Battle of Saipan (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Battle of Saipan" in English language version.

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Trefalt 2018, pp. 255–256. Trefalt, Beatrice (2018). "The Battle of Saipan in Japanese Civilian Memoirs: Non-combatants, Soldiers and the Complexities of Surrender". Journal of Pacific History. 53 (3): 3. doi:10.1080/00223344.2018.1491300 – via academia.edu.
Sheeks 1945, pp. 110–111; Trefalt 2018, p. 259. Sheeks, Robert B. (1945). "Civilians in Saipan". Far Eastern Survey. 14 (2): 109–113. doi:10.2307/3022063. JSTOR 3022063. Trefalt, Beatrice (2018). "The Battle of Saipan in Japanese Civilian Memoirs: Non-combatants, Soldiers and the Complexities of Surrender". Journal of Pacific History. 53 (3): 3. doi:10.1080/00223344.2018.1491300 – via academia.edu.

apjjf.org (Global: 8,476^th place; English: 5,338^th place)

Plung 2021, §11. Plung, Dylan J. (2021). "The Impact of Urban Evacuation on Japan during World War II". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 19 (19). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Post-war estimates range from 46^[44] square miles to 48.^[45] Hallas 2019, p. 479, fn 5 points out that most historians describing the battle state that the island is substantially larger. For example, McManus 2021, p. 339, Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 238 state that it is 72, Goldberg 2007, p. 38 says 75, and Crowl 1993, p. 29 says 85 square miles. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 36 puts the total at 66,779; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 253 put it at 71,034 Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, pp. 160–162 puts the number of ships at 535 and mentions that the four and a half divisions of ground combat troops numbered 127,571; Toll 2015, p. 457 puts the number of ships at 600 and the number of men at 600,000, which may include naval personnel. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
McManus 2021, p. 350 estimates 2,500, Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 95 put the estimate near 3,500. In his after-battle report, Major General Harry Schmidt, Commander of the 4th Marine Division, put the casualties for the first two days at 3,500, which is about 20% of the casualties suffered during the entire battle.^[118] McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Hallas 2019, p. 165 puts the number between 24 and 32; Crowl 1993, p. 98 puts the number at no less than 37; Hoffman 1950, p. 86, Morison 1981, p. 202 and Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 284 put the number at 44. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
The controversy continues to be debated.^[197] See Crowl 1993, pp. 191–201 for a detailed discussion; see Lacey 2013, pp. 157–161 and McManus 2021, pp. 363–371 for more recent discussions. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Whether Saitō died with Nagumo or Igeta is unclear. Many sources derive their story from Major Takashi Hirakushi,^[246] a captured public relations officer.^[247] who initially claimed to be Major Kiyoshi Yoshida, an intelligence officer who actually died in combat.^[248] (cf.,Goldberg 2007, p. 173 who describes the testimony of "Kiyoshi Yoshida"). Hallas 2019, p. 514, fn44 points out that in early accounts, Saitō commits suicide alone (e.g.,see the early account in Hoffman 1950, Appendix IX:The Last Days of General Saitō, pp.283–284), and a different Japanese survivor states that Nagumo committed suicide elsewhere.^[249] Toland 2003, p. 511–512, bases his account, in which Saitō, Nagumo, and Igeta die together on a much later interview with Hirakushi.^[246] Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Toland, John (2003) [1970]. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. Random House. ISBN 9780812968583. OCLC 52441692.
Report of Capture of Marianas 1944, p. 6.
Crowl 1993, p. 454. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Report of Capture of Marianas 1944, Enclosure K, part B: 3,100 killed, 326 missing, 13,099 wounded; total cumulative to D+46.; Chapin 1994, p. 36: 3,225 killed, 326 missing, 13,061 wounded Chapin, John C. (1994). The Battle for Saipan. United States Marine Corps Historical Division. PCN 19000312300.
Report of Capture of Marianas 1944, Enclosure K, part G:These figures are incomplete since data could not be obtained from all ships.
Report of Capture of Marianas 1944, Annex C to Enclosure A.
Smith 1996, p. 1. Smith, Robert R. (1996) [1953]. The Approach to the Philippines. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35911873.
Hopkins 2008, p. 146; Miller 1991, pp. 336–337; Symonds 2022, pp. 229–230; Toll 2015, p. 306. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Miller, Edward S. (1991). War Plan Orange: The U. S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870217593. OCLC 23463775. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hopkins 2008, p. 5; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 3–4; Vlahos 1980, p. 118. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Vlahos, Michael (1980). The Blue Sword: The Naval War College and the American Mission 1919–1941. Naval War College. OCLC 7577592.
Miller 1991, pp. 4–5; Toll 2015, p. 306. Miller, Edward S. (1991). War Plan Orange: The U. S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870217593. OCLC 23463775. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 92; Morison 1981, pp. 5–6: see Casablanca Conference 1943, pp. 185–186 for King's argument. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Y'Blood 1981, p. 4. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 235; Y'Blood 1981, pp. 4–5. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Hopkins 2008, p. 174–175; Smith 1996, pp. 3–4; Symonds 2022, p. 232. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Smith, Robert R. (1996) [1953]. The Approach to the Philippines. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35911873. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579.
Y'Blood 1981, p. 7: See King's statement in Quebec Conference 1943, p. 448. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 23–24; Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 92; Symonds 2022, p. 275: See King's reply to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill in Quebec Conference 1943, p. 409. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579.
Y'Blood 1981, p. 7. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Toll 2015, pp. 437–438. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Y'Blood 1981, p. 8. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Matloff 1994, pp. 376–377. Matloff, Maurice (1994) [1959]. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1943–1944. United States Army in World War II: The War Department. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1048613899.
Smith 1996, pp. 4–6. Smith, Robert R. (1996) [1953]. The Approach to the Philippines. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35911873.
Coakley & Leighton 1987, p. 406. Coakley, Robert W.; Leighton, Robert M (1987) [1968]. Global Logistics and Strategy. United States Army in world War II. Center of Military History. OCLC 1048609737.
Hoffman 1950, p. 19; Y'Blood 1981, p. 12. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 236. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Smith 2006, pp. 209–211; Tanaka 2023, Widening the War into the Asia-Pacific Theatre of World War II, The Third Stage §5. Smith, Douglas V. (2006). Carrier Battles: Command Decision in Harm's Way. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591147948. OCLC 1301788691. Tanaka, Yuki (2023). "Asia-Pacific War". In Hein, Laura E. (ed.). The Modern Japanese Nation and Empire c. 1868 to the Twenty-First Century (eBook). The New Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. III. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–167. doi:10.1017/9781108164535.007. ISBN 9781108164535. OCLC 1382587192.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 92. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Morison 1981, pp. 12–14. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, p. 222. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 66; Willoughby 1994, pp. 250–251; Morison 1981, p. 94. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Willoughby, Charles A., ed. (1994) [1950]. Reports of General MacArthur: Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area. Vol. II, Part I. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1054369044. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 220–221. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, p. 234. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, p. 148. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Crowl 1993, p. 62. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 29; Goldberg 2007, p. 30. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Crowl 1993, p. 29; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 238. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 54; Morison 1981, p. 152. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 30–31; Hallas 2019, pp. 8–9; Morison 1981, p. 152. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 238. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, p. 7; Morison 1981, p. 151. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Sheeks 1945, p. 112; Toll 2015, p. 508. Sheeks, Robert B. (1945). "Civilians in Saipan". Far Eastern Survey. 14 (2): 109–113. doi:10.2307/3022063. JSTOR 3022063. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 239. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 39; Hallas 2019, pp. 18–19. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, p. 37; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 240. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 39–40; Crowl 1993, pp. 36–37. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hallas 2019, p. 31; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 240. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, pp. 160–162; Toll 2015, p. 457. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Morison 1981, pp. 170–172. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, p. 174. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, p. 172. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Report of Capture of Marianas 1944, Annex 2, Enclosure N: Quartermaster's reports for the 2nd Marine Division's, 4th Marine Division's, and 27th Infantry Division's total to 101 medium tanks, 57 light tanks, 24 light mechanized flamethrowers, and six medium tanks with bulldozers.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 575. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Kleber & Birdsell 1990, p. 560. Kleber, Brooks E.; Birdsell, Dale (1990) [1966]. The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat. United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35176837.
Hallas 2019, p. 55; Hoffman 1950, p. 26. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, pp. 93–94. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Crowl 1993, pp. 62–63. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 57–58. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 256; McManus 2021, p. 338. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
McManus 2021, p. 338; Morison 1981, p. 167. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Crowl 1993, p. 73; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 253–254; Toll 2015, p. 462. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 73; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 253–254. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 68; Toll 2015, p. 462:Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 254 puts the number at 11. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Toll 2015, p. 463. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Cressman 2000, p. 495; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 253–254. Cressman, Robert J. (2000). The Official Chronology Of The U.S. Navy In World War II. Naval Historical Center. ISBN 9781682471548. OCLC 607386638. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Cressman 2000, p. 496. Cressman, Robert J. (2000). The Official Chronology Of The U.S. Navy In World War II. Naval Historical Center. ISBN 9781682471548. OCLC 607386638.
Crowl 1993, p. 73. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 74; Toll 2015, p. 463. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 74. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 254. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, p. 180. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hornfischer 2016, pp. 88-89. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Crowl 1993, p. 76. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Goldberg 2007, p. 54; Morison 1981, pp. 182–183. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 96; Hoffman 1950, pp. 46–47; McManus 2021, p. 348; Schmidt 1944, p. 11. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Schmidt, Harry (1944). Report of Marianas Operation Phase I (Saipan) (PDF) (Report). Marine Corps Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2022.
Morison 1981, p. 202. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 136; McManus 2021, p. 346. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hoffman 1950, p. 27; Lacey 2013, p. 131. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hoffman 1950, p. 50; Morison 1981, p. 202; Schmidt 1944, p. 11. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Schmidt, Harry (1944). Report of Marianas Operation Phase I (Saipan) (PDF) (Report). Marine Corps Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2022.
Hallas 2019, p. 127; Millett 1980, p. 412; Toll 2015, p. 466. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Millett, Allan R. (1980). Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. Macmillan. ISBN 9780029215906. OCLC 1280706539. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hoffman 1950, p. 45. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. https://archive.org/details/implacablefoeswa0000hein/page/92 92]. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Crowl 1993, p. 93. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hallas 2019, p. 90; Toll 2015, p. 466; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 263. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Hoffman 1950, p. 50. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Crowl 1993, p. 92. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Hornfischer 2016, p. 142; Lacey 2013, p. 145. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Toll 2015, p. 466. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 95; Hallas 2019, p. 145. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, pp. 95–96; Hoffman 1950, pp. 71–75. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Harmsen 2021, p. 62; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 278–279. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 95–96. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 99–100; Hallas 2019, pp. 171–173; Goldberg 2007, p. 142. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Morison 1981, pp. 202–203; Toll 2015, p. 467. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. [https://archive.org/details/CampaignInTheMarianas/page/339 339. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 97–98; Morison 1981, p. 203. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Crowl 1993, pp. 96–97. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 97; Hallas 2019, p. 164. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 86–87. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 284–285. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 96; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 285. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 170; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 286. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 92–94. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Crowl 1993, pp. 108–109, 115–116, 154. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 111. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 295. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 294–295. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 170; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 292. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, p. 101. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Crowl 1993, p. 138. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 166; Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 111. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Crowl 1993, p. 165. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hallas 2019, p. 287; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 305;Report of Capture of Marianas 1944, (K), p.5 reports 6,200 casualties on D-Day + 5 (20 June) Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 208; McManus 2021, p. 348. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Crowl 1993, pp. 164–165. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 86. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Hallas 2019, p. 147; Morison 1981, p. 221. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 1; Hopkins 2008, p. 288; Harmsen 2021, p. 63. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Harmsen 2021, p. 64; Willoughby 1994, p. 292; Morison 1981, p. 262. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434. Willoughby, Charles A., ed. (1994) [1950]. Reports of General MacArthur: Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area. Vol. II, Part I. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1054369044. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, pp. 73–74; Morison 1981, p. 215; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 221. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, p. 220; Toll 2015, pp. 454–455. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 121; Hopkins 2008, p. 221; Morison 1981. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Winton 1993, p. 167. Winton, John (1993). Ultra in the Pacific: How Breaking Japanese Codes and Ciphers Affected Naval Operations Against Japan 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781557508560. OCLC 29918990.
Morison 1981, p. 233. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 147; Morison 1981, p. 219; Toyoda 1944, p. 229. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toyoda, Soemu (1946) [3 May 1944]. "Combined Fleet Ultrasecret Operation Order 76". In United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Naval analysis Division (ed.). The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Government Printing Office. pp. 226–231. OCLC 1041650487.
Hopkins 2008, pp. 228–229; Morison 1981, pp. 263–274; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 299. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 298. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 232. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Morison 1981, p. 321. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Toll 2015, p. 497. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Morison 1981, p. 230. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, pp. 322–324. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Crowl 1993, p. 116; McManus 2021, p. 356; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 295. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, pp. 114–115. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 236. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Hoffman 1950, p. 128; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 307. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 305. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Toll 2015, p. 498. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 238; McManus 2021, p. 362. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 314. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 179; Hallas 2019, p. 296. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
McManus 2021, p. 356; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 317; Smith & Finch 1949, pp. 172–173. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Smith, Holland M.; Finch, Percy (1949). Coral and Brass. Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 367235.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 317–319. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Allen 2012, pp. 1–2. Allen, William B. (2012). Sacked at Saipan (Monograph). School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command an General Staff College – via Defense Technical Information Center.
Crowl 1993, p. 201. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Garand & Strobridge 1989, p. 423; Olson & Mortensen 1983, pp. 690–691. Garand, George W.; Strobridge, Truman R. (1989) [1971]. "Part V. Marine Aviation in the Western Pacific: 2. Marine Aviation in the Marianas, Carolines, and at Iwo Jima". Western Pacific Operations. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 4. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. pp. 422–442. OCLC 1046596050. Olson, James C.; Mortensen, Bernhardt L. (1983) [1950]. "The Marianas". In Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L. (eds.). The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 4. pp. 671–696. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Crowl 1993, pp. 133–135. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Bishop 2014, p. 186. Bishop, Chris, ed. (2014). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II:A Comprehensives Guide to the Weapons Systems. Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines. Metro Books. ISBN 9781782743880. OCLC 1310751361.
Crowl 1993, p. 133; Raines 2000, p. 251. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Raines, Edgar F. Jr. (2000). Eyes of Artillery: The Origins of Modern U.S. Army Aviation In World War II (PDF). Army Historical Series. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 606557132. CMH Pub 70-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2015.
Aaseng 1992, pp. 83–85.
Kleber & Birdsell 1990, p. 563. Kleber, Brooks E.; Birdsell, Dale (1990) [1966]. The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat. United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35176837.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 248; McKinney 1949, pp. 151–152. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McKinney, Leonard L. (1949). Portable Flame Thrower Operations in World War II (Book draft). Chemical Corps Historical Studies. Historical Office, Office of the Chemical Corps.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 232; Morison 1981, pp. 324–325. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, pp. 324–326. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 332; Morison 1981, p. 326. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 90–91; Toll 2015. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 130; Hemler 2021, pp. 136–148; Morison 1981, pp. 324–325. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hemler, Christopher K. (2021). Learning Triphibious War: American Fire Control and Coordination in the Pacific War (PDF) (PhD thesis). Texas A & M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2024. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Chapin 1994, p. 22. Chapin, John C. (1994). The Battle for Saipan. United States Marine Corps Historical Division. PCN 19000312300.
Crowl 1993, p. 210; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 322. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 326–327. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Chapin 1994, p. 21. Chapin, John C. (1994). The Battle for Saipan. United States Marine Corps Historical Division. PCN 19000312300.
Crowl 1993, p. 159. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 212–213. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hoffman 1950, p. 70. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 322. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Chapin 1994, p. 23. Chapin, John C. (1994). The Battle for Saipan. United States Marine Corps Historical Division. PCN 19000312300.
Crowl 1993, pp. 231–232. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 331. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Chapin 1994, p. 24. Chapin, John C. (1994). The Battle for Saipan. United States Marine Corps Historical Division. PCN 19000312300.
Crowl 1993, p. 221. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Toll 2015, p. 500. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 165–169; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 335. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 357; Hornfischer 2016, p. 266; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 339. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 336. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 266. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Crowl 1993, p. 244. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 245-246; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 337-339: see Small Unit Actions 1991, pp. 69–113 for an in-depth description of the fighting. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 247–248. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 247; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 336. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 122. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Crowl 1993, pp. 247–248; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 337. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, p. 220; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 337. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 364; Hornfischer 2016, p. 271. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Toland 2003, p. 490. Toland, John (2003) [1970]. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. Random House. ISBN 9780812968583. OCLC 52441692.
Crowl 1993, p. 258, fn 60; Hallas 2019, p. 438. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 514, fn44; Morison 1981, p. 337. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
McManus 2021, p. 387; Morison 1981, p. 336; Toll 2015, p. 505; Hallas 2019, p. 451 puts then number between 3,000 and 4,000, and Hornfischer 2016, p. 279 between 1,500–2,000. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Gailey 1986, pp. 216–217; Hallas 2019, p. 451. Gailey, Harry A. (1986). Howlin' Mad vs. the Army: Conflict in Command, Saipan 1944. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-242-5. OCLC 13124368. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hoffman 1950, p. 223. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Crowl 1993, p. 257. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 233–234. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Gailey 1986, p. 209. Gailey, Harry A. (1986). Howlin' Mad vs. the Army: Conflict in Command, Saipan 1944. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-242-5. OCLC 13124368.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 281; McManus 2021, p. 381. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 340; Toll 2015, p. 505. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 224–225. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Gailey 1986, p. 208. Gailey, Harry A. (1986). Howlin' Mad vs. the Army: Conflict in Command, Saipan 1944. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-242-5. OCLC 13124368.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 340. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 381; Hornfischer 2016, p. 281; McManus 2021, p. 381. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 342; Toll 2015, p. 506. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, pp. 259–260; Hallas 2019, p. 104. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
McManus 2021, p. 387; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 342. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 263–264; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 342–343. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 264. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 345. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 263; Hallas 2019, p. 427. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Forrestel 1966, p. 151. Forrestel, Emmet P. (1966). Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, USN: A Study in Command. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 396044.
Hoffman 1950, p. 243. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hallas 2019, p. 444; Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 124; McManus 2021, p. 388. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Toland 2003, p. 519. Toland, John (2003) [1970]. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. Random House. ISBN 9780812968583. OCLC 52441692.
Hoffman 1950, p. 256. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 242. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, p. 24. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Toll 2015, p. 502. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Coakley & Leighton 1987, p. 450. Coakley, Robert W.; Leighton, Robert M (1987) [1968]. Global Logistics and Strategy. United States Army in world War II. Center of Military History. OCLC 1048609737.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 276. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 124. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Dod 1987, p. 497. Dod, Karl C. (1987) [1966]. The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan. United States Army in World War II. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 17765223.
Crowl 1993, pp. 123–124. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 348–350. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 124–127. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 128–130. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 58–60. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hoffman 1950, p. 9. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Toll 2015, p. 457. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Craven & Cate 1983, p. 3–4. Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L., eds. (1983) [1953]. The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 5. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 233; Toll 2015, p. 307. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Miller 1991, p. 344. Miller, Edward S. (1991). War Plan Orange: The U. S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870217593. OCLC 23463775.
Crowl 1993, p. 443. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Craven & Cate 1983, p. 517. Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L., eds. (1983) [1953]. The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 5. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Craven & Cate 1983, p. xvii. Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L., eds. (1983) [1953]. The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 5. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Craven & Cate 1983, p. 390. Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L., eds. (1983) [1953]. The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 5. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Dower 2010, pp. 216–217; also see discussion in Giangreco 2003, pp. 127–130 Dower, John W. (2010). Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, 9–11, Iraq. New York: Norton New Press. ISBN 978-0-393-06150-5. OCLC 601094136. Giangreco, D. M. (2003). "A Score of Bloody Okinawas and Iwo Jimas: President Truman and casualty estimates for the invasion of Japan". Pacific Historical Review. 72 (1): 93–132. doi:10.1525/phr.2003.72.1.93. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2003.72.1.93.
Morison 1981, pp. 339–340. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Bix 2000, p. 476. Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060193140. OCLC 43031388.
Toll 2015, pp. 530–531. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Bix 2000, p. 478. Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060193140. OCLC 43031388.
Frank 1999, pp. 90–91. Frank, Richard B. (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. Random House. ISBN 9780679414247. OCLC 40783799.
Hoyt 2001, pp. 351–352; Kort 2007, p. 61: see complete statement of the Imperial Japanese Headquarters in Hoyt 2001, Appendix A, pp 426–430 Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001) [1986]. Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict. ISBN 9780815411185. OCLC 45835486. Kort, Michael (2007). "The Japanese Government, Ketsu-Go, and Potsdam". Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb. Columbia University. pp. 58–66. doi:10.7312/kort13016. ISBN 9780231130165. JSTOR 10.7312/kort13016.9. OCLC 71286652. Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001) [1986]. Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict. ISBN 9780815411185. OCLC 45835486.
Havens 1978, pp. 162–163. Havens, Thomas R. (1978). Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two. Norton. ISBN 9780393056563. OCLC 1035086075.
Hallas 2019, p. vi; Kase 1950, pp. 73–78. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Kase, Toshikazu (1950). Journey to the Missouri: A Japanese Diplomat's Story of How His Country Made War and Peace. Yale University Press. OCLC 395571.
Irokawa 1995, p. 92; Kawamura 2015, pp. 129–130. Irokawa, Daikichi (1995). The Age of Hirohito: In Search of Modern Japan. Free Press. ISBN 9780029156650. OCLC 1024165290. Kawamura, Noriko (2015). Emperor Hirohito and the Pacific War. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295806310. OCLC 922925863.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 346: see quote in Interrogations of Japanese Officials 1946, p. 297 Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 440; Hoffman 1950, p. 260: see quote in Interrogations of Japanese Officials 1946, p. 355 Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.

army.mil (Global: 249^th place; English: 169^th place)

history.army.mil

Gugeler 1945, p. 3; Hallas 2019, p. 96. Gugeler, Russell A (1945). Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan (Report). Office of the Chief of Military History. 8–5.3 BA. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Gugeler 1945, p. 27. Gugeler, Russell A (1945). Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan (Report). Office of the Chief of Military History. 8–5.3 BA. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008.
Crowl 1993, p. 133; Raines 2000, p. 251. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Raines, Edgar F. Jr. (2000). Eyes of Artillery: The Origins of Modern U.S. Army Aviation In World War II (PDF). Army Historical Series. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 606557132. CMH Pub 70-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2015.

poh.usace.army.mil

USACE 2022, p. 3. The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Final Post Disaster Watershed Plan (Report). US Army Corps of Engineers. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Post-war estimates range from 46^[44] square miles to 48.^[45] Hallas 2019, p. 479, fn 5 points out that most historians describing the battle state that the island is substantially larger. For example, McManus 2021, p. 339, Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 238 state that it is 72, Goldberg 2007, p. 38 says 75, and Crowl 1993, p. 29 says 85 square miles. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
McManus 2021, p. 350 estimates 2,500, Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 95 put the estimate near 3,500. In his after-battle report, Major General Harry Schmidt, Commander of the 4th Marine Division, put the casualties for the first two days at 3,500, which is about 20% of the casualties suffered during the entire battle.^[118] McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Hallas 2019, p. 165 puts the number between 24 and 32; Crowl 1993, p. 98 puts the number at no less than 37; Hoffman 1950, p. 86, Morison 1981, p. 202 and Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 284 put the number at 44. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Whether Saitō died with Nagumo or Igeta is unclear. Many sources derive their story from Major Takashi Hirakushi,^[246] a captured public relations officer.^[247] who initially claimed to be Major Kiyoshi Yoshida, an intelligence officer who actually died in combat.^[248] (cf.,Goldberg 2007, p. 173 who describes the testimony of "Kiyoshi Yoshida"). Hallas 2019, p. 514, fn44 points out that in early accounts, Saitō commits suicide alone (e.g.,see the early account in Hoffman 1950, Appendix IX:The Last Days of General Saitō, pp.283–284), and a different Japanese survivor states that Nagumo committed suicide elsewhere.^[249] Toland 2003, p. 511–512, bases his account, in which Saitō, Nagumo, and Igeta die together on a much later interview with Hirakushi.^[246] Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Toland, John (2003) [1970]. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. Random House. ISBN 9780812968583. OCLC 52441692.
Hopkins 2008, p. 146; Miller 1991, pp. 336–337; Symonds 2022, pp. 229–230; Toll 2015, p. 306. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Miller, Edward S. (1991). War Plan Orange: The U. S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870217593. OCLC 23463775. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hopkins 2008, p. 174–175; Smith 1996, pp. 3–4; Symonds 2022, p. 232. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Smith, Robert R. (1996) [1953]. The Approach to the Philippines. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35911873. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 23–24; Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 92; Symonds 2022, p. 275: See King's reply to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill in Quebec Conference 1943, p. 409. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579.
Hoffman 1950, p. 19; Y'Blood 1981, p. 12. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Hallas 2019, p. 2; Hiroyuki 2022, pp. 155–156; Noriaki 2009, pp. 97–99. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hiroyuki, Shindo (2022). "From the Offensive to the Defensive: Japanese strategy During the Pacific War, 1942–1944" (PDF). In Reichherzer, Frank; Ishizu, Tomoyuki (eds.). NIDS-ZMSBw Joint Research Project 2019–2021: Sharing Experiences in the 20th Century–Joint Research on Military History. NIDS Joint Research Series. National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan. ISBN 9784864821049. OCLC 1407570510. No. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2022. Noriaki, Yashiro (2009). Japanese Strategy in the Second Phase of the Pacific War (PDF). International Forum on War History (Eighth Forum) – "Strategy in the Pacific War". National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2017.
Hallas 2019, p. 2; Wetzler 2020, p. 32. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Wetzler, Peter (2020). Imperial Japan and Defeat in the Second World War: The Collapse of an Empire. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350120815. OCLC 1113926749.
Hallas 2019, p. 2. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Murfett 2008, p. 337. Murfett, Malcolm H. (2008). Naval Warfare 1919–45: An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea. Francis & Taylor. doi:10.4324/9780203889985. ISBN 9781134048137. OCLC 900424339.
Hallas 2019, p. 7. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, p. 29; Goldberg 2007, p. 30. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Hallas 2019, p. 11. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Goldberg 2007, p. 30. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Lacey 2013, p. 138. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 30–31; Hallas 2019, pp. 8–9; Morison 1981, p. 152. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hoffman 1950, p. 7; Morison 1981, p. 151. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Lacey 2013, p. 129. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hallas 2019, p. vii. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, p. 39; Hallas 2019, pp. 18–19. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 17. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 39–40; Crowl 1993, pp. 36–37. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hallas 2019, p. 31; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 240. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Zaloga 2012, p. 6. Zaloga, Steven J. (2012). M4 Sherman vs. Type 97 Chi-Ha: The Pacific 1945. Osprey. ISBN 9781849086387. OCLC 798085213.
Hallas 2019, p. 55; Hoffman 1950, p. 26. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hallas 2019, p. 55. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Goldberg 2007, p. 31–32. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Hallas 2019, p. 31. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 29. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 56. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
McManus 2021, pp. 339–340. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Lacey 2013, p. 139. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Lacey 2013, p. 139. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Goldberg 2007, p. 35. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 256; McManus 2021, p. 338. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
McManus 2021, p. 338; Morison 1981, p. 167. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, pp. 139, 197; McManus 2021, p. 339. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hallas 2019, p. 68; Toll 2015, p. 462:Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 254 puts the number at 11. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Goldberg 2007, p. 54; Morison 1981, pp. 182–183. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Goldberg 2007, p. 3. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Hallas 2019, p. 96; Hoffman 1950, pp. 46–47; McManus 2021, p. 348; Schmidt 1944, p. 11. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Schmidt, Harry (1944). Report of Marianas Operation Phase I (Saipan) (PDF) (Report). Marine Corps Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2022.
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Lacey 2013, p. 131. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
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Hoffman 1950, p. 50; Morison 1981, p. 202; Schmidt 1944, p. 11. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Schmidt, Harry (1944). Report of Marianas Operation Phase I (Saipan) (PDF) (Report). Marine Corps Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2022.
Hoffman 1950, p. 45. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
McManus 2021, p. 348. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Lacey 2013, p. 350; McManus 2021. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Hoffman 1950, p. 50. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hallas 2019, p. 141; Lacey 2013, p. 145; McManus 2021, p. 350. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Lacey 2013, p. 145. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Hornfischer 2016, p. 142; Lacey 2013, p. 145. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Crowl 1993, pp. 95–96; Hoffman 1950, pp. 71–75. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Harmsen 2021, p. 62; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 278–279. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 86–87. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 92–94. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
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Goldberg 2007, pp. 148–149. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
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Hornfischer 2016, p. 208; McManus 2021, p. 348. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Harmsen 2021, p. 63. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
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Hallas 2019, p. 1; Hopkins 2008, p. 288; Harmsen 2021, p. 63. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Harmsen 2021, p. 64. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Harmsen 2021, p. 64; Willoughby 1994, p. 292; Morison 1981, p. 262. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434. Willoughby, Charles A., ed. (1994) [1950]. Reports of General MacArthur: Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area. Vol. II, Part I. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1054369044. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, pp. 73–74; Morison 1981, p. 215; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 221. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 147; Morison 1981, p. 219; Toyoda 1944, p. 229. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toyoda, Soemu (1946) [3 May 1944]. "Combined Fleet Ultrasecret Operation Order 76". In United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Naval analysis Division (ed.). The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Government Printing Office. pp. 226–231. OCLC 1041650487.
Goldberg 2007, p. 102; Harmsen 2021, pp. 65–66. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Harmsen 2021, pp. 65–66. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Boyd & Yoshida 2013, p. 146. Boyd, Carl; Yoshida, Akihiko Yoshida (2013). Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612512068. OCLC 1301788691.
Hallas 2019, p. 268; Lacey 2013, p. 149. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Crowl 1993, p. 116; McManus 2021, p. 356; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 295. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, p. 128; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 307. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 238; McManus 2021, p. 362. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
McManus 2021, p. 362. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
McManus 2021, p. 356; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 317; Smith & Finch 1949, pp. 172–173. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Smith, Holland M.; Finch, Percy (1949). Coral and Brass. Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 367235.
Hallas 2019, p. 332; Morison 1981, p. 326. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 90–91; Toll 2015. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hoffman 1950, p. 70. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hoffman 1950, p. 220; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 337. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
McManus 2021, pp. 375–376. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hallas 2019, p. 514, fn44. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, p. 258, fn 60; Hallas 2019, p. 438. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 514, fn44; Morison 1981, p. 337. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Boyd & Yoshida 2013, p. 147. Boyd, Carl; Yoshida, Akihiko Yoshida (2013). Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612512068. OCLC 1301788691.
McManus 2021, p. 387; Morison 1981, p. 336; Toll 2015, p. 505; Hallas 2019, p. 451 puts then number between 3,000 and 4,000, and Hornfischer 2016, p. 279 between 1,500–2,000. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Hoffman 1950, p. 223. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 233–234. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 224–225. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Goldberg 2007, p. 182; McManus 2021, p. 387. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Crowl 1993, pp. 259–260; Hallas 2019, p. 104. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
McManus 2021, p. 387; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 342. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 263; Hallas 2019, p. 427. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Forrestel 1966, p. 151. Forrestel, Emmet P. (1966). Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, USN: A Study in Command. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 396044.
Hallas 2019, p. 439. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hoffman 1950, p. 243. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hallas 2019, p. 458. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Gilhooly 2011; Hallas 2019, p. 463. Gilhooly, Rob (15 May 2011). "Japan's Renegade Hero Gives Saipan New Hope". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Astroth 2019, p. 25. Astroth, Alexander (2019). Mass Suicides on Saipan and Tinian, 1944: An Examination of the Civilian Deaths in Historical Context. McFarland. ISBN 9781476674568. OCLC 1049791315.
Hoffman 1950, p. 256. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hoffman 1950, p. 24. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hoffman 1950, p. 9. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Wetzler 2020, p. 137. Wetzler, Peter (2020). Imperial Japan and Defeat in the Second World War: The Collapse of an Empire. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350120815. OCLC 1113926749.
Wetzler 2020, p. 143. Wetzler, Peter (2020). Imperial Japan and Defeat in the Second World War: The Collapse of an Empire. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350120815. OCLC 1113926749.
Hallas 2019, p. 458. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. vi. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Giangreco 2003, pp. 99–100; Hallas 2019, p. vi. Giangreco, D. M. (2003). "A Score of Bloody Okinawas and Iwo Jimas: President Truman and casualty estimates for the invasion of Japan". Pacific Historical Review. 72 (1): 93–132. doi:10.1525/phr.2003.72.1.93. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2003.72.1.93. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. vi; Kase 1950, pp. 73–78. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Kase, Toshikazu (1950). Journey to the Missouri: A Japanese Diplomat's Story of How His Country Made War and Peace. Yale University Press. OCLC 395571.
Kawamura 2015, p. 114. Kawamura, Noriko (2015). Emperor Hirohito and the Pacific War. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295806310. OCLC 922925863.
Irokawa 1995, p. 92; Kawamura 2015, pp. 129–130. Irokawa, Daikichi (1995). The Age of Hirohito: In Search of Modern Japan. Free Press. ISBN 9780029156650. OCLC 1024165290. Kawamura, Noriko (2015). Emperor Hirohito and the Pacific War. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295806310. OCLC 922925863.
Mission Accomplished 1946, p. 18: see supporting quotes by several leaders on pp. 18–19
Hallas 2019, p. 440; Hoffman 1950, p. 260: see quote in Interrogations of Japanese Officials 1946, p. 355 Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.

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jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

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worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Post-war estimates range from 46^[44] square miles to 48.^[45] Hallas 2019, p. 479, fn 5 points out that most historians describing the battle state that the island is substantially larger. For example, McManus 2021, p. 339, Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 238 state that it is 72, Goldberg 2007, p. 38 says 75, and Crowl 1993, p. 29 says 85 square miles. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 36 puts the total at 66,779; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 253 put it at 71,034 Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, pp. 160–162 puts the number of ships at 535 and mentions that the four and a half divisions of ground combat troops numbered 127,571; Toll 2015, p. 457 puts the number of ships at 600 and the number of men at 600,000, which may include naval personnel. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
McManus 2021, p. 350 estimates 2,500, Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 95 put the estimate near 3,500. In his after-battle report, Major General Harry Schmidt, Commander of the 4th Marine Division, put the casualties for the first two days at 3,500, which is about 20% of the casualties suffered during the entire battle.^[118] McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Hallas 2019, p. 165 puts the number between 24 and 32; Crowl 1993, p. 98 puts the number at no less than 37; Hoffman 1950, p. 86, Morison 1981, p. 202 and Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 284 put the number at 44. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
The controversy continues to be debated.^[197] See Crowl 1993, pp. 191–201 for a detailed discussion; see Lacey 2013, pp. 157–161 and McManus 2021, pp. 363–371 for more recent discussions. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Whether Saitō died with Nagumo or Igeta is unclear. Many sources derive their story from Major Takashi Hirakushi,^[246] a captured public relations officer.^[247] who initially claimed to be Major Kiyoshi Yoshida, an intelligence officer who actually died in combat.^[248] (cf.,Goldberg 2007, p. 173 who describes the testimony of "Kiyoshi Yoshida"). Hallas 2019, p. 514, fn44 points out that in early accounts, Saitō commits suicide alone (e.g.,see the early account in Hoffman 1950, Appendix IX:The Last Days of General Saitō, pp.283–284), and a different Japanese survivor states that Nagumo committed suicide elsewhere.^[249] Toland 2003, p. 511–512, bases his account, in which Saitō, Nagumo, and Igeta die together on a much later interview with Hirakushi.^[246] Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Toland, John (2003) [1970]. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. Random House. ISBN 9780812968583. OCLC 52441692.
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Astroth 2019, p. 166. Astroth, Alexander (2019). Mass Suicides on Saipan and Tinian, 1944: An Examination of the Civilian Deaths in Historical Context. McFarland. ISBN 9781476674568. OCLC 1049791315.
Smith 1996, p. 1. Smith, Robert R. (1996) [1953]. The Approach to the Philippines. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35911873.
Hopkins 2008, p. 146; Miller 1991, pp. 336–337; Symonds 2022, pp. 229–230; Toll 2015, p. 306. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Miller, Edward S. (1991). War Plan Orange: The U. S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870217593. OCLC 23463775. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hopkins 2008, p. 5; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 3–4; Vlahos 1980, p. 118. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Vlahos, Michael (1980). The Blue Sword: The Naval War College and the American Mission 1919–1941. Naval War College. OCLC 7577592.
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Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 92; Morison 1981, pp. 5–6: see Casablanca Conference 1943, pp. 185–186 for King's argument. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Y'Blood 1981, p. 4. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 235; Y'Blood 1981, pp. 4–5. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Hopkins 2008, p. 174–175; Smith 1996, pp. 3–4; Symonds 2022, p. 232. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Smith, Robert R. (1996) [1953]. The Approach to the Philippines. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35911873. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579.
Y'Blood 1981, p. 7: See King's statement in Quebec Conference 1943, p. 448. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 23–24; Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 92; Symonds 2022, p. 275: See King's reply to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill in Quebec Conference 1943, p. 409. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415. Symonds, Craig L. (2022). Nimitz at War: Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190062361. OCLC 1268206579.
Y'Blood 1981, p. 7. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Toll 2015, pp. 437–438. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Y'Blood 1981, p. 8. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Matloff 1994, pp. 376–377. Matloff, Maurice (1994) [1959]. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1943–1944. United States Army in World War II: The War Department. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1048613899.
Smith 1996, pp. 4–6. Smith, Robert R. (1996) [1953]. The Approach to the Philippines. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35911873.
Coakley & Leighton 1987, p. 406. Coakley, Robert W.; Leighton, Robert M (1987) [1968]. Global Logistics and Strategy. United States Army in world War II. Center of Military History. OCLC 1048609737.
Hoffman 1950, p. 19; Y'Blood 1981, p. 12. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Y'Blood, William T. (1981). Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870215322. OCLC 7178031.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 236. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Smith 2006, pp. 209–211; Tanaka 2023, Widening the War into the Asia-Pacific Theatre of World War II, The Third Stage §5. Smith, Douglas V. (2006). Carrier Battles: Command Decision in Harm's Way. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591147948. OCLC 1301788691. Tanaka, Yuki (2023). "Asia-Pacific War". In Hein, Laura E. (ed.). The Modern Japanese Nation and Empire c. 1868 to the Twenty-First Century (eBook). The New Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. III. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–167. doi:10.1017/9781108164535.007. ISBN 9781108164535. OCLC 1382587192.
Hallas 2019, p. 2; Hiroyuki 2022, pp. 155–156; Noriaki 2009, pp. 97–99. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hiroyuki, Shindo (2022). "From the Offensive to the Defensive: Japanese strategy During the Pacific War, 1942–1944" (PDF). In Reichherzer, Frank; Ishizu, Tomoyuki (eds.). NIDS-ZMSBw Joint Research Project 2019–2021: Sharing Experiences in the 20th Century–Joint Research on Military History. NIDS Joint Research Series. National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan. ISBN 9784864821049. OCLC 1407570510. No. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2022. Noriaki, Yashiro (2009). Japanese Strategy in the Second Phase of the Pacific War (PDF). International Forum on War History (Eighth Forum) – "Strategy in the Pacific War". National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2017.
Hallas 2019, p. 2; Wetzler 2020, p. 32. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Wetzler, Peter (2020). Imperial Japan and Defeat in the Second World War: The Collapse of an Empire. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350120815. OCLC 1113926749.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 92. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Morison 1981, pp. 12–14. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 2. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Morison 1981, p. 222. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Murfett 2008, p. 337. Murfett, Malcolm H. (2008). Naval Warfare 1919–45: An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea. Francis & Taylor. doi:10.4324/9780203889985. ISBN 9781134048137. OCLC 900424339.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 66; Willoughby 1994, pp. 250–251; Morison 1981, p. 94. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Willoughby, Charles A., ed. (1994) [1950]. Reports of General MacArthur: Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area. Vol. II, Part I. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1054369044. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 220–221. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, p. 234. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, p. 148. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 7. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, p. 62. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 29; Goldberg 2007, p. 30. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Hallas 2019, p. 11. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, p. 29; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 238. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Goldberg 2007, p. 30. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Lacey 2013, p. 138. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Crowl 1993, p. 54; Morison 1981, p. 152. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 30–31; Hallas 2019, pp. 8–9; Morison 1981, p. 152. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 238. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, p. 7; Morison 1981, p. 151. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Astroth 2019, p. 38. Astroth, Alexander (2019). Mass Suicides on Saipan and Tinian, 1944: An Examination of the Civilian Deaths in Historical Context. McFarland. ISBN 9781476674568. OCLC 1049791315.
Lacey 2013, p. 129. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Sheeks 1945, p. 112; Toll 2015, p. 508. Sheeks, Robert B. (1945). "Civilians in Saipan". Far Eastern Survey. 14 (2): 109–113. doi:10.2307/3022063. JSTOR 3022063. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hallas 2019, p. vii. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 239. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 39; Hallas 2019, pp. 18–19. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 17. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, p. 37; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 240. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 39–40; Crowl 1993, pp. 36–37. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hallas 2019, p. 31; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 240. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, pp. 160–162; Toll 2015, p. 457. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Morison 1981, pp. 170–172. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, p. 174. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, p. 172. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Zaloga 2012, p. 6. Zaloga, Steven J. (2012). M4 Sherman vs. Type 97 Chi-Ha: The Pacific 1945. Osprey. ISBN 9781849086387. OCLC 798085213.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 575. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Kleber & Birdsell 1990, p. 560. Kleber, Brooks E.; Birdsell, Dale (1990) [1966]. The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat. United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35176837.
Hallas 2019, p. 55; Hoffman 1950, p. 26. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hallas 2019, p. 55. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Goldberg 2007, p. 31–32. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, pp. 93–94. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Hallas 2019, p. 31. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 29. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 56. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, pp. 62–63. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
McManus 2021, pp. 339–340. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Lacey 2013, p. 139. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Lacey 2013, p. 139. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hallas 2019, p. 57. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Goldberg 2007, p. 35. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Crowl 1993, p. 57–58. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 256; McManus 2021, p. 338. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
McManus 2021, p. 338; Morison 1981, p. 167. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, pp. 139, 197; McManus 2021, p. 339. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Crowl 1993, p. 73; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 253–254; Toll 2015, p. 462. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 73; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 253–254. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 68; Toll 2015, p. 462:Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 254 puts the number at 11. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Toll 2015, p. 463. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Cressman 2000, p. 495; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 253–254. Cressman, Robert J. (2000). The Official Chronology Of The U.S. Navy In World War II. Naval Historical Center. ISBN 9781682471548. OCLC 607386638. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Cressman 2000, p. 496. Cressman, Robert J. (2000). The Official Chronology Of The U.S. Navy In World War II. Naval Historical Center. ISBN 9781682471548. OCLC 607386638.
Crowl 1993, p. 73. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 74; Toll 2015, p. 463. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 74. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 254. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, p. 180. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hornfischer 2016, pp. 88-89. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Crowl 1993, p. 76. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Goldberg 2007, p. 54; Morison 1981, pp. 182–183. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Goldberg 2007, p. 3. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Hallas 2019, p. 96; Hoffman 1950, pp. 46–47; McManus 2021, p. 348; Schmidt 1944, p. 11. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Schmidt, Harry (1944). Report of Marianas Operation Phase I (Saipan) (PDF) (Report). Marine Corps Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2022.
Morison 1981, p. 202. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 136; McManus 2021, p. 346. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Lacey 2013, p. 131. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hoffman 1950, p. 27; Lacey 2013, p. 131. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hoffman 1950, p. 50; Morison 1981, p. 202; Schmidt 1944, p. 11. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Schmidt, Harry (1944). Report of Marianas Operation Phase I (Saipan) (PDF) (Report). Marine Corps Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2022.
Gugeler 1945, p. 3; Hallas 2019, p. 96. Gugeler, Russell A (1945). Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan (Report). Office of the Chief of Military History. 8–5.3 BA. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 127; Millett 1980, p. 412; Toll 2015, p. 466. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Millett, Allan R. (1980). Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. Macmillan. ISBN 9780029215906. OCLC 1280706539. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hoffman 1950, p. 45. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
McManus 2021, p. 348. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. https://archive.org/details/implacablefoeswa0000hein/page/92 92]. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Crowl 1993, p. 93. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hallas 2019, p. 90; Toll 2015, p. 466; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 263. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Lacey 2013, p. 350; McManus 2021. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Hoffman 1950, p. 50. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hallas 2019, p. 141; Lacey 2013, p. 145; McManus 2021, p. 350. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Crowl 1993, p. 92. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Lacey 2013, p. 145. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Hornfischer 2016, p. 142; Lacey 2013, p. 145. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Hallas 2019, p. 140; Toll 2015, p. 466. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 95; Hallas 2019, p. 145. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, pp. 95–96; Hoffman 1950, pp. 71–75. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Goldberg 2007, p. 88. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Harmsen 2021, p. 62; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 278–279. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 95–96. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 99–100; Hallas 2019, pp. 171–173; Goldberg 2007, p. 142. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Morison 1981, pp. 202–203; Toll 2015, p. 467. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. [https://archive.org/details/CampaignInTheMarianas/page/339 339. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 97–98; Morison 1981, p. 203. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Crowl 1993, pp. 96–97. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 97; Hallas 2019, p. 164. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 86–87. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 284–285. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 96; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 285. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 170; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 286. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 92–94. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 105–106. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Crowl 1993, pp. 108–109, 115–116, 154. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 111. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 295. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Goldberg 2007, p. 145–146; Hallas 2019, p. 192. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 294–295. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 170; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 292. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, p. 101. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 148–149. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Hallas 2019, p. 270; Lacey 2013, p. 149. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Crowl 1993, p. 138. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 166; Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 111. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Crowl 1993, p. 165. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hallas 2019, p. 287; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 305;Report of Capture of Marianas 1944, (K), p.5 reports 6,200 casualties on D-Day + 5 (20 June) Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 208; McManus 2021, p. 348. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Crowl 1993, pp. 164–165. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 86. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Harmsen 2021, p. 63. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Hallas 2019, p. 147; Morison 1981, p. 221. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 1; Hopkins 2008, p. 288; Harmsen 2021, p. 63. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Harmsen 2021, p. 64. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Harmsen 2021, p. 64; Willoughby 1994, p. 292; Morison 1981, p. 262. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434. Willoughby, Charles A., ed. (1994) [1950]. Reports of General MacArthur: Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area. Vol. II, Part I. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1054369044. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, pp. 73–74; Morison 1981, p. 215; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 221. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Morison 1981, p. 220; Toll 2015, pp. 454–455. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 121; Hopkins 2008, p. 221; Morison 1981. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Winton 1993, p. 167. Winton, John (1993). Ultra in the Pacific: How Breaking Japanese Codes and Ciphers Affected Naval Operations Against Japan 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781557508560. OCLC 29918990.
Morison 1981, p. 233. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 147; Morison 1981, p. 219; Toyoda 1944, p. 229. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toyoda, Soemu (1946) [3 May 1944]. "Combined Fleet Ultrasecret Operation Order 76". In United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Naval analysis Division (ed.). The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Government Printing Office. pp. 226–231. OCLC 1041650487.
McManus 2021, pp. 351–352. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hallas 2019, p. 206. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hopkins 2008, pp. 228–229; Morison 1981, pp. 263–274; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 299. Hopkins, William B. (2008). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players That Won the War. Zenith. ISBN 9780760334355. OCLC 1311044045. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Goldberg 2007, p. 102; Harmsen 2021, pp. 65–66. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 298. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 232. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Morison 1981, p. 321. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Toll 2015, p. 497. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Harmsen 2021, pp. 65–66. Harmsen, Peter (2021). War in the Far East: Asian Armageddon 1944–1945. Vol. 3. Casemate. ISBN 9781612006277. OCLC 1202754434.
Boyd & Yoshida 2013, p. 146. Boyd, Carl; Yoshida, Akihiko Yoshida (2013). Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612512068. OCLC 1301788691.
Morison 1981, p. 230. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, pp. 322–324. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Goldberg 2007, p. 89. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Hallas 2019, p. 268; Lacey 2013, p. 149. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Lacey, Sharon T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574415254. OCLC 861200312.
Crowl 1993, p. 116; McManus 2021, p. 356; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 295. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 156–157. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, pp. 114–115. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 236. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Hoffman 1950, p. 128; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 307. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 305. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Toll 2015, p. 498. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 238; McManus 2021, p. 362. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 314. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
McManus 2021, p. 362. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Crowl 1993, p. 179; Hallas 2019, p. 296. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
McManus 2021, p. 356; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 317; Smith & Finch 1949, pp. 172–173. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Smith, Holland M.; Finch, Percy (1949). Coral and Brass. Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 367235.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 317–319. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 201. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Garand & Strobridge 1989, p. 423; Olson & Mortensen 1983, pp. 690–691. Garand, George W.; Strobridge, Truman R. (1989) [1971]. "Part V. Marine Aviation in the Western Pacific: 2. Marine Aviation in the Marianas, Carolines, and at Iwo Jima". Western Pacific Operations. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 4. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. pp. 422–442. OCLC 1046596050. Olson, James C.; Mortensen, Bernhardt L. (1983) [1950]. "The Marianas". In Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L. (eds.). The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 4. pp. 671–696. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Crowl 1993, pp. 133–135. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Bishop 2014, p. 186. Bishop, Chris, ed. (2014). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II:A Comprehensives Guide to the Weapons Systems. Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines. Metro Books. ISBN 9781782743880. OCLC 1310751361.
Crowl 1993, p. 133; Raines 2000, p. 251. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Raines, Edgar F. Jr. (2000). Eyes of Artillery: The Origins of Modern U.S. Army Aviation In World War II (PDF). Army Historical Series. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 606557132. CMH Pub 70-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2015.
Kleber & Birdsell 1990, p. 563. Kleber, Brooks E.; Birdsell, Dale (1990) [1966]. The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat. United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 35176837.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 248; McKinney 1949, pp. 151–152. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McKinney, Leonard L. (1949). Portable Flame Thrower Operations in World War II (Book draft). Chemical Corps Historical Studies. Historical Office, Office of the Chemical Corps.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 232; Morison 1981, pp. 324–325. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Morison 1981, pp. 324–326. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hallas 2019, p. 332; Morison 1981, p. 326. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 90–91; Toll 2015. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, p. 130; Hemler 2021, pp. 136–148; Morison 1981, pp. 324–325. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hemler, Christopher K. (2021). Learning Triphibious War: American Fire Control and Coordination in the Pacific War (PDF) (PhD thesis). Texas A & M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2024. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Crowl 1993, p. 210; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 322. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 312. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 326–327. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 322. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Crowl 1993, p. 159. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 212–213. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Meehl 2012, p. 7. Meehl, Gerald A. (2012). One Marine's War: A Combat Interpreter's Quest for Humanity in the Pacific. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612510927. OCLC 811408315.
Hoffman 1950, p. 70. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 322. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 231–232. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 331. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 221. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Toll 2015, p. 500. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hallas 2019, p. 355. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Goldberg 2007, pp. 165–169; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 335. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 357. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 357; Hornfischer 2016, p. 266; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 339. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 336. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 266. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Crowl 1993, p. 244. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, pp. 245-246; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 337-339: see Small Unit Actions 1991, pp. 69–113 for an in-depth description of the fighting. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 247–248. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Crowl 1993, p. 247; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 336. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017, p. 122. Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc (2017). "The Marianas Campaign, June–August 1944". Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190616755. OCLC 962442415.
Crowl 1993, pp. 247–248; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 337. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hoffman 1950, p. 220; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 337. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 364; Hornfischer 2016, p. 271. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
McManus 2021, pp. 375–376. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hallas 2019, p. 365; Goldberg 2007, p. 273. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593.
McManus 2021, p. 371. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Hallas 2019, p. 514, fn44. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Toland 2003, p. 490. Toland, John (2003) [1970]. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. Random House. ISBN 9780812968583. OCLC 52441692.
Crowl 1993, p. 258, fn 60; Hallas 2019, p. 438. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. 514, fn44; Morison 1981, p. 337. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Boyd & Yoshida 2013, p. 147. Boyd, Carl; Yoshida, Akihiko Yoshida (2013). Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612512068. OCLC 1301788691.
McManus 2021, p. 387; Morison 1981, p. 336; Toll 2015, p. 505; Hallas 2019, p. 451 puts then number between 3,000 and 4,000, and Hornfischer 2016, p. 279 between 1,500–2,000. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640.
Gailey 1986, pp. 216–217; Hallas 2019, p. 451. Gailey, Harry A. (1986). Howlin' Mad vs. the Army: Conflict in Command, Saipan 1944. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-242-5. OCLC 13124368. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hoffman 1950, p. 223. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Crowl 1993, p. 257. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 233–234. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
Hallas 2019, p. 451. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Gailey 1986, p. 209. Gailey, Harry A. (1986). Howlin' Mad vs. the Army: Conflict in Command, Saipan 1944. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-242-5. OCLC 13124368.
Hornfischer 2016, p. 281; McManus 2021, p. 381. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 340; Toll 2015, p. 505. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Hoffman 1950, pp. 224–225. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.
McManus 2021, p. 378. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Gailey 1986, p. 208. Gailey, Harry A. (1986). Howlin' Mad vs. the Army: Conflict in Command, Saipan 1944. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-242-5. OCLC 13124368.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 340. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 381; Hornfischer 2016, p. 281; McManus 2021, p. 381. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hornfischer, James D. (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0345548726. OCLC 1016508640. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Goldberg 2007, p. 182; McManus 2021, p. 387. Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan. Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34869-2. OCLC 73742593. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 342; Toll 2015, p. 506. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Crowl 1993, pp. 259–260; Hallas 2019, p. 104. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
McManus 2021, p. 387; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 342. McManus, John C. (2021). Island Infernos. Penguin. ISBN 9780451475060. OCLC 1260166257. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 263–264; Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, pp. 342–343. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, p. 264. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 345. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
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Forrestel 1966, p. 151. Forrestel, Emmet P. (1966). Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, USN: A Study in Command. U. S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 396044.
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Astroth 2019, pp. 143–144; Hughes 2001, pp. 110–111. Astroth, Alexander (2019). Mass Suicides on Saipan and Tinian, 1944: An Examination of the Civilian Deaths in Historical Context. McFarland. ISBN 9781476674568. OCLC 1049791315. Hughes, Matthew (2001). "War without mercy? American Armed Forces and the deaths of civilians during the battle for Saipan, 1944". Journal of Military History. 75 (1): 92–123.
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Toll 2015, p. 502. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Coakley & Leighton 1987, p. 450. Coakley, Robert W.; Leighton, Robert M (1987) [1968]. Global Logistics and Strategy. United States Army in world War II. Center of Military History. OCLC 1048609737.
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Crowl 1993, pp. 124. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Dod 1987, p. 497. Dod, Karl C. (1987) [1966]. The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan. United States Army in World War II. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 17765223.
Crowl 1993, pp. 123–124. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 348–350. Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Crowl 1993, pp. 124–127. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
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Crowl 1993, p. 443. Crowl, Philip A. (1993) [1960]. Campaign in the Marianas. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860.
Craven & Cate 1983, p. 517. Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L., eds. (1983) [1953]. The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 5. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Craven & Cate 1983, p. xvii. Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L., eds. (1983) [1953]. The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 5. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Hallas 2019, p. 458. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Hallas 2019, p. vi. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Craven & Cate 1983, p. 390. Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L., eds. (1983) [1953]. The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 5. Office of Air Force History. ISBN 9780912799032. OCLC 9828710.
Giangreco 2003, pp. 99–100; Hallas 2019, p. vi. Giangreco, D. M. (2003). "A Score of Bloody Okinawas and Iwo Jimas: President Truman and casualty estimates for the invasion of Japan". Pacific Historical Review. 72 (1): 93–132. doi:10.1525/phr.2003.72.1.93. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2003.72.1.93. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312.
Dower 2010, pp. 216–217; also see discussion in Giangreco 2003, pp. 127–130 Dower, John W. (2010). Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, 9–11, Iraq. New York: Norton New Press. ISBN 978-0-393-06150-5. OCLC 601094136. Giangreco, D. M. (2003). "A Score of Bloody Okinawas and Iwo Jimas: President Truman and casualty estimates for the invasion of Japan". Pacific Historical Review. 72 (1): 93–132. doi:10.1525/phr.2003.72.1.93. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2003.72.1.93.
Morison 1981, pp. 339–340. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1953]. New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944–August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 8. Little Brown. ISBN 9780316583084. OCLC 10926173.
Bix 2000, p. 476. Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060193140. OCLC 43031388.
Toll 2015, pp. 530–531. Toll, Ian W. (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393080643. OCLC 902661305.
Bix 2000, p. 478. Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060193140. OCLC 43031388.
Frank 1999, pp. 90–91. Frank, Richard B. (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. Random House. ISBN 9780679414247. OCLC 40783799.
Hoyt 2001, pp. 351–352; Kort 2007, p. 61: see complete statement of the Imperial Japanese Headquarters in Hoyt 2001, Appendix A, pp 426–430 Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001) [1986]. Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict. ISBN 9780815411185. OCLC 45835486. Kort, Michael (2007). "The Japanese Government, Ketsu-Go, and Potsdam". Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb. Columbia University. pp. 58–66. doi:10.7312/kort13016. ISBN 9780231130165. JSTOR 10.7312/kort13016.9. OCLC 71286652. Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001) [1986]. Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict. ISBN 9780815411185. OCLC 45835486.
Havens 1978, pp. 162–163. Havens, Thomas R. (1978). Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two. Norton. ISBN 9780393056563. OCLC 1035086075.
Tanaka 2023, Widening the War into the Asia-Pacific Theatre of World War II, The Third Stage §7. Tanaka, Yuki (2023). "Asia-Pacific War". In Hein, Laura E. (ed.). The Modern Japanese Nation and Empire c. 1868 to the Twenty-First Century (eBook). The New Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. III. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–167. doi:10.1017/9781108164535.007. ISBN 9781108164535. OCLC 1382587192.
Hallas 2019, p. vi; Kase 1950, pp. 73–78. Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Kase, Toshikazu (1950). Journey to the Missouri: A Japanese Diplomat's Story of How His Country Made War and Peace. Yale University Press. OCLC 395571.
Kawamura 2015, p. 114. Kawamura, Noriko (2015). Emperor Hirohito and the Pacific War. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295806310. OCLC 922925863.
Irokawa 1995, p. 92; Kawamura 2015, pp. 129–130. Irokawa, Daikichi (1995). The Age of Hirohito: In Search of Modern Japan. Free Press. ISBN 9780029156650. OCLC 1024165290. Kawamura, Noriko (2015). Emperor Hirohito and the Pacific War. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295806310. OCLC 922925863.
Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1989, p. 346: see quote in Interrogations of Japanese Officials 1946, p. 297 Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1989) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps. ISBN 9780898391947. OCLC 927428034.
Hallas 2019, p. 440; Hoffman 1950, p. 260: see quote in Interrogations of Japanese Officials 1946, p. 355 Hallas, James H. (2019). Saipan: The Battle That Doomed Japan in World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 9780811768436. OCLC 1052877312. Hoffman, Carl W. (1950). Saipan: The Beginning of the End. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 564000243.

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