Baumol effect (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Baumol effect" in English language version.

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archivesofthecentury.org

Baumol, William J.; Bowen, William G. (1966). Performing Arts, The Economic Dilemma: A Study of Problems Common to Theater, Opera, Music, and Dance. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 0262520117.

arizona.edu

old.coe.arizona.edu

Rhoades, Gary; Frye, Joanna (April 2015). "College tuition increases and faculty labor costs: A counterintuitive disconnect" (PDF). University of Arizona. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.

bls.gov

Modica, Nathan F.; Chansky, Brian (May 2019). "Productivity trends in the wired and wireless telecommunications industries" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
"Labor Productivity and Costs: Elementary and Secondary Schools". Bureau of Labor Statistics. February 23, 2018. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
"Labor Productivity and Costs: Private Community Hospitals". Bureau of Labor Statistics. June 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.

stats.bls.gov

Urquhart, Michael (April 1984). "The employment shift to services: where did it come from?" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. 107 (4): 15–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2022 – via Bureau of Labor Statistics. Suggested explanations for the faster growth of services employment include changes in the demand for goods and services as a result of rising incomes and relative price movements, slower productivity growth in services, the increasing participation of women in the labor force since World War II, and the growing importance of the public and nonprofit sector in general. But no consensus exists on the relative importance of the above factors in developing an adequate explanation of the sectoral shifts in employment.
Urquhart, Michael (April 1984). "The employment shift to services: where did it come from?" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. 107 (4): 15–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2022.

brookings.edu

Baily, Martin Neil; Bosworth, Barry; Doshi, Siddhi (January 2020). "Productivity comparisons: Lessons from Japan, the United States, and Germany" (PDF). Brookings Institution. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
Sheiner, Louise; Malinovskaya, Anna (May 2016). "Measuring Productivity in Healthcare: An Analysis of the Literature" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
Bosworth, Barry P; Jack E Triplett (September 1, 2003). "Productivity Measurement Issues in Services Industries: "Baumol's Disease" Has been Cured". Brookings Institution.

businessinsider.com

Short, Doug (September 5, 2011). "Charting The Incredible Shift From Manufacturing To Services In America". Insider Inc. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
Hoffower, Hillary (June 26, 2019). "College is more expensive than it's ever been, and the 5 reasons why suggest it's only going to get worse". Insider Inc. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.

cambridgescholars.com

Johnson, J. David (2020). "Administrative Bloat in Higher Education" (PDF). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2022.

core.ac.uk

Renehan, Stewart (August 2015). "Rising Tuition in Higher Education: Should we be Concerned?". Visions for the Liberal Arts. 1 (1) – via CORE.

cpb.nl

Pomp, Marc; Vujić, Sunčica (December 2008). "Rising health spending, new medical technology and the Baumol effect" (PDF). Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.

doi.org

Hartwig, Jochen; Krämer, Hagen M. (December 2023). "Revisiting Baumol's Disease: Structural Change, Productivity Slowdown and Income Inequality". Intereconomics. 58 (6): 320–325. doi:10.2478/ie-2023-0066. hdl:10419/281398.
Feldstein, Martin (July 2008). "Did wages reflect growth in productivity?". Journal of Policy Modeling. 30 (4): 591–594. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2008.04.003.
Brown, Edmund A. (1951). "Review of Le Grand espoir du XXe Siècle: Progrès technique, Progrès Èconomique, Progrès Social.; La Civilisation de 1960., Jean Fourastié". Political Science Quarterly. 66 (4): 603–606. doi:10.2307/2145452. JSTOR 2145452.
Baumol, William J. (2003). "The Cost Disease of the Personal Services". The Encyclopedia of Public Choice. pp. 456–460. doi:10.1007/978-0-306-47828-4_70. ISBN 978-0-7923-8607-0.
Nordhaus, William D (January 27, 2008). "Baumol's Diseases: A Macroeconomic Perspective" (PDF). The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics. 8 (1). doi:10.2202/1935-1690.1382. S2CID 153319511.
Baumol, William J. (1993). "Health care, education and the cost disease: A looming crisis for public choice". The Next Twenty-five Years of Public Choice. pp. 17–28. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3402-8_3. ISBN 978-94-017-3404-2.
Iscan, Talan (January 30, 2010). "How Much Can Engel's Law and Baumol's Disease Explain the Rise of Service Employment in the United States?". The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics. 10 (1). doi:10.2202/1935-1690.2001. S2CID 154824000.
Rowthorn, Robert; Ramaswamy, Ramana (1999). "Growth, Trade, and Deindustrialization". IMF Staff Papers. 46 (1): 18–41. doi:10.2307/3867633. JSTOR 3867633.
Elfring, Tom (July 1989). "The Main Features and Underlying Causes of the Shift to Services". The Service Industries Journal. 9 (3): 337–356. doi:10.1080/02642068900000040.
Dennis, Benjamin N.; İşcan, Talan B. (April 2009). "Engel versus Baumol: Accounting for structural change using two centuries of U.S. data". Explorations in Economic History. 46 (2): 186–202. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2008.11.003.
Oulton, N. (October 2001). "Must the growth rate decline? Baumol's unbalanced growth revisited". Oxford Economic Papers. 53 (4): 605–627. doi:10.1093/oep/53.4.605.
Pugno, Maurizio (January 2006). "The service paradox and endogenous economic growth" (PDF). Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 17 (1): 99–115. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2005.02.003. hdl:11572/43500.
Sasaki, Hiroaki (December 2007). "The rise of service employment and its impact on aggregate productivity growth". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 18 (4): 438–459. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2007.06.003.
Hartwig, Jochen; Krämer, Hagen (December 2019). "The 'Growth Disease' at 50 – Baumol after Oulton". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 51: 463–471. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2019.02.006. hdl:10419/170670. S2CID 115407478.
Archibald, Robert B.; Feldman, David H. (May 2008). "Explaining Increases in Higher Education Costs" (PDF). The Journal of Higher Education. 79 (3): 268–295. doi:10.1080/00221546.2008.11772099. S2CID 158250944.
Nose, Manabu (June 2017). "Estimation of drivers of public education expenditure: Baumol's effect revisited". International Tax and Public Finance. 24 (3): 512–535. doi:10.1007/s10797-016-9410-7. S2CID 155747172.
"Why Tuition Costs Are Rising So Quickly". Challenge. 45 (4): 88–108. July 2002. doi:10.1080/05775132.2002.11034164.
Colombier, Carsten (November 2017). "Drivers of Health-Care Expenditure: What Role Does Baumol's Cost Disease Play?". Social Science Quarterly. 98 (5): 1603–1621. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12384.
Hartwig, Jochen (May 2008). "What drives health care expenditure?—Baumol's model of 'unbalanced growth' revisited". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 603–623. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.05.006. hdl:10419/50843. PMID 18164773. S2CID 219356527. SSRN 910879.
Hartwig, Jochen (January 2011). "Can Baumol's model of unbalanced growth contribute to explaining the secular rise in health care expenditure? An alternative test". Applied Economics. 43 (2): 173–184. doi:10.1080/00036840802400470. hdl:10419/50451. S2CID 154307473.
Bates, Laurie J.; Santerre, Rexford E. (March 2013). "Does the U.S. health care sector suffer from Baumol's cost disease? Evidence from the 50 states". Journal of Health Economics. 32 (2): 386–391. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.12.003. PMID 23348051.
Atanda, Akinwande; Menclova, Andrea Kutinova; Reed, W. Robert (May 2018). "Is health care infected by B aumol's cost disease? Test of a new model". Health Economics. 27 (5): 832–849. doi:10.1002/hec.3641. PMID 29423941. S2CID 46855963.
Wang, Linan; Chen, Yuqian (2021). "Determinants of China's health expenditure growth: based on Baumol's cost disease theory". International Journal for Equity in Health. 20 (1): 213. doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01550-y. PMC 8474747. PMID 34565389. S2CID 233774285.
Rossen, Bradley; Faroque, Akhter (May 2016). "Diagnosing the Causes of Rising Health-Care Expenditure in Canada: Does Baumol's Cost Disease Loom Large?". American Journal of Health Economics. 2 (2): 184–212. doi:10.1162/AJHE_a_00041. S2CID 57569390.
Marino, Alberto; Morgan, David; Lorenzoni, Luca; James, Chris (June 2017). Future trends in health care expenditure: A modelling framework for cross-country forecasts (Report). OECD Health Working Papers. doi:10.1787/247995bb-en. ProQuest 1915769062.

ens.fr

piketty.pse.ens.fr

Baumol, William J. (June 1967). "Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 57 (3): 415–426. JSTOR 1812111. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2022.
Baumol, William J. (June 1967). "Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 57 (3): 415–426. JSTOR 1812111. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2022. The relatively constant productivity of college teaching…suggests that, as productivity in the remainder of the economy continues to increase, costs of running the educational organizations will mount correspondingly, so that whatever the magnitude of the funds they need today, we can be reasonably certain that they will require more tomorrow, and even more on the day after that.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Hartwig, Jochen; Krämer, Hagen M. (December 2023). "Revisiting Baumol's Disease: Structural Change, Productivity Slowdown and Income Inequality". Intereconomics. 58 (6): 320–325. doi:10.2478/ie-2023-0066. hdl:10419/281398.
Schettkat, Ronald; Yocarini, Lara (2003). The Shift to Services: A Review of the Literature (Report). hdl:10419/20200. S2CID 154141056. SSRN 487282.
Pugno, Maurizio (January 2006). "The service paradox and endogenous economic growth" (PDF). Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 17 (1): 99–115. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2005.02.003. hdl:11572/43500.
Hartwig, Jochen; Krämer, Hagen (December 2019). "The 'Growth Disease' at 50 – Baumol after Oulton". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 51: 463–471. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2019.02.006. hdl:10419/170670. S2CID 115407478.
Hartwig, Jochen (May 2008). "What drives health care expenditure?—Baumol's model of 'unbalanced growth' revisited". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 603–623. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.05.006. hdl:10419/50843. PMID 18164773. S2CID 219356527. SSRN 910879.
Hartwig, Jochen (January 2011). "Can Baumol's model of unbalanced growth contribute to explaining the secular rise in health care expenditure? An alternative test". Applied Economics. 43 (2): 173–184. doi:10.1080/00036840802400470. hdl:10419/50451. S2CID 154307473.

harvard.edu

nrs.harvard.edu

Feldstein, Martin (July 2008). "Did wages reflect growth in productivity?". Journal of Policy Modeling. 30 (4): 591–594. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2008.04.003.

jamesgmartin.center

Robinson, Jenna A. (December 2017). "The Bennett Hypothesis Turns 30" (PDF). James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2022.

jstor.org

Baumol, W. J.; Bowen, W. G. (1965). "On the Performing Arts: The Anatomy of Their Economic Problems". The American Economic Review. 55 (1/2): 495–502. JSTOR 1816292.
Baumol, William J. (June 1967). "Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 57 (3): 415–426. JSTOR 1812111. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2022.
Brown, Edmund A. (1951). "Review of Le Grand espoir du XXe Siècle: Progrès technique, Progrès Èconomique, Progrès Social.; La Civilisation de 1960., Jean Fourastié". Political Science Quarterly. 66 (4): 603–606. doi:10.2307/2145452. JSTOR 2145452.
Rowthorn, Robert; Ramaswamy, Ramana (1999). "Growth, Trade, and Deindustrialization". IMF Staff Papers. 46 (1): 18–41. doi:10.2307/3867633. JSTOR 3867633.
Baumol, William J. (June 1967). "Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 57 (3): 415–426. JSTOR 1812111. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2022. The relatively constant productivity of college teaching…suggests that, as productivity in the remainder of the economy continues to increase, costs of running the educational organizations will mount correspondingly, so that whatever the magnitude of the funds they need today, we can be reasonably certain that they will require more tomorrow, and even more on the day after that.

kansascityfed.org

Bundick, Brent; Pollard, Emily (2019). "The Rise and Fall of College Tuition Inflation" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

manhattan-institute.org

Akers, Beth (August 27, 2020). "A New Approach for Curbing College Tuition Inflation". Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2022.

mercatus.org

Helland, Eric; Alexander Tabarrok (2019). "Why Are the Prices So Damn High? Health, Education, and the Baumol Effect" (PDF). Mercatus Center.

nber.org

papers.nber.org

Nordhaus, William D (January 27, 2008). "Baumol's Diseases: A Macroeconomic Perspective" (PDF). The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics. 8 (1). doi:10.2202/1935-1690.1382. S2CID 153319511.

netdna-ssl.com

1gyhoq479ufd3yna29x7ubjn-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com

Carnevale, Anthony P.; Gulish, Artem; Campbell, Kathryn Peltier (2021). "If Not Now, When? The Urgent Need for an All-One-System Approach to Youth Policy" (PDF). McCourt School of Public Policy: Center on Education and the Workforce. Georgetown University. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

newyorker.com

Surowiecki, James (November 13, 2011). "Debt by Degrees". The New Yorker.
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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hartwig, Jochen (May 2008). "What drives health care expenditure?—Baumol's model of 'unbalanced growth' revisited". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 603–623. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.05.006. hdl:10419/50843. PMID 18164773. S2CID 219356527. SSRN 910879.
Bates, Laurie J.; Santerre, Rexford E. (March 2013). "Does the U.S. health care sector suffer from Baumol's cost disease? Evidence from the 50 states". Journal of Health Economics. 32 (2): 386–391. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.12.003. PMID 23348051.
Atanda, Akinwande; Menclova, Andrea Kutinova; Reed, W. Robert (May 2018). "Is health care infected by B aumol's cost disease? Test of a new model". Health Economics. 27 (5): 832–849. doi:10.1002/hec.3641. PMID 29423941. S2CID 46855963.
Wang, Linan; Chen, Yuqian (2021). "Determinants of China's health expenditure growth: based on Baumol's cost disease theory". International Journal for Equity in Health. 20 (1): 213. doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01550-y. PMC 8474747. PMID 34565389. S2CID 233774285.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Wang, Linan; Chen, Yuqian (2021). "Determinants of China's health expenditure growth: based on Baumol's cost disease theory". International Journal for Equity in Health. 20 (1): 213. doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01550-y. PMC 8474747. PMID 34565389. S2CID 233774285.

nytimes.com

Bennet, William J. (February 18, 1987). "Our Greedy Colleges". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.

proquest.com

search.proquest.com

Marino, Alberto; Morgan, David; Lorenzoni, Luca; James, Chris (June 2017). Future trends in health care expenditure: A modelling framework for cross-country forecasts (Report). OECD Health Working Papers. doi:10.1787/247995bb-en. ProQuest 1915769062.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Nordhaus, William D (January 27, 2008). "Baumol's Diseases: A Macroeconomic Perspective" (PDF). The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics. 8 (1). doi:10.2202/1935-1690.1382. S2CID 153319511.
Schettkat, Ronald; Yocarini, Lara (2003). The Shift to Services: A Review of the Literature (Report). hdl:10419/20200. S2CID 154141056. SSRN 487282.
Iscan, Talan (January 30, 2010). "How Much Can Engel's Law and Baumol's Disease Explain the Rise of Service Employment in the United States?". The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics. 10 (1). doi:10.2202/1935-1690.2001. S2CID 154824000.
Hartwig, Jochen; Krämer, Hagen (December 2019). "The 'Growth Disease' at 50 – Baumol after Oulton". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 51: 463–471. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2019.02.006. hdl:10419/170670. S2CID 115407478.
Archibald, Robert B.; Feldman, David H. (May 2008). "Explaining Increases in Higher Education Costs" (PDF). The Journal of Higher Education. 79 (3): 268–295. doi:10.1080/00221546.2008.11772099. S2CID 158250944.
Martin, Robert E.; Hill, R. Carter (2012). Measuring Baumol and Bowen Effects in Public Research Universities (Report). S2CID 153016802. SSRN 2153122.
Nose, Manabu (June 2017). "Estimation of drivers of public education expenditure: Baumol's effect revisited". International Tax and Public Finance. 24 (3): 512–535. doi:10.1007/s10797-016-9410-7. S2CID 155747172.
Hartwig, Jochen (May 2008). "What drives health care expenditure?—Baumol's model of 'unbalanced growth' revisited". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 603–623. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.05.006. hdl:10419/50843. PMID 18164773. S2CID 219356527. SSRN 910879.
Hartwig, Jochen (January 2011). "Can Baumol's model of unbalanced growth contribute to explaining the secular rise in health care expenditure? An alternative test". Applied Economics. 43 (2): 173–184. doi:10.1080/00036840802400470. hdl:10419/50451. S2CID 154307473.
Atanda, Akinwande; Menclova, Andrea Kutinova; Reed, W. Robert (May 2018). "Is health care infected by B aumol's cost disease? Test of a new model". Health Economics. 27 (5): 832–849. doi:10.1002/hec.3641. PMID 29423941. S2CID 46855963.
Wang, Linan; Chen, Yuqian (2021). "Determinants of China's health expenditure growth: based on Baumol's cost disease theory". International Journal for Equity in Health. 20 (1): 213. doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01550-y. PMC 8474747. PMID 34565389. S2CID 233774285.
Rossen, Bradley; Faroque, Akhter (May 2016). "Diagnosing the Causes of Rising Health-Care Expenditure in Canada: Does Baumol's Cost Disease Loom Large?". American Journal of Health Economics. 2 (2): 184–212. doi:10.1162/AJHE_a_00041. S2CID 57569390.

ssrn.com

papers.ssrn.com

Schettkat, Ronald; Yocarini, Lara (2003). The Shift to Services: A Review of the Literature (Report). hdl:10419/20200. S2CID 154141056. SSRN 487282.
Martin, Robert E.; Hill, R. Carter (2012). Measuring Baumol and Bowen Effects in Public Research Universities (Report). S2CID 153016802. SSRN 2153122.
Hartwig, Jochen (May 2008). "What drives health care expenditure?—Baumol's model of 'unbalanced growth' revisited". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 603–623. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.05.006. hdl:10419/50843. PMID 18164773. S2CID 219356527. SSRN 910879.

stlouisfed.org

files.stlouisfed.org

Anderson, Richard G. (2007). "How Well Do Wages Follow Productivity Growth?" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2022.

stlouisfed.org

Garrett, Thomas A; Poole, William (January 1, 2006). "Stop Paying More for Less: Ways to Boost Productivity in Higher Education". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

theatlantic.com

Ripley, Amanda (September 11, 2018). "Why Is College in America So Expensive?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.

unitn.it

eprints.biblio.unitn.it

Pugno, Maurizio (January 2006). "The service paradox and endogenous economic growth" (PDF). Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 17 (1): 99–115. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2005.02.003. hdl:11572/43500.

urban.org

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usda.gov

ers.usda.gov

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vox.com

Lee, Timothy B. (May 4, 2017). "William Baumol, whose famous economic theory explains the modern world, has died". Vox. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
Lee, Timothy B. (May 4, 2017). "William Baumol, whose famous economic theory explains the modern world, has died". Vox. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.

washingtonpost.com

Matthews, Dylan (September 2, 2013). "The Tuition is Too Damn High, Part VI — Why there's no reason for big universities to rein in spending". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2022.

web.archive.org

Lee, Timothy B. (May 4, 2017). "William Baumol, whose famous economic theory explains the modern world, has died". Vox. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
Anderson, Richard G. (2007). "How Well Do Wages Follow Productivity Growth?" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
Baily, Martin Neil; Bosworth, Barry; Doshi, Siddhi (January 2020). "Productivity comparisons: Lessons from Japan, the United States, and Germany" (PDF). Brookings Institution. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
Baumol, William J. (June 1967). "Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 57 (3): 415–426. JSTOR 1812111. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2022.
Modica, Nathan F.; Chansky, Brian (May 2019). "Productivity trends in the wired and wireless telecommunications industries" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
Lee, Timothy B. (May 4, 2017). "William Baumol, whose famous economic theory explains the modern world, has died". Vox. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
Short, Doug (September 5, 2011). "Charting The Incredible Shift From Manufacturing To Services In America". Insider Inc. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
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Urquhart, Michael (April 1984). "The employment shift to services: where did it come from?" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. 107 (4): 15–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2022.
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