Lundstrom 2005a, p. 92; Willmott 1983, p. 286; Millot 1974, p. 160. Breakdown of carrier aircraft losses: 19 Zeros, 19 kanbaku (dive bomber), and 31 kankō (torpedo bomber). Millot adds that 2 Kawanishi H6K maritime patrol, 5 Mitsubishi G4M (Type 1) bombers, 3 smaller seaplanes, and 87 carrier aircraft were destroyed. Lundstrom, John B. (2005a). First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942 (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-472-8. Willmott, H. P. (1983). The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies February to June 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-535-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X.
Parker 2017, pp. 18–21; Willmott 2002, pp. 21–22; Parshall & Tully 2005, p. 60. For unknown reasons, the IJN postponed making their scheduled change of the Ro code from 1 April to 1 to 27 May 1942 (Willmott 2002, pp. 21–22; Lundstrom 2006, p. 119). The U.S. operated Fleet Radio Units in Washington, D.C., Pearl Harbor and, with the Australians, at Melbourne (Prados 1995, pp. 300–303). Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0.
Parker 2017, pp. 21–22; Prados 1995, pp. 302–303; Hoyt 2003, p. 7; Willmott 2002, pp. 22–25; Lundstrom 2005b, p. 167; Cressman 2000, p. 83; Millot 1974, pp. 31–32; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 121–122, 125, 128–129; Henry 2003, pp. 14–15; Holmes 1979, pp. 69–72; Morison 1949, pp. 11–13; Parshall & Tully 2005, pp. 60–61; Crave & Cate 1947, p. 447. The British radio interception station was at Colombo on Ceylon (Lundstrom). The U.S. mistakenly believed (in part due to erroneous transliteration of the characters of her name) that Shōhō was a previously unknown fleet carrier, Ryūkaku, with 84 aircraft (Holmes 1979, p. 70). A Japanese prisoner captured at the Battle of Midway informed the U.S. of the correct reading of the carrier's kanji and identified her as actually a light carrier (Lundstrom and Morison, p. 11). The Japanese apparently had not developed cipher codes for several of the islands in the Louisiade Archipelago and thus transmitted the island names in Katakana in the clear, making it easier for the U.S. to decipher the meaning of the messages (Holmes, p. 65). According to Parker (p. 21), MacArthur refused to believe the radio intelligence forecasts of the MO operation and did not acknowledge that the Japanese were attempting to invade Port Moresby until his reconnaissance aircraft actually sighted Japanese ships approaching the Louisiades and New Guinea in the first week of May. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 135–153, 163–167; Willmott 2002, pp. 25–26; Hoyt 2003, pp. 15–19; Cressman 2000, pp. 83–84; Millot 1974, pp. 32–34; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 126–127; Henry 2003, p. 15. Lexington returned to Pearl Harbor on 26 March 1942 after operating in the Coral Sea with Yorktown and departed on 15 April to deliver 14 United States Marine CorpsBrewster F2A fighters and pilots to Palmyra Atoll. After the delivery, on 18 April, TF 11 was ordered to head for Fiji and then towards New Caledonia to rendezvous with TF 17 (Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 135, 163–166). Halsey was to take command of all three task forces once TF 16 arrived in the Coral Sea area (Lundstrom 2005b, p. 167). TF 17 consisted of Yorktown, cruisers Astoria, Chester, and Portland, plus the destroyers Hammann, Anderson, Perkins, Morris, Russell, and Sims and oilers Neosho and Tippecanoe. Yorktown's captain was Elliott Buckmaster. TF11 included the cruisers Minneapolis and New Orleans plus destroyers Phelps, Dewey, Aylwin, and Monaghan (Willmott 1983, p. 189). TF 16 departed Pearl Harbor on 30 April (Lundstrom 2005b). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Willmott, H. P. (1983). The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies February to June 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-535-3.
Hoyt 2003, p. 7; Dull 1978, pp. 124–125; Willmott 2002, p. 38; Lundstrom 2005b, p. 188; Lundstrom 2006, p. 143. One of Shōhō's Zeros ditched in the ocean on 2 May and the pilot, Tamura Shunichi, was killed. Lundstrom (2006) states that the seaplane base on Santa Isabel was at Thousand Ships Bay, not Rekata Bay (p. 138) as reported in other sources. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2.
Jersey 2008, p. 60; Willmott 2002, p. 38; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 144–145; D'Albas 1965, pp. 95–96; Hata & Izawa 1975, p. 58. Jersey, Stanley Coleman (2008). Hell's Islands: The Untold Story of Guadalcanal. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN978-1-58544-616-2. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6.
Lundstrom 2006, pp. 146–149; Brown 1990, p. 62; Hoyt 2003, pp. 21–31; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 168–178; Jersey 2008, p. 63; Cressman 2000, pp. 87–94; Millot 1974, pp. 45–51; Dull 1978, pp. 127–128; Morison 1949, pp. 25–28; Nevitt 1998; Hackett et al. 2007. Yorktown's operational aircraft for this day's action consisted of 18 F4F-3 Wildcat fighters, 30 SBD-3 dive bombers, and 12 TBD-1 torpedo planes (Lundstrom and Cressman). Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Jersey, Stanley Coleman (2008). Hell's Islands: The Untold Story of Guadalcanal. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN978-1-58544-616-2. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Nevitt, Allyn (1998). "IJN Kikuzuki: Tabular Record of Movement". Long Lancers. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009. Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Alsleben, Allan; Cundall, Peter (2007). "IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru: Tabular Record of Movement". Tokusetsu Suijoki-Bokan!. Combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
Cressman 2000, pp. 93–94; D'Albas 1965, p. 96; Dull 1978, p. 128; Hoyt 2003, p. 33; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 178–179; Lundstrom 2006, p. 150; Millot 1974, pp. 51–52; Morison 1949, pp. 28–29; Willmott 2002, pp. 40–41; Woolridge 1993, p. 37. Cressman states that the Kawanishi was from Tulagi but Lundstrom says that it was one of three flying from the Shortlands along with six from Tulagi (Lundstrom 2006, p. 150). D'Albas says it was from Rabaul. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Woolridge, E. T., ed. (1993). Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. John B. Connally (Forward). Washington D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1-56098-264-0.
Cressman 2000, pp. 94–95; Hoehling 1971, p. 39; Hoyt 2003, p. 34; Millot 1974, pp. 52–53; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 178–179; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 150–153; Willmott 2002, pp. 40–41. During the fueling, Yorktown transferred seven crewmembers with reassignment orders to Neosho. Four of them subsequently perished in the attack on the tanker (Cressman, p. 94–95). Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9.
Cressman 2000, p. 93; D'Albas 1965, p. 96; Dull 1978, pp. 127–128; Hoyt 2003, pp. 33–34; Lundstrom 2005b, p. 181; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 139, 147, 152–153; Millot 1974, pp. 51–53; Morison 1949, p. 29; Willmott 2002, pp. 41–42. Gotō refueled his cruisers from the oiler Irō near the Shortland Islands on 5 May (Morison, p. 29). Also this day, Inoue shifted the four I-class submarines deployed in the Coral Sea to a point 150 nmi (170 mi; 280 km) northeast of Australia. None of the four would be a factor in the battle (Lundstrom 2006, p. 150). Since Takagi transited the Solomons during the night, the Nouméa-based U.S. Navy PBYs did not sight him (Lundstrom). Takagi's oiler was Tōhō Maru (Lundstrom). Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9.
The B-17s were from the 40th Reconnaissance Squadron. D'Albas 1965, p. 97; Dull 1978, p. 130; Gillison 1962, p. 519; Hoyt 2003, p. 35; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 155–157; Millot 1974, p. 55; Morison 1949, pp. 31–32; Salecker 2001, p. 179. Three B-17s from Port Moresby attacked Gotō's ships at 10:30 (Dull and Lundstrom, 2006). Gotō's ships were stationed about 90 nmi (100 mi; 170 km) northeast of Deboyne (D'Albas) to screen the left flank of Abe's and Kajioka's ships. Hackett ("IJN Furutaka") states four B-17s attacked Gotō's cruisers as they refueled at the Shortlands, causing no damage. Shōhō provided a combat air patrol over the invasion convoy until sundown (Morison, p. 32). The B-17s were from the 19th Bombardment Group (Morison, p. 31). Crave & Cate (1947, p. 448) and Gillison (1962, p. 523) state MacArthur's reconnaissance B-17s and B-25s from the 90th Bombardment Squadron provided Fletcher with sightings of the Japanese invasion forces, including Gotō's, on 4–5 May but the U.S. Navy, for unexplained reasons, has no record of having received these sighting reports. Gillison states that an RAAF reconnaissance PBY, commanded by Squadron Leader G. E. Hemsworth, was lost to enemy action near the Louisiades on 6 May. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Lundstrom 2005b, p. 190; Cressman 2000, p. 95; Dull 1978, p. 130; Lundstrom 2006, p. 166. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2.
Lundstrom 2005b, p. 193; Hoyt 2003, p. 53; Cressman 2000, p. 95; Dull 1978, p. 131; Millot 1974, pp. 66–69; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 163–164; Henry 2003, p. 54; Morison 1949, p. 40. The SBD's coding system was a board with pegs and holes to allow for rapid transmission of coded ship types. In Nielsen's case, the board was apparently not aligned properly (Cressman). Many of the sources are not completely clear on who exactly Nielsen spotted. Dull says he spotted the "Close Cover Force". Gotō's unit was called the "Distant Cover Force" or "Covering Group" and Marumo's was called the "Cover Force" or "Support Group". Millot and Morison state that Nielsen sighted "Marushige's" cruisers, not Gotō's. Marushige is presumably Marumo's cruiser force. Lundstrom (2006) states that Nielsen sighted Gotō. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Salecker 2001, pp. 179–180; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 193–196; Hoyt 2003, pp. 53–54; Cressman 2000, pp. 95–96; Millot 1974, pp. 66–69; Dull 1978, pp. 131–132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 165–167; Henry 2003, p. 54; Morison 1949, pp. 40–41. Lundstrom says the B-17 sighting was 30 mi (30 mi; 48 km) from the cruisers but Cressman says 60 nmi (69 mi; 110 km). USACMH Vol. I (1994, p. 47) states that 10 B-17s were involved. At 11:00, TF17's combat air patrol (CAP) shot down a Kawanishi Type 97 from Tulagi (Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 196–197, Lundstrom 2006, p. 168). Ten F4Fs, 28 SBDs, and 12 TBDs were from Lexington and eight F4F, 25 SBD, and 10 TBD were from Yorktown (Cressman and Lundstrom 2006). The Kinugasa floatplane reported the launch of the U.S. strike force (Lundstrom 2006, p. 167). The three B-17s, after making their sighting report, bombed the Kamikawa Maru at Deboyne but caused only minor damage (Lundstrom 2006, p. 166). Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific (Report). Reports of General MacArthur. Vol. I (Facsimile Reprint ed.). United States Army Center of Military History (USACMH). 1994 [1966]. LCCN66-60005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
A Shōkaku torpedo plane which ditched at Indispensable Reefs on 7 May 1942, photographed on 9 JuneLundstrom 2005b, pp. 205–206; Hoyt 2003, pp. 38–39; Cressman 2000, p. 95; Millot 1974, pp. 60–61; Dull 1978, pp. 130–131; Lundstrom 2006, p. 167. The two Shōkaku scout aircraft, which lingered over the target area trying to assist the strike force in locating the U.S. ships, did not have sufficient fuel to return to their carrier and ditched on the Indispensable Reefs (see photo at right). The two crews were rescued by a Japanese destroyer, perhaps Ariake (Cressman, p. 92), on 7 May. Ariake sighted the two unrecovered Yorktown airmen from the Tulagi strike floating off Guadalcanal, but did not attempt to capture or kill them (Cressman, p. 92). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2.
ONI 1943, p. 19; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 205–206; Hoyt 2003, pp. 38–50, 71, 218, 221; Cressman 2000, p. 95; Hoehling 1971, p. 43; Millot 1974, pp. 60–62, 71; Dull 1978, pp. 130–131; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 164–167; Morison 1949, pp. 34–35. Several sources, including Hoyt, Millot, and Morison state that Neosho was attacked first by one, then three or more horizontal bombers around 09:05 before the main Japanese strike. Several Japanese torpedo aircraft dropped target designators near the oiler while the main strike force approached (Lundstrom 2006, p. 167). The dive bomber which crashed into Neosho was piloted by Petty Officer Second Class Shigeo Ishizuka with Petty Officer Third Class Masayoshi Kawazoe as the rear gunner/observer (Werneth, p. 66). Both were killed. Sixteen survivors from Sims were taken aboard Neosho, but one died soon after and another died after rescue four days later. The captain of Sims, Willford Hyman, was killed in the attack. One of Neosho's crewmen, Oscar V. Peterson, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his efforts to save the ship in spite of severe and ultimately fatal injuries suffered during the attack. At the time of the attack, Neosho's crew numbered 288 officers and men. Twenty are known to have died in the attack. A post-attack muster counted 110 personnel. The remaining 158 crewmen (including four officers) panicked and abandoned ship during or shortly after the attack. Of the men who abandoned ship, only four were eventually recovered; the rest died or vanished (ONI, pp. 48–53; Phillips, Hoyt, p. 130 & 192–193; Morison, pp. 35–37). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 197–198 (says 1,500 yd (1,400 m) for the cruisers with Shōhō); Hoyt 2003, pp. 54–55; Cressman 2000, pp. 96–97; Millot 1974, p. 69; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 168–169; Henry 2003, pp. 54–56. Shōhō was preparing a strike of five torpedo planes and three Zeros belowdecks when the U.S. attack occurred. Three fighters – one Zero and two Type-96s – were aloft at the beginning of the attack, and three more – all Zeros – were launched as the attack commenced. Senshi Sōshō, Japan's War Ministry's official history, apparently specifies that Gotō's cruisers were 3,000 to 5,000 yards (2,743 to 4,572 m) away in order to warn the carrier of incoming aircraft, not to provide anti-aircraft support (Lundstrom 2006, p. 169 and a privately made sketch from the Senshi Sōsho). Japanese carrier defense doctrine at that time relied on maneuvering and fighter defenses to avoid air attack instead of concentrated anti-aircraft fire from escorting warships (Lundstrom). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1.
Chart of bomb and torpedo hits on ShōhōBrown 1990, p. 62; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 198–206; Hoyt 2003, pp. 55–61; Tully 1999a; Cressman 2000, pp. 96–98; Millot 1974, pp. 69–71; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 168–169; Hata & Izawa 1975, p. 59; Morison 1949, pp. 41–42; Willmott 2002, p. 43; U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) 1946, p. 57. Two of the downed SBD crews, one each from Lexington and Yorktown, were rescued. The lost pilot was VS-2's executive officer, Edward H. Allen. Dixon's phrase was quoted by Chicago Tribunewar correspondent Stanley Johnston in a June 1942 article and subsequently requoted in most accounts of the Pacific War. Lexington's commanding officer, Captain Frederick C. Sherman, credited Dixon, commanding officer of squadron VS-2, with coining the word "flattop" which became standard slang for an aircraft carrier. Of the 203 Shōhō crewmen rescued, 72 were wounded. Shōhō's captain, Izawa Ishinosuke, survived. Sazanami was Shōhō's plane guard destroyer. One Zero and two Type 96 fighters were shot down during the attack. The remaining three Zeros ditched at Deboyne. One of these was flown by Kenjiro Nōtomi, commander of Shōhō's fighter group (Lundstrom). Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Tully, Anthony P. (1999a). "IJN Shoho: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. "Chapter 4: The Battle of the Coral Sea". United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) (Report). The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Naval Analysis Division. 1946. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via HyperWar Foundation.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 209–212; Hoyt 2003, pp. 62–63; Cressman 2000, pp. 99–100; Woolridge 1993, pp. 38–39; Millot 1974, p. 75; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 176–177. Five of the downed torpedo bombers were from Zuikaku and the other two were from Shōkaku, as was the damaged torpedo plane. The dive bomber was from Zuikaku. The dead Japanese aircrews included the commanding officer of Zuikaku's torpedo bomber squadron, Lieutenant Yoshiaki Tsubota, and two division leaders, Lieutenants Yoshito Murakami (Zuikaku) and Tsutomu Hagiwara (Shokaku). The pilot of the damaged torpedo bomber was killed, so the middle-seat observer took over the controls and ditched near Shōkaku; both he and the rear gunner were killed. Two of the Wildcat pilots, Paul G. Baker from VF-2 on Lexington and Leslie L. B. Knox from VF-42 on Yorktown, were killed in action. Another CAP Wildcat, piloted by John Drayton Baker from Yorktown's VF-42, was apparently unable to locate TF-17 in the deepening gloom after the action and vanished without a trace (Lundstrom and Cressman). William Wolfe Wileman was one of the Wildcat pilots who survived the action. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Woolridge, E. T., ed. (1993). Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. John B. Connally (Forward). Washington D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1-56098-264-0. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 214–218; Hoyt 2003, pp. 63–64; Cressman 2000, pp. 100–101; Woolridge 1993, p. 39; Hoehling 1971, pp. 45–47; Millot 1974, pp. 75–76; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 176–180. Cressman says that some of the Japanese carrier aircraft did not land until after 23:00. Hoehling and Woolridge report that up to eight Japanese aircraft may have lined up to land on the U.S. carriers after sunset, but Lundstrom and Cressman explain that the number of aircraft was probably fewer than that. Millot states the postwar belief that 11 more Japanese aircraft were lost while landing on their carriers, but Lundstrom, citing Japanese sources, disagrees, stating that the 18 surviving aircraft all returned safely. In addition to his carriers' lights, Takagi's cruisers and destroyers illuminated the two carriers with their searchlights (Lundstrom 2006, p. 178). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Woolridge, E. T., ed. (1993). Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. John B. Connally (Forward). Washington D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1-56098-264-0. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 219–221; Millot 1974, pp. 72, 80; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 181, 186; Morison 1949, p. 46. The carrier search aircraft included four from Shōkaku and three from Zuikaku. The floatplanes at Deboyne patrolled the area directly south of the Louisiades. Furutaka and Kinugasa joined the striking force at 07:50. After the previous day's losses, the striking force at this time consisted of 96 operational aircraft: 38 fighters, 33 dive bombers, and 25 torpedo bombers (Lundstrom 2006, p. 186). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 221–222; Hoyt 2003, p. 75; Cressman 2000, p. 103; Woolridge 1993, p. 48; Millot 1974, pp. 82–83, 87; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 181–184. Twelve SBDs were assigned to the northern search area where the Japanese carriers were expected to be. The six SBDs assigned to the southern sector were to fly out only 125 nautical miles (232 km) and then assume close-in anti-submarine patrol duty upon their return to TF17. At this time operational aircraft strength for TF17 was 117, including 31 fighters, 65 dive bombers, and 21 torpedo planes (Lundstrom 2006, p. 183) Eight SBDs were assigned as close-in anti-submarine patrol, and 16 fighters, eight from each ship, to the CAP (Lundstrom 2006, p. 183). Around 01:10, Fletcher detached the destroyer Monaghan to try to find out what happened to Neosho. Monaghan searched throughout the day, but, basing her search on the erroneous coordinates in the tanker's last message, was unable to locate her and returned to TF17 that evening. While separated from TF17, Monaghan sent several messages to Nimitz and MacArthur, to allow TF17 to maintain radio silence (Cressman, p. 103; Hoyt 2003, p. 127; Lundstrom 2006, p. 181). Fitch was not actually notified by Fletcher he was in tactical control of the carriers until 09:08 (Lundstrom 2006, p. 186). According to Parker (2017, pp. 26–27), Fletcher was informed early on 8 May his Fleet Radio Unit located Japanese carriers northeast of his position. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Woolridge, E. T., ed. (1993). Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. John B. Connally (Forward). Washington D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1-56098-264-0. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 222–225; Hoyt 2003, pp. 76–77; Cressman 2000, p. 103; Woolridge 1993, pp. 40–41; Hoehling 1971, pp. 52–53; Millot 1974, pp. 81–85; Dull 1978, pp. 132–133; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 185–187; Morison 1949, pp. 48–49. Kanno, a warrant officer, was the middle-seat observer on a plane piloted by Petty Officer First Class Tsuguo Gotō. The radioman was Petty Officer Second Class Seijirō Kishida (Werneth, p. 67). Radio interception analysts in TF17 copied Kanno's messages and alerted Fletcher his carrier's location was known to the Japanese. Smith's report mistakenly placed the Japanese carriers 45 nmi (52 mi; 83 km) south of their actual position. An SBD piloted by Robert E. Dixon took over for Smith and stayed on station near the Japanese carriers to help guide in the U.S. strike until 10:45 (Morison). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Woolridge, E. T., ed. (1993). Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. John B. Connally (Forward). Washington D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1-56098-264-0. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 224–227, 243–246; Hoyt 2003, pp. 79, 89; Cressman 2000, p. 104; Millot 1974, p. 85; Dull 1978, pp. 132–133; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 186–187; Morison 1949, p. 49. An odd number of fighters took part in Lexington's attack because one of VF-2's Wildcats, piloted by Doc Sellstrom, was damaged during launch preparations and was forced to stay behind. TF17 recovered its returning scout aircraft between 09:20 and 10:50, and launched 10 SBDs for anti-submarine patrol at 10:12. The Japanese strike force included nine fighters, 19 dive bombers, and 10 torpedo planes from Shōkaku and nine fighters, 14 dive bombers, and 8 torpedo planes from Zuikaku. The fighters were Type 0s, the dive bombers were Type 99 kanbaku, and the torpedo planes were Type 97 kankō. Takahashi was in one of Shōkaku'skanbaku. By heading south, Takagi unwittingly moved his carriers into the range of the U.S. TBD torpedo planes, which otherwise would have been forced to turn back without participating in the attack (Lunstrom 2006, p. 187). Shortly after 10:00, two Yorktown CAP Wildcats shot down a Japanese Type 97 scout aircraft (Lundstrom 2006, p. 187). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 228–231; Hoyt 2003, pp. 79–84; Cressman 2000, pp. 104–106; Hoehling 1971, p. 62; Millot 1974, pp. 87–88, 91; Dull 1978, p. 133; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 192–195; D'Albas 1965, p. 105; Hata & Izawa 1975, pp. 42–43. The second hit was scored by SBD pilot John James Powers, who was shot down by a CAP Zero and killed during his dive. Tetsuzō Iwamoto was one of the CAP pilots airborne at the time, flying from Zuikaku. Another VB-5 SBD, crewed by Davis Chafee and John A. Kasselman, was shot down by a CAP Zero during the attack. During Yorktown's attack, a CAP Zero flown by Takeo Miyazawa was shot down by a Wildcat piloted by William S. Woolen, and a CAP Zero flown by Hisashi Ichinose was shot down by a Wildcat piloted by Elbert Scott McCuskey. Lundstrom states that both Zeros were from Shokaku. Hata states that Miyazawa was a member of Shōkaku's fighter group and that he died after shooting down a U.S. torpedo plane and then deliberately crashing his Zero into another (Hata & Izawa 1975, p. 42), although no TBDs were actually lost. Also flying in the Japanese CAP were future acesYoshinao Kodaira and Kenji Okabe (Hata & Izawa 1975, pp. 286, 329). Aces Yoshimi Minami and Sadamu Komachi were members of Shōkaku's fighter group at this time (Hata & Izawa 1975, pp. 265, 281) but Hata does not say if they were with the CAP or the strike escort. Lundstrom states the former, detailing how Minami narrowly escaped being shot down by Woollen. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 236–243; Hoyt 2003, pp. 84–85; Cressman 2000, p. 106; Hoehling 1971, pp. 63–65; Millot 1974, pp. 88–92; Dull 1978, p. 133; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 195, 559; D'Albas 1965, p. 106. One of Lexington's bomber pilots was Harry Brinkley Bass, although his group was unable to locate the carriers. The three Wildcat pilots killed, from VF-2 squadron, were Richard S. Bull, Dale W. Peterson, and Richard M. Rowell (Lundstrom). The Japanese CAP claimed to have shot down 24 U.S. aircraft (Hata & Izawa 1975, p. 48). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 242–243; Hoyt 2003, p. 86; Cressman 2000, p. 106; Millot 1974, pp. 91–92; Parshall, p. 63; Dull 1978, p. 133; Lundstrom 2006, p. 195; Tully 1999b (Tully reports only 40 wounded). Shōkaku's total losses were 108 killed and 114 wounded. The Japanese CAP fighter pilots claimed to have shot down 39 U.S. aircraft during the attack, at a cost of two Zeros destroyed and two damaged. Actual U.S. losses in the attack were two SBDs (from Yorktown) and three Wildcats (from Lexington). More U.S. aircraft were lost during the subsequent return to their carriers. The destroyers which accompanied Shōkaku's retirement were Ushio and Yūgure (Tully). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Tully, Anthony P. (1999b). "IJN Shokaku: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 246–251; Hoyt 2003, p. 93; Cressman 2000, p. 108; Lundstrom 2006, p. 189. The crews of the four SBDs, totalling eight airmen, were all killed (The crewmen's names are given in Cressman, p. 108. One was Samuel Underhill). The four torpedo planes sent after Yorktown were from Zuikaku. Two of the Zero escorts from Shōkaku were piloted by acesIchirō Yamamoto and Masao Sasakibara (Hata & Izawa 1975, pp. 314, 317). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6.
Damage to Lexington 5-inch (127.0 mm) gun galleryONI 1943, pp. 55–56; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 254–259; Hoyt 2003, pp. 98–103, 117–122; Cressman 2000, pp. 110–114: Hoehling 1971, pp. 81–95, 110–116; Millot 1974, pp. 97–98; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 189–191; D'Albas 1965, p. 107. The four Lexington Wildcats were from VF-2 Squadron's 3rd Division under Lieutenant Fred Borries, Jr. The two Yorktown Wildcats were piloted by Vincent F. McCormack and Walter A. Haas from VF-42's 3rd Division. After losing their leader over Lexington, the last two Shōkaku dive bombers switched to attack Yorktown at the last minute. One of these was shot down by Albert O. Vorse (Lundstrom 2006, p. 191). Hoyt states that the bomb hit on Yorktown seriously wounded 26 men, several of whom (Hoyt does not specify the exact number) died later from their injuries. One of those killed by the bomb hit on Yorktown was Milton Ernest Ricketts. Three of Yorktown's boilers were shut down due to a flareback, but were back on line within 30 minutes (Cressman, p. 113). One bomb that hit Lexington wiped out a battery of United States Marine Corps anti-aircraft machine guns, killing six men (Hoehling, p. 82). Another did heavy damage to a 5-inch (127.0 mm) gun battery and wiped out its entire crew (Hoehling, pp. 90–92, see image at right, Lundstrom 2006, p. 191). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 259–271; Cressman 2000, pp. 106, 114–115; Hoehling 1971, pp. 100–101, Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, p. 192. William E. Hall was one of the SBD pilots who aggressively pursued the Japanese aircraft after they completed their attacks. A damaged SBD piloted by Roy O. Hale attempted to land on Lexington but was shot down by friendly anti-aircraft fire from the carrier and its escorts, killing Hale and his rear gunner (Lundstrom and Hoehling). Another damaged SBD bounced off Lexington's flight deck into the ocean, but its pilot, Frank R. McDonald, and rear gunner were rescued (Lundstrom and Hoehling). An SBD from VS-2 and two from VB-2 (Lexington) shot down the three Japanese torpedo planes, two from Shōkaku. The Japanese dive bomber was shot down by Walt Haas from Yorktown's VF-42. Two Wildcats from VF-2 (Lexington) piloted by Clark Franklin Rinehart and Newton H. Mason disappeared and their fates are unknown. A VF-42 (Yorktown) Wildcat piloted by Richard G. Crommelin was shot down by a Zero but Crommelin, unharmed, was rescued by the destroyer Phelps. A damaged Zero piloted by Shigeru Okura from Zuikaku ditched at Deboyne and Okura survived. A total of three Wildcats (two from VF-2 and one from VF-42) and six SBDs were lost defending TF17 from the Japanese strike. Kanno was killed by VF-42 pilots Bill Woolen and John P. Adams. Takahashi was killed by VF-42's Bill Leonard (Lundstrom). Lexington SBD pilot Joshua G. Cantor-Stone was also killed that day. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 270–278; Cressman 2000, pp. 115–117; Hoyt 2003, pp. 144–147; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193–195. A VF-2 Wildcat piloted by Howard F. Clark was unable to find TF17 and disappeared without a trace. A TBD piloted by Leonard W. Thornhill ditched 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km) from TF17; he and his rear gunner, seen entering their life raft, were not recovered, even though Fletcher sent the destroyer Dewey to look for them. William B. Ault, SBD pilot and commander of Lexington's air group, and another Lexington SBD piloted by John D. Wingfield from VS-2, were unable to find TF17 and disappeared. Ault's last transmission was, "From CLAG. OK, so long people. We got a 1000 pound hit on the flat top." (Lundstrom, p. 277). Another SBD piloted by Harry Wood ditched on Rossel Island and he and his rear gunner were later rescued. One Shōkaku Zero, piloted by Yukuo Hanzawa, successfully crash landed on Shōkaku (Hata & Izawa 1975, pp. 42–43). Nineteen Lexington aircraft were recovered by Yorktown (Millot 1974, p. 100). Parshall (p. 417) states that many of the jettisoned Japanese aircraft were not necessarily unserviceable, but were jettisoned to make way for less damaged aircraft because of a lack of sufficient deck-handling speed and skill by Zuikaku's crew. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X.
ONI 1943, p. 39; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 274–277; Cressman 2000, p. 116; Hoyt 2003, p. 133; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193–196; Spector 1985, p. 162. Fletcher initially proposed sending the damaged Lexington to port for repairs and transferring that ship's aircraft to Yorktown to continue the battle, but Fitch's 14:22 message changed his mind. Separate U.S. aircraft, both carrier and land-based, had apparently sighted Zuikaku twice but were unaware that this was the same carrier (Hoyt, p. 133). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Spector, Ronald H. (1985). Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan. New York: The Free Press. ISBN0-02-930360-5.
Lundstrom 2005b, p. 278; Hoyt 2003, pp. 132–133; Millot 1974, p. 106; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 195–196; D'Albas 1965, p. 108. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 273–282; Cressman 2000, p. 117; Hoehling 1971, pp. 121–197; Hoyt 2003, pp. 134–150, 153–168; Millot 1974, pp. 99–103; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193, 196–199; Morison 1949, pp. 57–60; Crave & Cate 1947, pp. 449–450; Gillison 1962, p. 519. As the fires raged on Lexington, several of her aircrews requested to fly their aircraft to Yorktown, but Sherman refused (Lundstrom 2006, p. 560). The names of those killed from Lexington's crew, including from the air squadrons, are recorded in Hoehling 1971, pp. 201–205. One of those killed was Howard R. Healy. Hoyt, Millot, and Morison give the coordinates of the sinking as 15°12′S155°27′E / 15.200°S 155.450°E / -15.200; 155.450. Assisting Lexington during her travails were Minneapolis, New Orleans, Phelps, Morris, Hammann, and Anderson. Portland, Morris, and Phelps were the last to leave Lexington's final location (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 197, 204). Gillison (p. 519) states that eight B-26 bombers from Townsville sortied to attack Inoue's forces but were unable to locate the Japanese ships. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 284–290; Millot 1974, pp. 106–107; Cressman 2000, p. 118; Hoyt 2003, p. 171; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 200, 206–207; Chihaya 1991, pp. 124–125. The invasion convoy returned to Rabaul on 10 May. Takagi intended to complete the delivery of the Tainan Zeros to Rabaul and then provide air support for the RY operation before Yamamoto ordered the ship back to Japan. After further repairs to battle-damaged aircraft, on 9 May Zuikaku counted 24 fighters, 13 dive bombers, and eight torpedo planes operational. Takagi's scout aircraft sighted the drifting Neosho on 10 May, but Takagi decided the tanker was not worth another strike (Lundstrom 2006, p. 207). Takagi completed delivery of the Zeros to Rabaul after turning back on 10 May. Matome Ugaki, Yamamoto's chief of staff, stated that he initiated and sent the order in Yamamoto's name to Takagi to pursue the Allied ships (Chihaya, p. 124). Four U.S. Army B-25 bombers attacked Japanese floatplanes moored at Deboyne on 10 May, but apparently caused no damage. The bombers did not see Kamikawa Maru present (Gillison 1962, p. 527). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Chihaya, Masataka (1991). Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (eds.). Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941–1945. Gordon W. Prange (foreword) (English trans. ed.). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN0-8229-3665-8. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Brown 1990, p. 63, Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 285–296, 313–315; Millot 1974, p. 107; Cressman 2000, p. 120; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 208–211, 216; Chihaya 1991, pp. 126–127; Morison 1949, pp. 61–62. The RY invasion force included one light cruiser, one minelayer, two destroyers, and two transports (Lundstrom). Takagi's cruisers and destroyers provided distant cover to the north. Ocean and Nauru were later occupied by the Japanese without opposition on 25–26 August and held until the end of the war (Millot and Morison). Yorktown refueled from an Australian armed merchant cruiser HMAS Kanimbla at Tongatabu on 16 May, and then – along with her escorts – from the oiler USS Kanawha on 18 May (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 207 & 216). The initial U.S. intelligence on Yamamoto's upcoming operation indicated an attack on Oahu, but around 17 May, Midway emerged as the probable target (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 208 & 212). Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Chihaya, Masataka (1991). Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (eds.). Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941–1945. Gordon W. Prange (foreword) (English trans. ed.). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN0-8229-3665-8. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Salecker 2001, pp. 179–180; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 193–196; Hoyt 2003, pp. 53–54; Cressman 2000, pp. 95–96; Millot 1974, pp. 66–69; Dull 1978, pp. 131–132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 165–167; Henry 2003, p. 54; Morison 1949, pp. 40–41. Lundstrom says the B-17 sighting was 30 mi (30 mi; 48 km) from the cruisers but Cressman says 60 nmi (69 mi; 110 km). USACMH Vol. I (1994, p. 47) states that 10 B-17s were involved. At 11:00, TF17's combat air patrol (CAP) shot down a Kawanishi Type 97 from Tulagi (Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 196–197, Lundstrom 2006, p. 168). Ten F4Fs, 28 SBDs, and 12 TBDs were from Lexington and eight F4F, 25 SBD, and 10 TBD were from Yorktown (Cressman and Lundstrom 2006). The Kinugasa floatplane reported the launch of the U.S. strike force (Lundstrom 2006, p. 167). The three B-17s, after making their sighting report, bombed the Kamikawa Maru at Deboyne but caused only minor damage (Lundstrom 2006, p. 166). Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific (Report). Reports of General MacArthur. Vol. I (Facsimile Reprint ed.). United States Army Center of Military History (USACMH). 1994 [1966]. LCCN66-60005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
Lundstrom 2006, p. 147; D'Albas 1965, p. 96. U.S. Army and RAAF aircraft sighted Gotō's ships several times during 4 May. Gillison (1962, p. 518) states that an RAAF PBY, commanded by Flying Officer Nomran, which was shadowing Gotō, reported that it was under attack and disappeared. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
The B-17s were from the 40th Reconnaissance Squadron. D'Albas 1965, p. 97; Dull 1978, p. 130; Gillison 1962, p. 519; Hoyt 2003, p. 35; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 155–157; Millot 1974, p. 55; Morison 1949, pp. 31–32; Salecker 2001, p. 179. Three B-17s from Port Moresby attacked Gotō's ships at 10:30 (Dull and Lundstrom, 2006). Gotō's ships were stationed about 90 nmi (100 mi; 170 km) northeast of Deboyne (D'Albas) to screen the left flank of Abe's and Kajioka's ships. Hackett ("IJN Furutaka") states four B-17s attacked Gotō's cruisers as they refueled at the Shortlands, causing no damage. Shōhō provided a combat air patrol over the invasion convoy until sundown (Morison, p. 32). The B-17s were from the 19th Bombardment Group (Morison, p. 31). Crave & Cate (1947, p. 448) and Gillison (1962, p. 523) state MacArthur's reconnaissance B-17s and B-25s from the 90th Bombardment Squadron provided Fletcher with sightings of the Japanese invasion forces, including Gotō's, on 4–5 May but the U.S. Navy, for unexplained reasons, has no record of having received these sighting reports. Gillison states that an RAAF reconnaissance PBY, commanded by Squadron Leader G. E. Hemsworth, was lost to enemy action near the Louisiades on 6 May. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Salecker 2001, pp. 180–181; Gill 1968, pp. 49–50; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 208–209; Hoyt 2003, pp. 66–69; Tagaya 2001, pp. 40–41; Millot 1974, pp. 63–66; Pelvin 2017; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 159, 171–174; Morison 1949, pp. 38–39. The Type 1s, armed with Type 91 torpedoes, were from the IJN's 4th Air Group (4th Kōkūtai) and launched from Vunakanau airfield, Rabaul, at 09:15 escorted by 11 Zeros from the Tainan Air Group based at Lae, New Guinea (Lundstrom 2006, p. 171). Perhaps low on fuel, the Zeros turned back to Lae shortly before the bombers attacked Crace's ships. The Type 96s, each armed with a pair of 250 kg (550 lb) bombs, were from the IJN's Genzan Air Group and were originally assigned to bomb Port Moresby. All were operating as part of the 25th Air Flotilla under the command of Sadayoshi Yamada at Rabaul (Millot). One of the destroyed Type 1s was commanded by the formation leader, Lieutenant Kuniharu Kobayashi, who was killed. In addition to the four shot down at sea, one Type 1 crash-landed at Lae with serious damage and another ditched in the water at Deboyne with one dead crewman (Tagaya). Two crewmen in Chicago were killed and five wounded in the Japanese air attack (Hoyt, p. 68). According to Hoyt (p. 69) and Morison (pp. 20 & 39), MacArthur's air commander, Lieutenant General George Brett, later flatly denied any of his B-17s could have attacked Crace and prohibited further discussion of the incident. Millot and Gill incorrectly state the bombers were B-26s from the 19th Bomb Group based at Townsville, Australia. The three B-17s were led by Captain John A. Roberts (Lundstrom 2006, p. 172). Gillison (1962, p. 520) states MacArthur's fliers were not informed until after the battle was over that Allied warships were operating in the Coral Sea area. Salecker states that the B-17s attacked because they misidentified the Japanese bombers as U.S. B-25 or B-26 bombers. One of the three B-17s ran out of fuel on its return to base and was destroyed in the resulting crash, but the crew bailed-out and survived (Salecker, p. 181). Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Gill, G. Hermon (1968). Volume II – Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 2: Navy. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 20 November 2006. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Tagaya, Osamu (2001). Mitsubishi Type 1 Rikko 'Betty' Units of World War 2. New York: Osprey. ISBN978-1-84176-082-7. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Pelvin, Ric (25 May 2017). "Battle of the Coral Sea, 4–8 May 1942". Australian War Memorial Encyclopedia. Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2020. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 273–282; Cressman 2000, p. 117; Hoehling 1971, pp. 121–197; Hoyt 2003, pp. 134–150, 153–168; Millot 1974, pp. 99–103; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193, 196–199; Morison 1949, pp. 57–60; Crave & Cate 1947, pp. 449–450; Gillison 1962, p. 519. As the fires raged on Lexington, several of her aircrews requested to fly their aircraft to Yorktown, but Sherman refused (Lundstrom 2006, p. 560). The names of those killed from Lexington's crew, including from the air squadrons, are recorded in Hoehling 1971, pp. 201–205. One of those killed was Howard R. Healy. Hoyt, Millot, and Morison give the coordinates of the sinking as 15°12′S155°27′E / 15.200°S 155.450°E / -15.200; 155.450. Assisting Lexington during her travails were Minneapolis, New Orleans, Phelps, Morris, Hammann, and Anderson. Portland, Morris, and Phelps were the last to leave Lexington's final location (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 197, 204). Gillison (p. 519) states that eight B-26 bombers from Townsville sortied to attack Inoue's forces but were unable to locate the Japanese ships. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5.
Gill 1968, p. 53; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 283–284; Millot 1974, p. 105; Cressman 2000, pp. 117–118; Hoyt 2003, pp. 170–173; Pelvin 2017. On 9 May, Yorktown counted 35 operational aircraft: 15 fighters, 16 dive bombers, and seven torpedo planes (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 200, 204). Fletcher stationed Russell and Aylwin 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km) astern as radar pickets to warn of any Japanese pursuit (Lundstrom 2006, p. 204). On 9 May, a Yorktown SBD on scout patrol sighted what it thought was a Japanese carrier 175 nmi (201 mi; 324 km) from TF17. Yorktown dispatched a strike force of four SBDs, which could not locate the target. It was later determined the scout probably sighted the Lihou Reef and Cays (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 205–6). Fourteen U.S. Army B-17s from Townsville also responded to the erroneous report. During the false alarm, an SBD crashed in the sea; the crew was rescued. On 11 May, Fletcher dispatched cruisers Minneapolis, New Orleans, and Astoria with three destroyers under Kinkaid to rendezvous with Halsey's TF16 near Efate after a brief stop at Nouméa (Lundstrom 2006, p. 205). Gillison (1962, p. 527) reports that Japanese float fighters from Deboyne attacked and seriously damaged an RAAF reconnaissance PBY, from 11th Squadron, commanded by Flying Officer Miller, on 9 May. Gill, G. Hermon (1968). Volume II – Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 2: Navy. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 20 November 2006. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Pelvin, Ric (25 May 2017). "Battle of the Coral Sea, 4–8 May 1942". Australian War Memorial Encyclopedia. Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2020. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 284–290; Millot 1974, pp. 106–107; Cressman 2000, p. 118; Hoyt 2003, p. 171; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 200, 206–207; Chihaya 1991, pp. 124–125. The invasion convoy returned to Rabaul on 10 May. Takagi intended to complete the delivery of the Tainan Zeros to Rabaul and then provide air support for the RY operation before Yamamoto ordered the ship back to Japan. After further repairs to battle-damaged aircraft, on 9 May Zuikaku counted 24 fighters, 13 dive bombers, and eight torpedo planes operational. Takagi's scout aircraft sighted the drifting Neosho on 10 May, but Takagi decided the tanker was not worth another strike (Lundstrom 2006, p. 207). Takagi completed delivery of the Zeros to Rabaul after turning back on 10 May. Matome Ugaki, Yamamoto's chief of staff, stated that he initiated and sent the order in Yamamoto's name to Takagi to pursue the Allied ships (Chihaya, p. 124). Four U.S. Army B-25 bombers attacked Japanese floatplanes moored at Deboyne on 10 May, but apparently caused no damage. The bombers did not see Kamikawa Maru present (Gillison 1962, p. 527). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Chihaya, Masataka (1991). Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (eds.). Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941–1945. Gordon W. Prange (foreword) (English trans. ed.). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN0-8229-3665-8. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Lundstrom 2006, pp. 146–149; Brown 1990, p. 62; Hoyt 2003, pp. 21–31; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 168–178; Jersey 2008, p. 63; Cressman 2000, pp. 87–94; Millot 1974, pp. 45–51; Dull 1978, pp. 127–128; Morison 1949, pp. 25–28; Nevitt 1998; Hackett et al. 2007. Yorktown's operational aircraft for this day's action consisted of 18 F4F-3 Wildcat fighters, 30 SBD-3 dive bombers, and 12 TBD-1 torpedo planes (Lundstrom and Cressman). Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Jersey, Stanley Coleman (2008). Hell's Islands: The Untold Story of Guadalcanal. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN978-1-58544-616-2. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Nevitt, Allyn (1998). "IJN Kikuzuki: Tabular Record of Movement". Long Lancers. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009. Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Alsleben, Allan; Cundall, Peter (2007). "IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru: Tabular Record of Movement". Tokusetsu Suijoki-Bokan!. Combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
Chart of bomb and torpedo hits on ShōhōBrown 1990, p. 62; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 198–206; Hoyt 2003, pp. 55–61; Tully 1999a; Cressman 2000, pp. 96–98; Millot 1974, pp. 69–71; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 168–169; Hata & Izawa 1975, p. 59; Morison 1949, pp. 41–42; Willmott 2002, p. 43; U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) 1946, p. 57. Two of the downed SBD crews, one each from Lexington and Yorktown, were rescued. The lost pilot was VS-2's executive officer, Edward H. Allen. Dixon's phrase was quoted by Chicago Tribunewar correspondent Stanley Johnston in a June 1942 article and subsequently requoted in most accounts of the Pacific War. Lexington's commanding officer, Captain Frederick C. Sherman, credited Dixon, commanding officer of squadron VS-2, with coining the word "flattop" which became standard slang for an aircraft carrier. Of the 203 Shōhō crewmen rescued, 72 were wounded. Shōhō's captain, Izawa Ishinosuke, survived. Sazanami was Shōhō's plane guard destroyer. One Zero and two Type 96 fighters were shot down during the attack. The remaining three Zeros ditched at Deboyne. One of these was flown by Kenjiro Nōtomi, commander of Shōhō's fighter group (Lundstrom). Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Tully, Anthony P. (1999a). "IJN Shoho: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. "Chapter 4: The Battle of the Coral Sea". United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) (Report). The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Naval Analysis Division. 1946. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via HyperWar Foundation.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 242–243; Hoyt 2003, p. 86; Cressman 2000, p. 106; Millot 1974, pp. 91–92; Parshall, p. 63; Dull 1978, p. 133; Lundstrom 2006, p. 195; Tully 1999b (Tully reports only 40 wounded). Shōkaku's total losses were 108 killed and 114 wounded. The Japanese CAP fighter pilots claimed to have shot down 39 U.S. aircraft during the attack, at a cost of two Zeros destroyed and two damaged. Actual U.S. losses in the attack were two SBDs (from Yorktown) and three Wildcats (from Lexington). More U.S. aircraft were lost during the subsequent return to their carriers. The destroyers which accompanied Shōkaku's retirement were Ushio and Yūgure (Tully). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Tully, Anthony P. (1999b). "IJN Shokaku: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 197–198 (says 1,500 yd (1,400 m) for the cruisers with Shōhō); Hoyt 2003, pp. 54–55; Cressman 2000, pp. 96–97; Millot 1974, p. 69; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 168–169; Henry 2003, pp. 54–56. Shōhō was preparing a strike of five torpedo planes and three Zeros belowdecks when the U.S. attack occurred. Three fighters – one Zero and two Type-96s – were aloft at the beginning of the attack, and three more – all Zeros – were launched as the attack commenced. Senshi Sōshō, Japan's War Ministry's official history, apparently specifies that Gotō's cruisers were 3,000 to 5,000 yards (2,743 to 4,572 m) away in order to warn the carrier of incoming aircraft, not to provide anti-aircraft support (Lundstrom 2006, p. 169 and a privately made sketch from the Senshi Sōsho). Japanese carrier defense doctrine at that time relied on maneuvering and fighter defenses to avoid air attack instead of concentrated anti-aircraft fire from escorting warships (Lundstrom). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 273–282; Cressman 2000, p. 117; Hoehling 1971, pp. 121–197; Hoyt 2003, pp. 134–150, 153–168; Millot 1974, pp. 99–103; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193, 196–199; Morison 1949, pp. 57–60; Crave & Cate 1947, pp. 449–450; Gillison 1962, p. 519. As the fires raged on Lexington, several of her aircrews requested to fly their aircraft to Yorktown, but Sherman refused (Lundstrom 2006, p. 560). The names of those killed from Lexington's crew, including from the air squadrons, are recorded in Hoehling 1971, pp. 201–205. One of those killed was Howard R. Healy. Hoyt, Millot, and Morison give the coordinates of the sinking as 15°12′S155°27′E / 15.200°S 155.450°E / -15.200; 155.450. Assisting Lexington during her travails were Minneapolis, New Orleans, Phelps, Morris, Hammann, and Anderson. Portland, Morris, and Phelps were the last to leave Lexington's final location (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 197, 204). Gillison (p. 519) states that eight B-26 bombers from Townsville sortied to attack Inoue's forces but were unable to locate the Japanese ships. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5.
ONI 1943, p. 52; Millot 1974, p. 108; Morison 1949, pp. 35–37. The PBY was from Tangier's air group. The U.S. destroyer Helm recovered four more Neosho crewmen from a drifting raft (Morison coords: 15°25′S154°56′E / 15.417°S 154.933°E / -15.417; 154.933; ONI coords: 15°16′S155°07′E / 15.267°S 155.117°E / -15.267; 155.117) on 14 May, the sole survivors of the group which abandoned ship in panic on 7 May (ONI, p. 53; Millot 1974, p. 108; and Morison, p. 36). Hoyt incorrectly says that it was U.S. destroyer Phelps who recovered the final four survivors (Hoyt (2003, pp. 192–193)). Two more Neosho crewmembers died on 13 May aboard Henley from their injuries (Hoyt) and one of the four rescued from the ocean by Helm died soon after rescue (Morison, p. 36). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4.
Parker 2017, pp. 21–22; Prados 1995, pp. 302–303; Hoyt 2003, p. 7; Willmott 2002, pp. 22–25; Lundstrom 2005b, p. 167; Cressman 2000, p. 83; Millot 1974, pp. 31–32; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 121–122, 125, 128–129; Henry 2003, pp. 14–15; Holmes 1979, pp. 69–72; Morison 1949, pp. 11–13; Parshall & Tully 2005, pp. 60–61; Crave & Cate 1947, p. 447. The British radio interception station was at Colombo on Ceylon (Lundstrom). The U.S. mistakenly believed (in part due to erroneous transliteration of the characters of her name) that Shōhō was a previously unknown fleet carrier, Ryūkaku, with 84 aircraft (Holmes 1979, p. 70). A Japanese prisoner captured at the Battle of Midway informed the U.S. of the correct reading of the carrier's kanji and identified her as actually a light carrier (Lundstrom and Morison, p. 11). The Japanese apparently had not developed cipher codes for several of the islands in the Louisiade Archipelago and thus transmitted the island names in Katakana in the clear, making it easier for the U.S. to decipher the meaning of the messages (Holmes, p. 65). According to Parker (p. 21), MacArthur refused to believe the radio intelligence forecasts of the MO operation and did not acknowledge that the Japanese were attempting to invade Port Moresby until his reconnaissance aircraft actually sighted Japanese ships approaching the Louisiades and New Guinea in the first week of May. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9.
The B-17s were from the 40th Reconnaissance Squadron. D'Albas 1965, p. 97; Dull 1978, p. 130; Gillison 1962, p. 519; Hoyt 2003, p. 35; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 155–157; Millot 1974, p. 55; Morison 1949, pp. 31–32; Salecker 2001, p. 179. Three B-17s from Port Moresby attacked Gotō's ships at 10:30 (Dull and Lundstrom, 2006). Gotō's ships were stationed about 90 nmi (100 mi; 170 km) northeast of Deboyne (D'Albas) to screen the left flank of Abe's and Kajioka's ships. Hackett ("IJN Furutaka") states four B-17s attacked Gotō's cruisers as they refueled at the Shortlands, causing no damage. Shōhō provided a combat air patrol over the invasion convoy until sundown (Morison, p. 32). The B-17s were from the 19th Bombardment Group (Morison, p. 31). Crave & Cate (1947, p. 448) and Gillison (1962, p. 523) state MacArthur's reconnaissance B-17s and B-25s from the 90th Bombardment Squadron provided Fletcher with sightings of the Japanese invasion forces, including Gotō's, on 4–5 May but the U.S. Navy, for unexplained reasons, has no record of having received these sighting reports. Gillison states that an RAAF reconnaissance PBY, commanded by Squadron Leader G. E. Hemsworth, was lost to enemy action near the Louisiades on 6 May. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
ONI 1943, p. 19; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 205–206; Hoyt 2003, pp. 38–50, 71, 218, 221; Cressman 2000, p. 95; Hoehling 1971, p. 43; Millot 1974, pp. 60–62, 71; Dull 1978, pp. 130–131; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 164–167; Morison 1949, pp. 34–35. Several sources, including Hoyt, Millot, and Morison state that Neosho was attacked first by one, then three or more horizontal bombers around 09:05 before the main Japanese strike. Several Japanese torpedo aircraft dropped target designators near the oiler while the main strike force approached (Lundstrom 2006, p. 167). The dive bomber which crashed into Neosho was piloted by Petty Officer Second Class Shigeo Ishizuka with Petty Officer Third Class Masayoshi Kawazoe as the rear gunner/observer (Werneth, p. 66). Both were killed. Sixteen survivors from Sims were taken aboard Neosho, but one died soon after and another died after rescue four days later. The captain of Sims, Willford Hyman, was killed in the attack. One of Neosho's crewmen, Oscar V. Peterson, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his efforts to save the ship in spite of severe and ultimately fatal injuries suffered during the attack. At the time of the attack, Neosho's crew numbered 288 officers and men. Twenty are known to have died in the attack. A post-attack muster counted 110 personnel. The remaining 158 crewmen (including four officers) panicked and abandoned ship during or shortly after the attack. Of the men who abandoned ship, only four were eventually recovered; the rest died or vanished (ONI, pp. 48–53; Phillips, Hoyt, p. 130 & 192–193; Morison, pp. 35–37). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Chart of bomb and torpedo hits on ShōhōBrown 1990, p. 62; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 198–206; Hoyt 2003, pp. 55–61; Tully 1999a; Cressman 2000, pp. 96–98; Millot 1974, pp. 69–71; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 168–169; Hata & Izawa 1975, p. 59; Morison 1949, pp. 41–42; Willmott 2002, p. 43; U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) 1946, p. 57. Two of the downed SBD crews, one each from Lexington and Yorktown, were rescued. The lost pilot was VS-2's executive officer, Edward H. Allen. Dixon's phrase was quoted by Chicago Tribunewar correspondent Stanley Johnston in a June 1942 article and subsequently requoted in most accounts of the Pacific War. Lexington's commanding officer, Captain Frederick C. Sherman, credited Dixon, commanding officer of squadron VS-2, with coining the word "flattop" which became standard slang for an aircraft carrier. Of the 203 Shōhō crewmen rescued, 72 were wounded. Shōhō's captain, Izawa Ishinosuke, survived. Sazanami was Shōhō's plane guard destroyer. One Zero and two Type 96 fighters were shot down during the attack. The remaining three Zeros ditched at Deboyne. One of these was flown by Kenjiro Nōtomi, commander of Shōhō's fighter group (Lundstrom). Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Tully, Anthony P. (1999a). "IJN Shoho: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. "Chapter 4: The Battle of the Coral Sea". United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) (Report). The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Naval Analysis Division. 1946. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via HyperWar Foundation.
ONI 1943, p. 17; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 206–207; Hoyt 2003, p. 61; Cressman 2000, pp. 96–97; Millot 1974, pp. 71–72; Lundstrom 2006, p. 170. U.S. intelligence personnel at Pearl Harbor and with TF17 believed that Japanese carriers Kaga and Kasuga Maru (Taiyō) might also be involved with the MO operation (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 196–197). According to Prados 1995, p. 309, the Japanese carriers' aircraft homing signals were detected by Yorktown's radio intelligence unit, led by Lieutenant Forrest R. Baird. Baird later stated that he pinpointed the location of Takagi's carriers, but Fletcher disbelieved the intelligence after learning that Lexington's unit, led by Lieutenant Commander Ransom Fullinwider, had not detected the homing signals (Prados). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 219–220; Cressman 2000, p. 101; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 180–182. Fletcher contemplated launching a carrier nocturnal attack or sending his cruisers and destroyers after Takagi's ships during the night, but decided it would be better to preserve his forces for battle the next day (ONI 1943, p. 19; Cressman, p. 101 and Lundstrom 2006, pp. 179–180). During the night, three Japanese Type 97 aircraft armed with torpedoes hunted Crace but failed to locate him (Lundstrom 2006, p. 182). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation.
Damage to Lexington 5-inch (127.0 mm) gun galleryONI 1943, pp. 55–56; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 254–259; Hoyt 2003, pp. 98–103, 117–122; Cressman 2000, pp. 110–114: Hoehling 1971, pp. 81–95, 110–116; Millot 1974, pp. 97–98; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 189–191; D'Albas 1965, p. 107. The four Lexington Wildcats were from VF-2 Squadron's 3rd Division under Lieutenant Fred Borries, Jr. The two Yorktown Wildcats were piloted by Vincent F. McCormack and Walter A. Haas from VF-42's 3rd Division. After losing their leader over Lexington, the last two Shōkaku dive bombers switched to attack Yorktown at the last minute. One of these was shot down by Albert O. Vorse (Lundstrom 2006, p. 191). Hoyt states that the bomb hit on Yorktown seriously wounded 26 men, several of whom (Hoyt does not specify the exact number) died later from their injuries. One of those killed by the bomb hit on Yorktown was Milton Ernest Ricketts. Three of Yorktown's boilers were shut down due to a flareback, but were back on line within 30 minutes (Cressman, p. 113). One bomb that hit Lexington wiped out a battery of United States Marine Corps anti-aircraft machine guns, killing six men (Hoehling, p. 82). Another did heavy damage to a 5-inch (127.0 mm) gun battery and wiped out its entire crew (Hoehling, pp. 90–92, see image at right, Lundstrom 2006, p. 191). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X.
ONI 1943, p. 39; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 274–277; Cressman 2000, p. 116; Hoyt 2003, p. 133; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193–196; Spector 1985, p. 162. Fletcher initially proposed sending the damaged Lexington to port for repairs and transferring that ship's aircraft to Yorktown to continue the battle, but Fitch's 14:22 message changed his mind. Separate U.S. aircraft, both carrier and land-based, had apparently sighted Zuikaku twice but were unaware that this was the same carrier (Hoyt, p. 133). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Spector, Ronald H. (1985). Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan. New York: The Free Press. ISBN0-02-930360-5.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 273–282; Cressman 2000, p. 117; Hoehling 1971, pp. 121–197; Hoyt 2003, pp. 134–150, 153–168; Millot 1974, pp. 99–103; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193, 196–199; Morison 1949, pp. 57–60; Crave & Cate 1947, pp. 449–450; Gillison 1962, p. 519. As the fires raged on Lexington, several of her aircrews requested to fly their aircraft to Yorktown, but Sherman refused (Lundstrom 2006, p. 560). The names of those killed from Lexington's crew, including from the air squadrons, are recorded in Hoehling 1971, pp. 201–205. One of those killed was Howard R. Healy. Hoyt, Millot, and Morison give the coordinates of the sinking as 15°12′S155°27′E / 15.200°S 155.450°E / -15.200; 155.450. Assisting Lexington during her travails were Minneapolis, New Orleans, Phelps, Morris, Hammann, and Anderson. Portland, Morris, and Phelps were the last to leave Lexington's final location (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 197, 204). Gillison (p. 519) states that eight B-26 bombers from Townsville sortied to attack Inoue's forces but were unable to locate the Japanese ships. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5.
ONI 1943, p. 52; Millot 1974, p. 108; Morison 1949, pp. 35–37. The PBY was from Tangier's air group. The U.S. destroyer Helm recovered four more Neosho crewmen from a drifting raft (Morison coords: 15°25′S154°56′E / 15.417°S 154.933°E / -15.417; 154.933; ONI coords: 15°16′S155°07′E / 15.267°S 155.117°E / -15.267; 155.117) on 14 May, the sole survivors of the group which abandoned ship in panic on 7 May (ONI, p. 53; Millot 1974, p. 108; and Morison, p. 36). Hoyt incorrectly says that it was U.S. destroyer Phelps who recovered the final four survivors (Hoyt (2003, pp. 192–193)). Two more Neosho crewmembers died on 13 May aboard Henley from their injuries (Hoyt) and one of the four rescued from the ocean by Helm died soon after rescue (Morison, p. 36). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4.
Salecker 2001, pp. 179–180; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 193–196; Hoyt 2003, pp. 53–54; Cressman 2000, pp. 95–96; Millot 1974, pp. 66–69; Dull 1978, pp. 131–132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 165–167; Henry 2003, p. 54; Morison 1949, pp. 40–41. Lundstrom says the B-17 sighting was 30 mi (30 mi; 48 km) from the cruisers but Cressman says 60 nmi (69 mi; 110 km). USACMH Vol. I (1994, p. 47) states that 10 B-17s were involved. At 11:00, TF17's combat air patrol (CAP) shot down a Kawanishi Type 97 from Tulagi (Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 196–197, Lundstrom 2006, p. 168). Ten F4Fs, 28 SBDs, and 12 TBDs were from Lexington and eight F4F, 25 SBD, and 10 TBD were from Yorktown (Cressman and Lundstrom 2006). The Kinugasa floatplane reported the launch of the U.S. strike force (Lundstrom 2006, p. 167). The three B-17s, after making their sighting report, bombed the Kamikawa Maru at Deboyne but caused only minor damage (Lundstrom 2006, p. 166). Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific (Report). Reports of General MacArthur. Vol. I (Facsimile Reprint ed.). United States Army Center of Military History (USACMH). 1994 [1966]. LCCN66-60005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
Parker 2017, pp. 18–21; Willmott 2002, pp. 21–22; Parshall & Tully 2005, p. 60. For unknown reasons, the IJN postponed making their scheduled change of the Ro code from 1 April to 1 to 27 May 1942 (Willmott 2002, pp. 21–22; Lundstrom 2006, p. 119). The U.S. operated Fleet Radio Units in Washington, D.C., Pearl Harbor and, with the Australians, at Melbourne (Prados 1995, pp. 300–303). Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0.
Parker 2017, pp. 21–22; Prados 1995, pp. 302–303; Hoyt 2003, p. 7; Willmott 2002, pp. 22–25; Lundstrom 2005b, p. 167; Cressman 2000, p. 83; Millot 1974, pp. 31–32; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 121–122, 125, 128–129; Henry 2003, pp. 14–15; Holmes 1979, pp. 69–72; Morison 1949, pp. 11–13; Parshall & Tully 2005, pp. 60–61; Crave & Cate 1947, p. 447. The British radio interception station was at Colombo on Ceylon (Lundstrom). The U.S. mistakenly believed (in part due to erroneous transliteration of the characters of her name) that Shōhō was a previously unknown fleet carrier, Ryūkaku, with 84 aircraft (Holmes 1979, p. 70). A Japanese prisoner captured at the Battle of Midway informed the U.S. of the correct reading of the carrier's kanji and identified her as actually a light carrier (Lundstrom and Morison, p. 11). The Japanese apparently had not developed cipher codes for several of the islands in the Louisiade Archipelago and thus transmitted the island names in Katakana in the clear, making it easier for the U.S. to decipher the meaning of the messages (Holmes, p. 65). According to Parker (p. 21), MacArthur refused to believe the radio intelligence forecasts of the MO operation and did not acknowledge that the Japanese were attempting to invade Port Moresby until his reconnaissance aircraft actually sighted Japanese ships approaching the Louisiades and New Guinea in the first week of May. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 221–222; Hoyt 2003, p. 75; Cressman 2000, p. 103; Woolridge 1993, p. 48; Millot 1974, pp. 82–83, 87; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 181–184. Twelve SBDs were assigned to the northern search area where the Japanese carriers were expected to be. The six SBDs assigned to the southern sector were to fly out only 125 nautical miles (232 km) and then assume close-in anti-submarine patrol duty upon their return to TF17. At this time operational aircraft strength for TF17 was 117, including 31 fighters, 65 dive bombers, and 21 torpedo planes (Lundstrom 2006, p. 183) Eight SBDs were assigned as close-in anti-submarine patrol, and 16 fighters, eight from each ship, to the CAP (Lundstrom 2006, p. 183). Around 01:10, Fletcher detached the destroyer Monaghan to try to find out what happened to Neosho. Monaghan searched throughout the day, but, basing her search on the erroneous coordinates in the tanker's last message, was unable to locate her and returned to TF17 that evening. While separated from TF17, Monaghan sent several messages to Nimitz and MacArthur, to allow TF17 to maintain radio silence (Cressman, p. 103; Hoyt 2003, p. 127; Lundstrom 2006, p. 181). Fitch was not actually notified by Fletcher he was in tactical control of the carriers until 09:08 (Lundstrom 2006, p. 186). According to Parker (2017, pp. 26–27), Fletcher was informed early on 8 May his Fleet Radio Unit located Japanese carriers northeast of his position. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Woolridge, E. T., ed. (1993). Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. John B. Connally (Forward). Washington D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1-56098-264-0. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
Macintyre, Donald (September 1967). "Shipborne Radar". Proceedings. Vol. 93, no. 9. United States Naval Institute. p. 73. Retrieved 20 March 2021. Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 245–246; Hoyt 2003, p. 92; Cressman 2000, pp. 107–108; Millot 1974, pp. 93–94; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 188–189. Five of the Wildcats were from Lexington and four were from Yorktown. The Wildcats were at altitudes between 2,500 and 8,000 ft (760 and 2,440 m) when the Japanese aircraft, stacked between 10,000 and 13,000 ft (3,000 and 4,000 m), flew by. Kanno paused during his return to Shōkaku to lead the Japanese strike formation to within 35 nmi (40 mi; 65 km) of the U.S. carriers even though he was low on fuel. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2.
Parker 2017, pp. 18–21; Willmott 2002, pp. 21–22; Parshall & Tully 2005, p. 60. For unknown reasons, the IJN postponed making their scheduled change of the Ro code from 1 April to 1 to 27 May 1942 (Willmott 2002, pp. 21–22; Lundstrom 2006, p. 119). The U.S. operated Fleet Radio Units in Washington, D.C., Pearl Harbor and, with the Australians, at Melbourne (Prados 1995, pp. 300–303). Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0.
Parker 2017, pp. 21–22; Prados 1995, pp. 302–303; Hoyt 2003, p. 7; Willmott 2002, pp. 22–25; Lundstrom 2005b, p. 167; Cressman 2000, p. 83; Millot 1974, pp. 31–32; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 121–122, 125, 128–129; Henry 2003, pp. 14–15; Holmes 1979, pp. 69–72; Morison 1949, pp. 11–13; Parshall & Tully 2005, pp. 60–61; Crave & Cate 1947, p. 447. The British radio interception station was at Colombo on Ceylon (Lundstrom). The U.S. mistakenly believed (in part due to erroneous transliteration of the characters of her name) that Shōhō was a previously unknown fleet carrier, Ryūkaku, with 84 aircraft (Holmes 1979, p. 70). A Japanese prisoner captured at the Battle of Midway informed the U.S. of the correct reading of the carrier's kanji and identified her as actually a light carrier (Lundstrom and Morison, p. 11). The Japanese apparently had not developed cipher codes for several of the islands in the Louisiade Archipelago and thus transmitted the island names in Katakana in the clear, making it easier for the U.S. to decipher the meaning of the messages (Holmes, p. 65). According to Parker (p. 21), MacArthur refused to believe the radio intelligence forecasts of the MO operation and did not acknowledge that the Japanese were attempting to invade Port Moresby until his reconnaissance aircraft actually sighted Japanese ships approaching the Louisiades and New Guinea in the first week of May. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9.
Lundstrom 2006, pp. 146–149; Brown 1990, p. 62; Hoyt 2003, pp. 21–31; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 168–178; Jersey 2008, p. 63; Cressman 2000, pp. 87–94; Millot 1974, pp. 45–51; Dull 1978, pp. 127–128; Morison 1949, pp. 25–28; Nevitt 1998; Hackett et al. 2007. Yorktown's operational aircraft for this day's action consisted of 18 F4F-3 Wildcat fighters, 30 SBD-3 dive bombers, and 12 TBD-1 torpedo planes (Lundstrom and Cressman). Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Jersey, Stanley Coleman (2008). Hell's Islands: The Untold Story of Guadalcanal. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN978-1-58544-616-2. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Nevitt, Allyn (1998). "IJN Kikuzuki: Tabular Record of Movement". Long Lancers. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009. Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Alsleben, Allan; Cundall, Peter (2007). "IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru: Tabular Record of Movement". Tokusetsu Suijoki-Bokan!. Combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
Lundstrom 2006, p. 147; D'Albas 1965, p. 96. U.S. Army and RAAF aircraft sighted Gotō's ships several times during 4 May. Gillison (1962, p. 518) states that an RAAF PBY, commanded by Flying Officer Nomran, which was shadowing Gotō, reported that it was under attack and disappeared. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
The B-17s were from the 40th Reconnaissance Squadron. D'Albas 1965, p. 97; Dull 1978, p. 130; Gillison 1962, p. 519; Hoyt 2003, p. 35; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 155–157; Millot 1974, p. 55; Morison 1949, pp. 31–32; Salecker 2001, p. 179. Three B-17s from Port Moresby attacked Gotō's ships at 10:30 (Dull and Lundstrom, 2006). Gotō's ships were stationed about 90 nmi (100 mi; 170 km) northeast of Deboyne (D'Albas) to screen the left flank of Abe's and Kajioka's ships. Hackett ("IJN Furutaka") states four B-17s attacked Gotō's cruisers as they refueled at the Shortlands, causing no damage. Shōhō provided a combat air patrol over the invasion convoy until sundown (Morison, p. 32). The B-17s were from the 19th Bombardment Group (Morison, p. 31). Crave & Cate (1947, p. 448) and Gillison (1962, p. 523) state MacArthur's reconnaissance B-17s and B-25s from the 90th Bombardment Squadron provided Fletcher with sightings of the Japanese invasion forces, including Gotō's, on 4–5 May but the U.S. Navy, for unexplained reasons, has no record of having received these sighting reports. Gillison states that an RAAF reconnaissance PBY, commanded by Squadron Leader G. E. Hemsworth, was lost to enemy action near the Louisiades on 6 May. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Salecker 2001, pp. 179–180; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 193–196; Hoyt 2003, pp. 53–54; Cressman 2000, pp. 95–96; Millot 1974, pp. 66–69; Dull 1978, pp. 131–132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 165–167; Henry 2003, p. 54; Morison 1949, pp. 40–41. Lundstrom says the B-17 sighting was 30 mi (30 mi; 48 km) from the cruisers but Cressman says 60 nmi (69 mi; 110 km). USACMH Vol. I (1994, p. 47) states that 10 B-17s were involved. At 11:00, TF17's combat air patrol (CAP) shot down a Kawanishi Type 97 from Tulagi (Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 196–197, Lundstrom 2006, p. 168). Ten F4Fs, 28 SBDs, and 12 TBDs were from Lexington and eight F4F, 25 SBD, and 10 TBD were from Yorktown (Cressman and Lundstrom 2006). The Kinugasa floatplane reported the launch of the U.S. strike force (Lundstrom 2006, p. 167). The three B-17s, after making their sighting report, bombed the Kamikawa Maru at Deboyne but caused only minor damage (Lundstrom 2006, p. 166). Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific (Report). Reports of General MacArthur. Vol. I (Facsimile Reprint ed.). United States Army Center of Military History (USACMH). 1994 [1966]. LCCN66-60005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
ONI 1943, p. 19; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 205–206; Hoyt 2003, pp. 38–50, 71, 218, 221; Cressman 2000, p. 95; Hoehling 1971, p. 43; Millot 1974, pp. 60–62, 71; Dull 1978, pp. 130–131; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 164–167; Morison 1949, pp. 34–35. Several sources, including Hoyt, Millot, and Morison state that Neosho was attacked first by one, then three or more horizontal bombers around 09:05 before the main Japanese strike. Several Japanese torpedo aircraft dropped target designators near the oiler while the main strike force approached (Lundstrom 2006, p. 167). The dive bomber which crashed into Neosho was piloted by Petty Officer Second Class Shigeo Ishizuka with Petty Officer Third Class Masayoshi Kawazoe as the rear gunner/observer (Werneth, p. 66). Both were killed. Sixteen survivors from Sims were taken aboard Neosho, but one died soon after and another died after rescue four days later. The captain of Sims, Willford Hyman, was killed in the attack. One of Neosho's crewmen, Oscar V. Peterson, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his efforts to save the ship in spite of severe and ultimately fatal injuries suffered during the attack. At the time of the attack, Neosho's crew numbered 288 officers and men. Twenty are known to have died in the attack. A post-attack muster counted 110 personnel. The remaining 158 crewmen (including four officers) panicked and abandoned ship during or shortly after the attack. Of the men who abandoned ship, only four were eventually recovered; the rest died or vanished (ONI, pp. 48–53; Phillips, Hoyt, p. 130 & 192–193; Morison, pp. 35–37). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Chart of bomb and torpedo hits on ShōhōBrown 1990, p. 62; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 198–206; Hoyt 2003, pp. 55–61; Tully 1999a; Cressman 2000, pp. 96–98; Millot 1974, pp. 69–71; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 168–169; Hata & Izawa 1975, p. 59; Morison 1949, pp. 41–42; Willmott 2002, p. 43; U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) 1946, p. 57. Two of the downed SBD crews, one each from Lexington and Yorktown, were rescued. The lost pilot was VS-2's executive officer, Edward H. Allen. Dixon's phrase was quoted by Chicago Tribunewar correspondent Stanley Johnston in a June 1942 article and subsequently requoted in most accounts of the Pacific War. Lexington's commanding officer, Captain Frederick C. Sherman, credited Dixon, commanding officer of squadron VS-2, with coining the word "flattop" which became standard slang for an aircraft carrier. Of the 203 Shōhō crewmen rescued, 72 were wounded. Shōhō's captain, Izawa Ishinosuke, survived. Sazanami was Shōhō's plane guard destroyer. One Zero and two Type 96 fighters were shot down during the attack. The remaining three Zeros ditched at Deboyne. One of these was flown by Kenjiro Nōtomi, commander of Shōhō's fighter group (Lundstrom). Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-914-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Tully, Anthony P. (1999a). "IJN Shoho: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho (1975). Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II. Don Cyril Gorham (translator) (1989 translated ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-315-6. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. "Chapter 4: The Battle of the Coral Sea". United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) (Report). The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Naval Analysis Division. 1946. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via HyperWar Foundation.
ONI 1943, p. 17; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 206–207; Hoyt 2003, p. 61; Cressman 2000, pp. 96–97; Millot 1974, pp. 71–72; Lundstrom 2006, p. 170. U.S. intelligence personnel at Pearl Harbor and with TF17 believed that Japanese carriers Kaga and Kasuga Maru (Taiyō) might also be involved with the MO operation (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 196–197). According to Prados 1995, p. 309, the Japanese carriers' aircraft homing signals were detected by Yorktown's radio intelligence unit, led by Lieutenant Forrest R. Baird. Baird later stated that he pinpointed the location of Takagi's carriers, but Fletcher disbelieved the intelligence after learning that Lexington's unit, led by Lieutenant Commander Ransom Fullinwider, had not detected the homing signals (Prados). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0.
Salecker 2001, pp. 180–181; Gill 1968, pp. 49–50; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 208–209; Hoyt 2003, pp. 66–69; Tagaya 2001, pp. 40–41; Millot 1974, pp. 63–66; Pelvin 2017; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 159, 171–174; Morison 1949, pp. 38–39. The Type 1s, armed with Type 91 torpedoes, were from the IJN's 4th Air Group (4th Kōkūtai) and launched from Vunakanau airfield, Rabaul, at 09:15 escorted by 11 Zeros from the Tainan Air Group based at Lae, New Guinea (Lundstrom 2006, p. 171). Perhaps low on fuel, the Zeros turned back to Lae shortly before the bombers attacked Crace's ships. The Type 96s, each armed with a pair of 250 kg (550 lb) bombs, were from the IJN's Genzan Air Group and were originally assigned to bomb Port Moresby. All were operating as part of the 25th Air Flotilla under the command of Sadayoshi Yamada at Rabaul (Millot). One of the destroyed Type 1s was commanded by the formation leader, Lieutenant Kuniharu Kobayashi, who was killed. In addition to the four shot down at sea, one Type 1 crash-landed at Lae with serious damage and another ditched in the water at Deboyne with one dead crewman (Tagaya). Two crewmen in Chicago were killed and five wounded in the Japanese air attack (Hoyt, p. 68). According to Hoyt (p. 69) and Morison (pp. 20 & 39), MacArthur's air commander, Lieutenant General George Brett, later flatly denied any of his B-17s could have attacked Crace and prohibited further discussion of the incident. Millot and Gill incorrectly state the bombers were B-26s from the 19th Bomb Group based at Townsville, Australia. The three B-17s were led by Captain John A. Roberts (Lundstrom 2006, p. 172). Gillison (1962, p. 520) states MacArthur's fliers were not informed until after the battle was over that Allied warships were operating in the Coral Sea area. Salecker states that the B-17s attacked because they misidentified the Japanese bombers as U.S. B-25 or B-26 bombers. One of the three B-17s ran out of fuel on its return to base and was destroyed in the resulting crash, but the crew bailed-out and survived (Salecker, p. 181). Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN1-58097-049-4. Gill, G. Hermon (1968). Volume II – Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 2: Navy. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 20 November 2006. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Tagaya, Osamu (2001). Mitsubishi Type 1 Rikko 'Betty' Units of World War 2. New York: Osprey. ISBN978-1-84176-082-7. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Pelvin, Ric (25 May 2017). "Battle of the Coral Sea, 4–8 May 1942". Australian War Memorial Encyclopedia. Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2020. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 219–220; Cressman 2000, p. 101; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 180–182. Fletcher contemplated launching a carrier nocturnal attack or sending his cruisers and destroyers after Takagi's ships during the night, but decided it would be better to preserve his forces for battle the next day (ONI 1943, p. 19; Cressman, p. 101 and Lundstrom 2006, pp. 179–180). During the night, three Japanese Type 97 aircraft armed with torpedoes hunted Crace but failed to locate him (Lundstrom 2006, p. 182). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 221–222; Hoyt 2003, p. 75; Cressman 2000, p. 103; Woolridge 1993, p. 48; Millot 1974, pp. 82–83, 87; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 181–184. Twelve SBDs were assigned to the northern search area where the Japanese carriers were expected to be. The six SBDs assigned to the southern sector were to fly out only 125 nautical miles (232 km) and then assume close-in anti-submarine patrol duty upon their return to TF17. At this time operational aircraft strength for TF17 was 117, including 31 fighters, 65 dive bombers, and 21 torpedo planes (Lundstrom 2006, p. 183) Eight SBDs were assigned as close-in anti-submarine patrol, and 16 fighters, eight from each ship, to the CAP (Lundstrom 2006, p. 183). Around 01:10, Fletcher detached the destroyer Monaghan to try to find out what happened to Neosho. Monaghan searched throughout the day, but, basing her search on the erroneous coordinates in the tanker's last message, was unable to locate her and returned to TF17 that evening. While separated from TF17, Monaghan sent several messages to Nimitz and MacArthur, to allow TF17 to maintain radio silence (Cressman, p. 103; Hoyt 2003, p. 127; Lundstrom 2006, p. 181). Fitch was not actually notified by Fletcher he was in tactical control of the carriers until 09:08 (Lundstrom 2006, p. 186). According to Parker (2017, pp. 26–27), Fletcher was informed early on 8 May his Fleet Radio Unit located Japanese carriers northeast of his position. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Woolridge, E. T., ed. (1993). Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. John B. Connally (Forward). Washington D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1-56098-264-0. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 242–243; Hoyt 2003, p. 86; Cressman 2000, p. 106; Millot 1974, pp. 91–92; Parshall, p. 63; Dull 1978, p. 133; Lundstrom 2006, p. 195; Tully 1999b (Tully reports only 40 wounded). Shōkaku's total losses were 108 killed and 114 wounded. The Japanese CAP fighter pilots claimed to have shot down 39 U.S. aircraft during the attack, at a cost of two Zeros destroyed and two damaged. Actual U.S. losses in the attack were two SBDs (from Yorktown) and three Wildcats (from Lexington). More U.S. aircraft were lost during the subsequent return to their carriers. The destroyers which accompanied Shōkaku's retirement were Ushio and Yūgure (Tully). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Tully, Anthony P. (1999b). "IJN Shokaku: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
Damage to Lexington 5-inch (127.0 mm) gun galleryONI 1943, pp. 55–56; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 254–259; Hoyt 2003, pp. 98–103, 117–122; Cressman 2000, pp. 110–114: Hoehling 1971, pp. 81–95, 110–116; Millot 1974, pp. 97–98; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 189–191; D'Albas 1965, p. 107. The four Lexington Wildcats were from VF-2 Squadron's 3rd Division under Lieutenant Fred Borries, Jr. The two Yorktown Wildcats were piloted by Vincent F. McCormack and Walter A. Haas from VF-42's 3rd Division. After losing their leader over Lexington, the last two Shōkaku dive bombers switched to attack Yorktown at the last minute. One of these was shot down by Albert O. Vorse (Lundstrom 2006, p. 191). Hoyt states that the bomb hit on Yorktown seriously wounded 26 men, several of whom (Hoyt does not specify the exact number) died later from their injuries. One of those killed by the bomb hit on Yorktown was Milton Ernest Ricketts. Three of Yorktown's boilers were shut down due to a flareback, but were back on line within 30 minutes (Cressman, p. 113). One bomb that hit Lexington wiped out a battery of United States Marine Corps anti-aircraft machine guns, killing six men (Hoehling, p. 82). Another did heavy damage to a 5-inch (127.0 mm) gun battery and wiped out its entire crew (Hoehling, pp. 90–92, see image at right, Lundstrom 2006, p. 191). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X.
ONI 1943, p. 39; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 274–277; Cressman 2000, p. 116; Hoyt 2003, p. 133; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193–196; Spector 1985, p. 162. Fletcher initially proposed sending the damaged Lexington to port for repairs and transferring that ship's aircraft to Yorktown to continue the battle, but Fitch's 14:22 message changed his mind. Separate U.S. aircraft, both carrier and land-based, had apparently sighted Zuikaku twice but were unaware that this was the same carrier (Hoyt, p. 133). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Spector, Ronald H. (1985). Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan. New York: The Free Press. ISBN0-02-930360-5.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 273–282; Cressman 2000, p. 117; Hoehling 1971, pp. 121–197; Hoyt 2003, pp. 134–150, 153–168; Millot 1974, pp. 99–103; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 193, 196–199; Morison 1949, pp. 57–60; Crave & Cate 1947, pp. 449–450; Gillison 1962, p. 519. As the fires raged on Lexington, several of her aircrews requested to fly their aircraft to Yorktown, but Sherman refused (Lundstrom 2006, p. 560). The names of those killed from Lexington's crew, including from the air squadrons, are recorded in Hoehling 1971, pp. 201–205. One of those killed was Howard R. Healy. Hoyt, Millot, and Morison give the coordinates of the sinking as 15°12′S155°27′E / 15.200°S 155.450°E / -15.200; 155.450. Assisting Lexington during her travails were Minneapolis, New Orleans, Phelps, Morris, Hammann, and Anderson. Portland, Morris, and Phelps were the last to leave Lexington's final location (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 197, 204). Gillison (p. 519) states that eight B-26 bombers from Townsville sortied to attack Inoue's forces but were unable to locate the Japanese ships. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009. Hoehling, A. A. (1971). The Lexington Goes Down. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN0-13-535252-5.
Gill 1968, p. 53; Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 283–284; Millot 1974, p. 105; Cressman 2000, pp. 117–118; Hoyt 2003, pp. 170–173; Pelvin 2017. On 9 May, Yorktown counted 35 operational aircraft: 15 fighters, 16 dive bombers, and seven torpedo planes (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 200, 204). Fletcher stationed Russell and Aylwin 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km) astern as radar pickets to warn of any Japanese pursuit (Lundstrom 2006, p. 204). On 9 May, a Yorktown SBD on scout patrol sighted what it thought was a Japanese carrier 175 nmi (201 mi; 324 km) from TF17. Yorktown dispatched a strike force of four SBDs, which could not locate the target. It was later determined the scout probably sighted the Lihou Reef and Cays (Lundstrom 2006, pp. 205–6). Fourteen U.S. Army B-17s from Townsville also responded to the erroneous report. During the false alarm, an SBD crashed in the sea; the crew was rescued. On 11 May, Fletcher dispatched cruisers Minneapolis, New Orleans, and Astoria with three destroyers under Kinkaid to rendezvous with Halsey's TF16 near Efate after a brief stop at Nouméa (Lundstrom 2006, p. 205). Gillison (1962, p. 527) reports that Japanese float fighters from Deboyne attacked and seriously damaged an RAAF reconnaissance PBY, from 11th Squadron, commanded by Flying Officer Miller, on 9 May. Gill, G. Hermon (1968). Volume II – Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 2: Navy. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 20 November 2006. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Pelvin, Ric (25 May 2017). "Battle of the Coral Sea, 4–8 May 1942". Australian War Memorial Encyclopedia. Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2020. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 284–290; Millot 1974, pp. 106–107; Cressman 2000, p. 118; Hoyt 2003, p. 171; Dull 1978, p. 134; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 200, 206–207; Chihaya 1991, pp. 124–125. The invasion convoy returned to Rabaul on 10 May. Takagi intended to complete the delivery of the Tainan Zeros to Rabaul and then provide air support for the RY operation before Yamamoto ordered the ship back to Japan. After further repairs to battle-damaged aircraft, on 9 May Zuikaku counted 24 fighters, 13 dive bombers, and eight torpedo planes operational. Takagi's scout aircraft sighted the drifting Neosho on 10 May, but Takagi decided the tanker was not worth another strike (Lundstrom 2006, p. 207). Takagi completed delivery of the Zeros to Rabaul after turning back on 10 May. Matome Ugaki, Yamamoto's chief of staff, stated that he initiated and sent the order in Yamamoto's name to Takagi to pursue the Allied ships (Chihaya, p. 124). Four U.S. Army B-25 bombers attacked Japanese floatplanes moored at Deboyne on 10 May, but apparently caused no damage. The bombers did not see Kamikawa Maru present (Gillison 1962, p. 527). Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Chihaya, Masataka (1991). Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (eds.). Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941–1945. Gordon W. Prange (foreword) (English trans. ed.). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN0-8229-3665-8. Gillison, Douglas (1962). "Chapter 26 – Coral Sea and Midway". Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 3: Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
ONI 1943, p. 52; Millot 1974, p. 108; Morison 1949, pp. 35–37. The PBY was from Tangier's air group. The U.S. destroyer Helm recovered four more Neosho crewmen from a drifting raft (Morison coords: 15°25′S154°56′E / 15.417°S 154.933°E / -15.417; 154.933; ONI coords: 15°16′S155°07′E / 15.267°S 155.117°E / -15.267; 155.117) on 14 May, the sole survivors of the group which abandoned ship in panic on 7 May (ONI, p. 53; Millot 1974, p. 108; and Morison, p. 36). Hoyt incorrectly says that it was U.S. destroyer Phelps who recovered the final four survivors (Hoyt (2003, pp. 192–193)). Two more Neosho crewmembers died on 13 May aboard Henley from their injuries (Hoyt) and one of the four rescued from the ocean by Helm died soon after rescue (Morison, p. 36). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Combat Narrative (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy. 1943. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006 – via HyperWar Foundation. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4.
Parker 2017, pp. 18–21; Willmott 2002, pp. 21–22; Parshall & Tully 2005, p. 60. For unknown reasons, the IJN postponed making their scheduled change of the Ro code from 1 April to 1 to 27 May 1942 (Willmott 2002, pp. 21–22; Lundstrom 2006, p. 119). The U.S. operated Fleet Radio Units in Washington, D.C., Pearl Harbor and, with the Australians, at Melbourne (Prados 1995, pp. 300–303). Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0.
Parker 2017, pp. 21–22; Prados 1995, pp. 302–303; Hoyt 2003, p. 7; Willmott 2002, pp. 22–25; Lundstrom 2005b, p. 167; Cressman 2000, p. 83; Millot 1974, pp. 31–32; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 121–122, 125, 128–129; Henry 2003, pp. 14–15; Holmes 1979, pp. 69–72; Morison 1949, pp. 11–13; Parshall & Tully 2005, pp. 60–61; Crave & Cate 1947, p. 447. The British radio interception station was at Colombo on Ceylon (Lundstrom). The U.S. mistakenly believed (in part due to erroneous transliteration of the characters of her name) that Shōhō was a previously unknown fleet carrier, Ryūkaku, with 84 aircraft (Holmes 1979, p. 70). A Japanese prisoner captured at the Battle of Midway informed the U.S. of the correct reading of the carrier's kanji and identified her as actually a light carrier (Lundstrom and Morison, p. 11). The Japanese apparently had not developed cipher codes for several of the islands in the Louisiade Archipelago and thus transmitted the island names in Katakana in the clear, making it easier for the U.S. to decipher the meaning of the messages (Holmes, p. 65). According to Parker (p. 21), MacArthur refused to believe the radio intelligence forecasts of the MO operation and did not acknowledge that the Japanese were attempting to invade Port Moresby until his reconnaissance aircraft actually sighted Japanese ships approaching the Louisiades and New Guinea in the first week of May. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Prados, John (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. New York: Random House. ISBN0-679-43701-0. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN0-8420-5032-9. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-033-1. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV (reissue 2001 ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06995-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN1-57488-923-0. Crave, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1947). Volume I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington DC: [United States] Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via HyperWar Foundation. Holmes, W. J. (1979). Double-edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Blue Jacket Books/Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-324-9.
Lundstrom 2005b, pp. 221–222; Hoyt 2003, p. 75; Cressman 2000, p. 103; Woolridge 1993, p. 48; Millot 1974, pp. 82–83, 87; Dull 1978, p. 132; Lundstrom 2006, pp. 181–184. Twelve SBDs were assigned to the northern search area where the Japanese carriers were expected to be. The six SBDs assigned to the southern sector were to fly out only 125 nautical miles (232 km) and then assume close-in anti-submarine patrol duty upon their return to TF17. At this time operational aircraft strength for TF17 was 117, including 31 fighters, 65 dive bombers, and 21 torpedo planes (Lundstrom 2006, p. 183) Eight SBDs were assigned as close-in anti-submarine patrol, and 16 fighters, eight from each ship, to the CAP (Lundstrom 2006, p. 183). Around 01:10, Fletcher detached the destroyer Monaghan to try to find out what happened to Neosho. Monaghan searched throughout the day, but, basing her search on the erroneous coordinates in the tanker's last message, was unable to locate her and returned to TF17 that evening. While separated from TF17, Monaghan sent several messages to Nimitz and MacArthur, to allow TF17 to maintain radio silence (Cressman, p. 103; Hoyt 2003, p. 127; Lundstrom 2006, p. 181). Fitch was not actually notified by Fletcher he was in tactical control of the carriers until 09:08 (Lundstrom 2006, p. 186). According to Parker (2017, pp. 26–27), Fletcher was informed early on 8 May his Fleet Radio Unit located Japanese carriers northeast of his position. Lundstrom, John B. (2005b). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-471-X. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Cressman, Robert (2000). That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown (CV-5) (4th printing ed.). Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN0-933126-57-3. Woolridge, E. T., ed. (1993). Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. John B. Connally (Forward). Washington D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1-56098-264-0. Millot, Bernard (1974). The Battle of the Coral Sea. S.V. Whitley (Translator). Great Britain: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-909-X. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-097-1. Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-475-2. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2003) [First published 1975]. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN0-7434-5835-4. Parker, Frederick D. (2017) [First published 1993]. "Part One: The Battle of the Coral Sea". A Priceless Advantage: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians(PDF) (Monograph). Series IV: World War II. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. OCLC1124074152. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
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