Battle of Shanhai Pass (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Battle of Shanhai Pass" in English language version.

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Frederic Wakeman claims that Wu's army counted about 50,000, and that he mustered about 50,000 militia troops in addition (Wakeman 1985, p. 296, note 213). Frederick Mote states instead that Wu's garrison in Ningyuan numbered up to 80,000 men, who were later joined by 20,000 to 30,000 local braves (Mote 1999, pp. 808 [Ningyuan troops] and 817 [militia]). Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
60,000: Wakeman 1985, p. 296. 100,000: Mote 1999, p. 816. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Wakeman 1985, p. 222. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 222–23. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Oxnam 1975, p. 39. Oxnam, Robert B. (1975), Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Dennerline 2002, pp. 77–78. Dennerline, Jerry (2002), "The Shun-chih Reign", in Willard J. Peterson (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Roth Li 2002, p. 71. Roth Li, Gertraude (2002), "State Building Before 1644", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Struve 1988, p. 641. Struve, Lynn (1988), "The Southern Ming", in Frederic W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (eds.), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 641–725, ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2
Mote 1999, p. 808. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Eunuch: Wakeman 1985, p. 258. Rest of the information: Mote 1999, p. 808. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Wakeman 1985, p. 259. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 260–61. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 261–62. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 290. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 296. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 304. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 308. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 309. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 310. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 311. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 311–312. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 296, note 213. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 296, note 213; Mote 1999, p. 816. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Mote 1999, p. 817. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Wakeman 1985, p. 312. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 312 (leaves Yongping on May 28) and 313 (arrives in Beijing on May 31). Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 313. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 313 (citation and date); Gong 2010, p. 74 (Wuying Palace). Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes. Gong, Baoli 宫宝利, ed. (2010), Shunzhi shidian 顺治事典 ["Events of the Shunzhi reign"], Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe 紫禁城出版社 ["Forbidden City Press"], ISBN 978-7-5134-0018-3.
Wakeman 1985, p. 313–14. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 314–15. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 315 and note 278. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 857. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 858. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 312, note 262. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 317. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 482–83. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 483. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 501. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 501–06. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 507. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Mote 1999, p. 800. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Wakeman 1985, p. 299. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Date: Wakeman 1985, p. 245. Rest of the information: Mote 1999, p. 800. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Mote 1999, p. 801. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Wakeman 1985, p. 260. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 261. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 262. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Mote 1999, p. 809. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Wakeman 1985, p. 305. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 296, note 212 ("about 60,000 men in Li's army"); Mote 1999, p. 816 ("more than 100,000" troops). Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes. Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
Wakeman 1985, p. 297 (date of arrival at the Manchus' camp) and 300–301 (content of the letter). Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 306–307. Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.

china-defense.com

C. Cao, 1644: Showdown At Shanhaiguan, 10. Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

doi.org

Hsi 1975, p. 450. Hsi, Angela (1975), "Wu San-kuei in 1644: A Reappraisal", Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (2): 443–453, doi:10.2307/2052758, JSTOR 2052758, S2CID 159736045.
Hsi 1975, p. 443. Hsi, Angela (1975), "Wu San-kuei in 1644: A Reappraisal", Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (2): 443–453, doi:10.2307/2052758, JSTOR 2052758, S2CID 159736045.

jstor.org

Hsi 1975, p. 450. Hsi, Angela (1975), "Wu San-kuei in 1644: A Reappraisal", Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (2): 443–453, doi:10.2307/2052758, JSTOR 2052758, S2CID 159736045.
Hsi 1975, p. 443. Hsi, Angela (1975), "Wu San-kuei in 1644: A Reappraisal", Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (2): 443–453, doi:10.2307/2052758, JSTOR 2052758, S2CID 159736045.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hsi 1975, p. 450. Hsi, Angela (1975), "Wu San-kuei in 1644: A Reappraisal", Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (2): 443–453, doi:10.2307/2052758, JSTOR 2052758, S2CID 159736045.
Hsi 1975, p. 443. Hsi, Angela (1975), "Wu San-kuei in 1644: A Reappraisal", Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (2): 443–453, doi:10.2307/2052758, JSTOR 2052758, S2CID 159736045.

web.archive.org

C. Cao, 1644: Showdown At Shanhaiguan, 10. Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine