2001). "Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory" (PDF). Spaces of Identity. 31.