Battles of Lexington and Concord (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Battles of Lexington and Concord" in English language version.

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Chidsey, p. 29, estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge. Coburn, pp. 80–81, counts about 300 specifically, plus several uncounted companies. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Chidsey, p. 6. This is the total size of Smith's force. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813.
Coburn, p. 77 and other sources indicate "three companies". Chidsey, p. 28 gives a company size "nominally of 28". Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813.
Chidsey, p. 47, cites all casualty figures except missing-in-action. Coburn, pp. 156–159, cites by town and name the American losses, and by company the British losses, including missing-in-action (from Gage's report). Chidsey, Coburn, and Fischer disagree on some American counts: Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded, Coburn says 42. Fischer, pp. 320–321, also records 50 American killed-in-action, in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn's 49. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fred Anderson, A People's Army, and John Shy, "A New Look at Colonial Militias", pp. 29–41 Anderson, Fred (1984). A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4576-9. Shy, John (1990). A People Numerous & Armed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06431-1.
Moore, p. 62. Moore, Frank (1876). The Diary of the Revolution: A Centennial Volume. Hartford, CT: J.B. Burr Publishing.
Benjamin Quarles, p. 10. Quarles, Benjamin (1996). The Negro in the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4603-1.
French, p. 219, and Lister, Concord Fight, Being So Much of the Narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th Regiment of Foot. French, Allen (1925). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780598832825. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Lister, Jeremy (1931). Concord fight, being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April, 1775, and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

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[2] American Battlefield Trust "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed May 22, 2018.

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Hafner discusses this incident in detail, noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts. Hafner, Donald L. (2006). "The First Blood Shed in the Revolution". Boston College. Retrieved March 31, 2015.

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The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate. Coburn, pp. 165–167, identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter, but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress. Fischer, pp. 183, 400, cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia, but notes that Sylvanus Wood, in an account taken 50 years later, recalled only counting 38 militia. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Chidsey, p. 29, estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge. Coburn, pp. 80–81, counts about 300 specifically, plus several uncounted companies. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain. Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown, but some also dropped out and returned home. Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day, listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all. But there are no tallies for six of these companies, and some units known to be present during the day (such as the Lincoln militia company) are not included at all. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Coburn, p. 64. This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Coburn, p. 77 and other sources indicate "three companies". Chidsey, p. 28 gives a company size "nominally of 28". Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813.
Coburn, p. 114 gives the size of Percy's force at 1,000. This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength, less casualties. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Chidsey, p. 47, cites all casualty figures except missing-in-action. Coburn, pp. 156–159, cites by town and name the American losses, and by company the British losses, including missing-in-action (from Gage's report). Chidsey, Coburn, and Fischer disagree on some American counts: Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded, Coburn says 42. Fischer, pp. 320–321, also records 50 American killed-in-action, in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn's 49. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
French, pp. 2, 272–273. French, Allen (1925). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780598832825. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, p. 26. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 27. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 30 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 51 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 35, February 6, 1775, p. 99 Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 35. 1775.
Fischer, pp. 75–76 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 89 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 85 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 80–85 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, p. 51 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Tourtellot, pp. 71–72 (colonists have intelligence in late March) & p. 87 (Gage receives instructions April 16) Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Tourtellot, p. 70 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, p. 87. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 96 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 97 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 138–145 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Frothingham, p. 60 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Frothingham, p. 58 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Tourtellot, pp. 105–107 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, pp. 70, 121 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, pp. 109–115 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, pp. 127–128 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Daughan, pp. 235–236 Daughan, George C. (2018). Lexington and Concord: The Battle Heard Round the World. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-24574-5.
Fischer, p. 400 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 158 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 153 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 151. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, A pp. 116–126. Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, pp. 43, 75–86. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Coburn, p. 63 Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Isaiah Thomas deposition Massachusetts Provincial Congress (1775). A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King's Troops. Worcester: Isaiah Thomas.
Tourtellot, p. 123 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, pp. 189–190 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 190–191 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 193 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 402 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 191–194 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 194–195 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer discusses the shot on pp. 193–194, with detailed footnotes on pp. 399–403, in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 198–200 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, p. 152 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Tourtellot, p. 154 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Frothingham, p. 67 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Fischer, p. 215 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer p. 207 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, pp. 155–158. In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition, General Gage had explicitly instructed that "you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants, or hurt private property". Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
French, p. 197 French, Allen (1925). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780598832825. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, p. 208 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 209 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 209–212 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 212 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, pp. 165–166 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, p. 214 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 214–215 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 216 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, pp. 166–168 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn, pp. 7–35. However, as Coburn notes, these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present, because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth-bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80–100 yards (75–90 m), although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance, if it happened by chance to hit a person. There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer-range, more accurate rifles. Dr. Benjamin Church, a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety, informed General Gage in March 1775, that the colonial militiamen "from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods". Even if Church meant yards rather than rods (600 feet versus 3300 feet), it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket, was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage (as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy), or was ridiculing the American militiamen. See Philbrick, p. 92, and French, pp. 57–58. On whether Church was a spy, see French, Chapter V. Philbrick, Nathaniel (2013). Bunker Hill. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02544-2. French, Allen (1925). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780598832825. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) French, Allen (1932). General Gage's Informers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
French, p. 219, and Lister, Concord Fight, Being So Much of the Narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th Regiment of Foot. French, Allen (1925). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780598832825. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Lister, Jeremy (1931). Concord fight, being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April, 1775, and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Fischer, pp. 408–409. Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies and the number of militiamen who were engaged. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 224. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer notes on p. 409, "This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle, an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic. It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service." The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission, submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park, asserted that: "Fittingly, this curving section of the road was soon to be named 'The Bloody Angle'." (p. 47; emphasis added). However, there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19, 1775, nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century. See Boston National Historic Sites Commission, The Lexington-Concord Battle Road: Interim Report. June 16, 1958. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 226–227 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 232. According to one British officer, ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of "too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war. Most were young soldiers who had never been in action and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing. This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence, as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much [firing], they suffered but little from it." Lt. Frederick Mackenzie, 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers, Diary of Frederick Mackenzie, in Allen French, editor, A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston, Cambridge, 1926. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 410–411. Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush—now sometimes referred to as "Parker's Revenge"—took place, whether within Lincoln or Lexington. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Coburn, pp. 106-107 Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Ensign Henry De Berniere, "Report to General Gage on April 19, 1775", quoted in Fischer, pp. 231–232 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 232. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
French, p. 228 French, Allen (1925). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780598832825. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Frothingham, p. 178 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Tourtellot, pp. 184–185 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Tourtellot, p. 185 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, pp. 241–242 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 243–244 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
There are several versions of this story. See French, p. 230, and Samuel Abbot Smith, pp. 27–32. French, Allen (1925). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780598832825. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Smith, Samuel Abbot (1874). West Cambridge 1775. Arlington, MA: Arlington Historical Society.
Fischer, pp. 245–246 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 250–251 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 256 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 258 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, p. 197 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, p. 257 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 258–260 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 261 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Frothingham, pp. 100–101 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Fischer, p. 265 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Tourtellot, p. 203 Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York City: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fischer, pp. 275–276 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 263 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 279 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 280 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 327–328 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, p. 329 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 331–333 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 336–338 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Fischer, pp. 340–342 Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Concord Centennial Celebration Report Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Curtis, George William (1875). Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight, April 19, 1875. Town of Concord. ISBN 9781425514518. OCLC 4363293. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

concordma.com

Ryan, D. Michael (May 1999), "The Concord Fight and a Fearless Isaac Davis", Concord Magazine, OCLC 40411333, archived from the original on August 22, 2006

fold3.com

Journals of the Continental Congress, pp. 26–44. Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. II, May 10–September 20, 1775. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1905.

lexingtonminutemen.com

"Captain Parker's Company of Militia". The Lexington Minute Men. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2018.

loc.gov

memory.loc.gov

Deposition of Elijah Sanderson, April 25, 1775: "I heard one of the Regulars, whom I took to be an officer, say 'damn them, we will have them;' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud, run, and fired on the Lexington Company, which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them." Deposition of Thomas Price Willard, April 23, 1775: "Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body, and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington, and said 'Lay down your arms, damn you; why don't you lay down your arms?'" Deposition of John Robbins, April 25, 1775: "I being in the front rank, there suddenly appeared a number of the King's troops ... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us, huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us, with three officers in their front on horseback, and on full gallop towards us; the foremost of which cried, 'Throw down your arms, ye villains, ye rebels;' upon which said [Lexington] Company dispersing, the foremost of the three officers ordered their men, saying 'Fire, by God, fire;' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them;" Journals of the Continental Congress, May 11, 1775. Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. II, May 10–September 20, 1775. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1905.
Journals of the Continental Congress, pp. 26–44. Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. II, May 10–September 20, 1775. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1905.

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Maine Legal Holidays "Maine Legal Holidays". Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual. Maine Bureau of Human Resources. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.

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Paul Revere, Letter to Jeremy Belknap, January 1798, and Paul Revere, Deposition, April 1775. Revere, Paul (1798). Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January, 1798. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society. Revere, Paul (1775). Deposition of April 1775. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society.
Paul Revere, Letter to Jeremy Belknap, January 1798. Revere, Paul (1798). Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January, 1798. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society.
Paul Revere, Deposition of April 1775. Revere, Paul (1775). Deposition of April 1775. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society.

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"1925 Lexington-Concord Sesquicentennial Half Dollar". American Numismatic Association. Retrieved May 19, 2025.

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http://www.motherbedford.com/Chronology06.htm Chronology06]. Motherbedford.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.

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"Lexington". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved May 18, 2025.

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"Guide to the Reenactments of the Battles of Lexington and Concord (2025)". New England and Beyond. Retrieved May 19, 2025.

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"In Provincial Congress / Concord, March 24, 1775". The Virginia Gazette. Williamsburg, Virginia. April 21, 1775. p. 15.

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Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company Archived August 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

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Martha Moulton deposition Moulton, Martha. "Martha Moulton's testimony and reward, 4 Feb 1776" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2008. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1837). "Emerson's Concord Hymn". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do "Minute Man NHP Things To Do". National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.

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"Lexington Green". National Park Service. Retrieved May 18, 2025.

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The New York Times on Ford's appearance Kifner, John (April 20, 1975). "160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford". The New York Times.

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The American Presidency Project. Ford, Gerald R. (April 19, 1975). "Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2008.

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"Captain Parker's Company of Militia". The Lexington Minute Men. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
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Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1837). "Emerson's Concord Hymn". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
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Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do "Minute Man NHP Things To Do". National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company Archived August 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
Maine Legal Holidays "Maine Legal Holidays". Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual. Maine Bureau of Human Resources. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
Wisconsin School Observance Days "Wisconsin Public School Observance Days". Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
Time, April 25, 1974. "None". Time. April 28, 1975. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
The American Presidency Project. Ford, Gerald R. (April 19, 1975). "Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2008.

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Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the United States Literary Gazette, Vol 1, p. 264, "The Rev. Joseph Thaxter". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016. (Letter by Minuteman at the Battle), Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827, Hodgman, Rev. Edwin. History of the Town of Westford, 1659–1883. Lowell: Morning Mail Co., 1883.

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The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate. Coburn, pp. 165–167, identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter, but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress. Fischer, pp. 183, 400, cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia, but notes that Sylvanus Wood, in an account taken 50 years later, recalled only counting 38 militia. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Chidsey, p. 29, estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge. Coburn, pp. 80–81, counts about 300 specifically, plus several uncounted companies. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain. Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown, but some also dropped out and returned home. Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day, listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all. But there are no tallies for six of these companies, and some units known to be present during the day (such as the Lincoln militia company) are not included at all. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Chidsey, p. 6. This is the total size of Smith's force. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813.
Coburn, p. 64. This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Coburn, p. 77 and other sources indicate "three companies". Chidsey, p. 28 gives a company size "nominally of 28". Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813.
Coburn, p. 114 gives the size of Percy's force at 1,000. This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength, less casualties. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Chidsey, p. 47, cites all casualty figures except missing-in-action. Coburn, pp. 156–159, cites by town and name the American losses, and by company the British losses, including missing-in-action (from Gage's report). Chidsey, Coburn, and Fischer disagree on some American counts: Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded, Coburn says 42. Fischer, pp. 320–321, also records 50 American killed-in-action, in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn's 49. Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
Frothingham, p. 60 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Frothingham, p. 58 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Coburn, p. 63 Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
John Barker's Diary, p. 32 Dana, Elizabeth Ellery (1924). The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King's Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 3235993.
Frothingham, p. 67 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Ryan, D. Michael (May 1999), "The Concord Fight and a Fearless Isaac Davis", Concord Magazine, OCLC 40411333, archived from the original on August 22, 2006
Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn, pp. 7–35. However, as Coburn notes, these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present, because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives. Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Coburn, pp. 106-107 Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
Frothingham, p. 178 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Hurd, p. 181 Hurd, Duane Hamilton (1890). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume 1: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. J. W. Lewis & co. OCLC 2155461.
Frothingham, pp. 100–101 Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
Concord Centennial Celebration Report Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Curtis, George William (1875). Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight, April 19, 1875. Town of Concord. ISBN 9781425514518. OCLC 4363293. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

wvculture.org

archive.wvculture.org

See [1] Archived February 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine