Beer (English Wikipedia)

Bamforth, Charles W. (17–20 September 2006). "Beer as liquid bread: Overlapping science.". World Grains Summit 2006: Foods and Beverages. San Francisco, California. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2006.

ab-inbev.com

"InBev Completes Acquisition of Anheuser-Busch" (PDF) (Press release). AB-InBev. 18 November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.

about.com

beer.about.com

"How beer is carbonated and why is beer fizzy?". Commercial Beers. about.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.

agiweb.org

"Geology and Beer". Geotimes. August 2004. Retrieved 5 November 2007.

alabev.com

Alabev.com Archived 23 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Ingredients of Beer. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

alaska.edu

gi.alaska.edu

Helfferich, Carla (ed.). "Beer before bread". Alaska Science Forum. Geophysical Institute. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska. 1039. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008.

allaboutbeer.com

"Beer Packaging Secrets". All About Beer Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. From a quality point of view, cans are much like bottles.

archive.org

Anthropological Society of London (1863). The Anthropological Review. Trübner. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-559-56998-2. Masato yuca

archive.today

"Premium Chinese beer a bitter brew for foreign brands". Analysis. Reuters. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2017.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"World's strongest beer reclaimed". BBC News. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
"'World's strongest' beer with 32% strength launched". BBC News. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
"Drink binges 'cause beer belly'". BBC News. 28 November 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2006.

bbc.co.uk

"'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers". BBC News. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.

beer-brewing.com

Goldammer, Ted (2000). "Chapter 13: Beer Fermentation". The Brewers Handbook. Apex Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9675212-0-6. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
beer-brewing.com Beer-brewing.com Archived 27 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Ted Goldammer, The Brewers Handbook, Chapter 6 – Beer Adjuncts, Apex Pub (1 January 2000), ISBN 0-9675212-0-3. Retrieved 29 September 2008

beer-pages.com

"Roger Protz tries his hand at brewing". Beer-pages.com. June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
"Roger Protz on India Pale ale". beer-pages.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2010.

beerhunter.com

BeerHunter.com Archived 4 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Michael Jackson, A good beer is a thorny problem down Mexico way, What's Brewing, 1 October 1997. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
[1] Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine 19 October 1991, "Brewing a good glass of water". Retrieved 13 September 2008.
"Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — A pint of cloudy, please". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
"Porter casts a long shadow on ale history". beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
Beerhunter.com Archived 6 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine Michael Jackson, BeerHunter, "The birth of lager", 1 March 1996. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
BeerHunter Archived 12 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Michael Jackson, "A Czech-style classic from Belgium", Beer Hunter Online (7 September 1999). Retrieved 20 September 2008.
"Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — Mine's a pint of Santa Claus". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.

beermad.org.uk

"Parish: brewery detail from Beermad". beermad.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

bellaonline.com

Smagalski, Carolyn (2006). "CAMRA & The First International Gluten Free Beer Festival". Carolyn Smagalski, Bella Online.

bendbrewfest.com

"Fourth Annual Bend Brew Fest". Bendbrewfest.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2008.

benz-weltweit.de

"Welcome to Schorschbräu – Home of the Strongest Beers on Earth". benz-weltweit.de. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012.

bierfranken.eu

"Bier und Franken" [Beer and Franconians]. Bierfranken.de (main) (in German).

bierland-oberfranken.de

"Bierland-Oberfranken" [Beer country – upper Franconia] (main) (in German). Archived from the original on 1 November 2022.

books.google.com

McFarland, Ben (2009). World's Best Beers: One thousand craft brews from cask to glass. Sterling Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4027-6694-7.
Eraly, Abraham (2002). Gem in the Lotus. Penguin Books. p. 165. ISBN 978-93-5118-014-2.
Prakash, Om (2005). Cultural History of India. New Age International. p. 503. ISBN 978-81-224-1587-2. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Nelson, Max (2005). The Barbarians' Beverage: A history of beer in ancient Europe. Routledge. pp. 1–2, 110, 1025. ISBN 978-0-415-31121-2.
Unger, Richard W. (2004). Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-8122-3795-1.
Books.google.co.uk Richard W. Unger, Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, University of Pennsylvania Press (2004), ISBN 0-8122-3795-1. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
Google Books Paul R. Dittmer, J. Desmond, Principles of Food, Beverage, and Labor Cost Controls, John Wiley and Sons (2005), ISBN 0-471-42992-9
Google Books Ian Spencer Hornsey, Brewing pp 221–222, Royal Society of Chemistry (1999), ISBN 0-85404-568-6
Google Books Y. H. Hui, George G. Khachatourians, Food Biotechnology pp 847–848, Wiley-IEEE (1994), ISBN 0-471-18570-1
Handbook of Brewing: Processes, Technology, Markets. Wiley. 4 June 2009. ISBN 978-3-527-31674-8. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
Google Books Archived 1 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Lalli Nykänen, Heikki Suomalainen, Aroma of Beer, Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverages p. 13, Springer (1983), ISBN 90-277-1553-X.
Google books F. G. Priest, Graham G. Stewart, Handbook of Brewing p. 2, CRC Press (2006), ISBN 0-8247-2657-X.
Surina, Asele; Mack, Glenn Randall (2005). Food culture in Russia and Central Asia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-313-32773-5.
Books.google.co.uk, Lewin Louis and Louis Levin, Phantastica: A Classic Survey on the Use and Abuse of Mind-Altering Plants, Inner Traditions / Bear & Company (1998), ISBN 0-89281-783-6
Google Books Fritz Ullmann, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Vol A-11 pp455, VCH (1985), ISBN 3-527-20103-3
Routson, Ashley (2015). The Beer Wench's Guide to Beer: An Unpretentious Guide to Craft Beer. Voyageur Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7603-4730-0.
Google Books Costas Katsigris, Chris Thomas, The Bar and Beverage Book pp320, John Wiley and Sons (2006), ISBN 0-471-64799-3
Google Books J. Scott Smith, Y. H. Hui, Food Processing: Principles and Applications pp228, Blackwell Publishing (2004), ISBN 0-8138-1942-3
Google books Charles W. Bamforth, Beer: Tap into the Art and Science of Brewing pp. 58–59, Oxford University Press US (2003), ISBN 0-19-515479-7. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
Google Books T. Boekhout, Vincent Robert, Yeasts in Food: Beneficial and Detrimental Aspects pp. 370–371, Behr's Verlag DE (2003), ISBN 3-86022-961-3. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
Google Books Jack S. Blocker, David M. Fahey, Ian R. Tyrrell, Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History pp95, ABC-CLIO (2003), ISBN 978-1-57607-833-4
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation. Cengage Learning. 2004. ISBN 978-0-618-30499-8. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
Google Books Howard Hillman, The New Kitchen Science pp178, Houghton Mifflin Books (2003), ISBN 0-618-24963-X
Google Books Robert J. Harrington, Food and Wine Pairing: A Sensory Experience pp. 27–28, John Wiley and Sons (2007), ISBN 0-471-79407-4
Google Books Ray Foley, Heather Dismore, Running a Bar For Dummies pp. 211–212, For Dummies (2007), ISBN 0-470-04919-7.
Bamforth, Charles W. (15 April 2008). Beer: Health and Nutrition. John Wiley & Sons. p. 137. ISBN 978-1405147972.
Littrell, Jill (2014). Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55. ISBN 9781317783145. The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems

boston.com

Rocheleau, Matt (29 March 2011). "Boston licensing officials suspend use of large, portable "beer towers"". Boston.com. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

brasserie-lancelot.com

"La Brasserie Lancelot est située au coeur de la Bretagne, dans des bâtiments rénovés de l'ancienne mine d'Or du Roc St-André, construits au 19 ème siècle sur des vestiges néolithiques" (in French). Brasserie-lancelot.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.

brauhaus-vetter.de

Vetter Brauhaus. Vetter Brauhaus. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.

brewdog.com

"BrewDog — Ghost Deer". brewdog.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
MTC Media. "BrewDog Blog". BrewDog. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
"Buy Tactical Nuclear Penguin". BrewDog Beer. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.

brewersassociation.org

cdn.brewersassociation.org

"Draught Equipment and System Configurations". Draft Beer Quality Manual (PDF). Boulder, Colorado: Brewers Publications. 2019. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
"Appendix D: Notes on Serving Cask Ale". Draft Beer Quality Manual (PDF). Boulder, Colorado: Brewers Publications. 2019. pp. 95 to 97. Retrieved 22 November 2024.

brewersassociation.org

"Microbrewery". Market segments. Brewers Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.

brewersjournal.info

O'Rourke, Tim (15 June 2022). "Science: Warm maturation and cold stabilisation". Brewers Journal. Retrieved 22 November 2024.

brewersofeurope.org

Beer Facts 2003 (PDF). The Brewers of Europe. 6 January 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2007.

brewerysouvenirs.co.uk

"Brewery Souvenirs – Parish Brewery". brewerysouvenirs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

brewwiki.com

"Head Retention". BrewWiki. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.

britannica.com

"Beer". Encyclopaedia Britanica (online ed.). Retrieved 27 August 2023 – via Britannica.com.

brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl

"Welkom bij Brouwerij Het Koelschip". brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.

cam.ac.uk

msm.cam.ac.uk

"Copper Brewing Vessels". Msm.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2008.

camra.org.uk

"Porter and Stout". CAMRA. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2010.

cask-marque.co.uk

"Beer Temperature". cask-marque.co.uk. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
Cask Marque Archived 24 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Standards & Charters. Retrieved 11 October 2008.

cbsnews.com

"Archeologists link rise of civilization and beer's invention". CBS News. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010.

chemistryworld.com

"A pint a day..." Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Royal Society of Chemistry: Chemistry World; 1 December 1996. Retrieved 27 August 2017.

cnn.com

archives.cnn.com

"Brewer to snap up Miller for $5.6B". CNN. 30 May 2002. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.

cnn.com

Bloor, Oli; Scott-Clarke, Ed; Scott, Katy (18 December 2017). "The brewery that turns bread into beer". CNN. Retrieved 19 November 2020.

credoreference.com

search.credoreference.com

"Beer and Ale Glossary | The Deluxe Food Lover's Companion - Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

dailydot.com

Fleishman, Cooper (11 December 2013). The Internet history of the showerbeer, The Daily Dot

doi.org

Dietrich, Oliver; Heun, Manfred; Notroff, Jens; Schmidt, Klaus; Zarnkow, Martin (September 2012). "The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey". Antiquity. 86 (333): 674–695. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00047840.
Homan, Michael M. (June 2004). "Beer and its drinkers: An ancient Near Eastern love story". Near Eastern Archaeology. 67 (2): 84–95. doi:10.2307/4132364. JSTOR 4132364. S2CID 162357890.
Prince, J. Dyneley (1916). "A Hymn to Ninkasi". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 33 (1): 40–44. doi:10.1086/369806.
McGovern, Patrick E.; Zhang, Juzhong; Tang, Jigen; Zhang, Zhiqing; Hall, Gretchen R.; et al. (2004). "Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (51): 17593–17598. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10117593M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407921102. PMC 539767. PMID 15590771.
Xie, Wei; Xiong, Wei; Pan, Jie; Ali, Tariq; Cui, Qi; et al. (2018). "Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat". Nature Plants. 4 (11): 964–973. Bibcode:2018AGUFMGC31E1301X. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0263-1. PMID 30323183. S2CID 53085959. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
Lewis, Michael J.; Young, Tom W. (2001). "Hop chemistry and wort boiling". Brewing. pp. 259–278. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0729-1_15. ISBN 978-0-306-47274-9.
Blanco, Carlos A.; Rojas, Antonio; Caballero, Pedro A.; Ronda, Felicidad; Gomez, Manuel; Caballero, Isabel (July 2006). "A better control of beer properties by predicting acidity of hop iso-α-acids". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 17 (7): 373–377. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2005.11.012.
Ostergaard, Simon; Olsson, Lisbeth; Nielsen, Jens (1 March 2000). "Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 34–50. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.34-50.2000. PMC 98985. PMID 10704473.
Cordella, Mauro; Tugnoli, Alessandro; Spadoni, Gigliola; Santarelli, Francesco; Zangrando, Tullio (2007). "LCA of an Italian lager". The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 13 (2): 133–139. doi:10.1065/lca2007.02.306. S2CID 111273627.
Dramićanin, Tatjana; Zeković, Ivana; Periša, Jovana; Dramićanin, Miroslav D. (8 August 2019). "The parallel factor analysis of beer fluorescence". Journal of Fluorescence. 29 (5): 1103–1111. doi:10.1007/s10895-019-02421-0. PMID 31396828. S2CID 199507550 – via springer.com.
Nardini, M. (2004). "Determination of free and bound phenolic acids in beer". Food Chemistry. 84: 137–143. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00257-7.
Nikolic, D.; Li, Y.; Chadwick, L.R.; Grubjesic, S.; Schwab, P.; Metz, P.; van Breemen, R.B. (2004). "Metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops (Humulus lupulus), by human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 32 (2): 272–279. doi:10.1124/dmd.32.2.272. PMID 14744951. S2CID 17486431.
Szlavko, Clara M. (1973). "Tryptophol, tyrosol, and phenylethanol - the aromatic higher alcohols in beer". Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 79 (4): 283–288. doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1973.tb03541.x.
Stockwell, Tim; Zhao, Jinhui; Panwar, Sapna; Roemer, Audra; Naimi, Timothy; Chikritzhs, Tanya (March 2016). "Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality". J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 77 (2): 185–98. doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185. PMC 4803651. PMID 26997174.
O'Keefe, J.H.; Bhatti, S.K.; Bajwa, A.; DiNicolantonio, J.J.; Lavie, C.J. (March 2014). "Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 89 (3): 382–93. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005. PMID 24582196.
Schuckit, M.A. (27 November 2014). "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (22): 2109–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1407298. PMID 25427113. S2CID 205116954.
Kaczyński, Piotr; Iwaniuk, Piotr; Hrynko, Izabela; Łuniewski, Stanisław; Łozowicka, Bożena (June 2024). "The effect of the multi-stage process of wheat beer brewing on the behavior of pesticides according to their physicochemical properties". Food Control. 160: 110356. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110356.
Dietler, Michael (2006). "Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives". Annual Review of Anthropology. 35: 229–249. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123120.

dreherrt.hu

"Beer history". Hungary: Dreher Breweries. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2010.

drinkaware.co.uk

"What are 'alcohol-free' and 'low alcohol' beers?". DrinkAware. Retrieved 22 November 2024.

echinacities.com

"Li wine: The beer of ancient China". echinacities.com. China Beer Festivals. 15 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2010.

ecofx.org

"Ecological effects of beer". ecofx.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2008.

escholarship.org

Schuckit, M.A. (27 November 2014). "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (22): 2109–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1407298. PMID 25427113. S2CID 205116954.

ethnomed.org

"Traditional Foods of the Central Ethiopian Highlands". Ethnomed.org. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.

eurekalert.org

Eurekalert.org Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Gavin Sherlock, EurekAlert, Brewing better beer: Scientists determine the genomic origins of lager yeasts, 10 September 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008.

europa.eu

efsa.europa.eu

EFSA.europa.eu Archived 1 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, 23 August 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

europeanbeerguide.net

"Volume of world beer production". European Beer Guide. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
Pattinson, Ron (6 July 2007). European Beer Statistics: Beer production by strength. European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
"European Beer Statistics—beer sales by package type". European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
"Beer Production Per Capita". European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 28 October 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006.

europeanbreweryconvention.org

European Brewery Convention. "The Analysis Committee". Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009. The EBC Analysis Committee also works closely together with the 'American Society of Brewing Chemists' (ASBC) to establish so-called 'International methods' with world-wide recognition of applicability. A partnership declaration between EBC and ASBC has been signed. The integration of the IOB methods of analysis and EBC methods is nearing completion.

farm-direct.co.uk

Farm-direct.co.uk Archived 14 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Oz, Barley Malt, 6 February 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

fitsugar.com

Sugar, Jenny (25 October 2013). "Calories in Popular Beers". Fitsugar.com. Retrieved 10 October 2013.

food.gov.uk

Food.gov.uk Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Draft Guidance on the Use of the Terms 'Vegetarian' and 'Vegan' in Food Labelling: Consultation Responses pp71, 5 October 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

foodnetwork.com

"Porter Versus Stout: What's the Difference?". Food Network. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

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"Heatherale.co.uk". Fraoch.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.

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Oborne, Peter (9 November 2000). "Still bitter after all these years". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2008.

harvard.edu

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McGovern, Patrick E.; Zhang, Juzhong; Tang, Jigen; Zhang, Zhiqing; Hall, Gretchen R.; et al. (2004). "Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (51): 17593–17598. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10117593M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407921102. PMC 539767. PMID 15590771.
Xie, Wei; Xiong, Wei; Pan, Jie; Ali, Tariq; Cui, Qi; et al. (2018). "Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat". Nature Plants. 4 (11): 964–973. Bibcode:2018AGUFMGC31E1301X. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0263-1. PMID 30323183. S2CID 53085959. Retrieved 16 October 2018.

heart.org

Alcohol and Heart Health Archived 19 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine American Heart Association

herbs2000.com

"Hops: Humulus lupulus". herbs2000.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2009.

highbeam.com

Sherer, Michael (1 June 2001). "Beer Boss". Cheers. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2007.

hopsteiner.com

"Hop Products: Iso-Extract". Hopsteiner. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.

howstuffworks.com

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"How does the widget in a beer can work?". HowStuffWorks. 16 August 2000. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.

jstor.org

Homan, Michael M. (June 2004). "Beer and its drinkers: An ancient Near Eastern love story". Near Eastern Archaeology. 67 (2): 84–95. doi:10.2307/4132364. JSTOR 4132364. S2CID 162357890.

leeds.ac.uk

digital.library.leeds.ac.uk

Fell, Christine (1975). Beor (PDF). Old English (Report). Leeds Studies in English. Vol. 8. Leeds, UK: University of Leeds. pp. 76–95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2020.

lehighvalleyhomebrewers.org

Lehigh Valley Homebrewers (2007). "Beer and Brewing Glossary". Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2009. IBUs (International Bittering Units) – The accepted worldwide standard for measuring bitterness in beer, also known as EBU, based on the estimated alpha acid percentage of the hops used and the length of time they are boiled.

matrifocus.com

Stuckey, Johanna, ed. (2006). "Nin-kasi: Mesopotamian goddess of beer". Spotlight. Matrifocus. Retrieved 13 May 2008.

mst.edu

web.mst.edu

Web.mst.edu Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine David Horwitz, Torulaspora delbrueckii. Retrieved 30 September 2008.

nature.com

Xie, Wei; Xiong, Wei; Pan, Jie; Ali, Tariq; Cui, Qi; et al. (2018). "Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat". Nature Plants. 4 (11): 964–973. Bibcode:2018AGUFMGC31E1301X. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0263-1. PMID 30323183. S2CID 53085959. Retrieved 16 October 2018.

newbelgium.com

"Carbon Footprint of Fat Tire Amber Ale" (PDF). newbelgium.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2008.

news.com.au

"International Beer Day: 10 things you never knew about beer". The News. 1 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.

newscientist.com

George, Alison (22 June 2016). "The world's oldest paycheck was cashed in beer". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

McGovern, Patrick E.; Zhang, Juzhong; Tang, Jigen; Zhang, Zhiqing; Hall, Gretchen R.; et al. (2004). "Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (51): 17593–17598. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10117593M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407921102. PMC 539767. PMID 15590771.
Xie, Wei; Xiong, Wei; Pan, Jie; Ali, Tariq; Cui, Qi; et al. (2018). "Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat". Nature Plants. 4 (11): 964–973. Bibcode:2018AGUFMGC31E1301X. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0263-1. PMID 30323183. S2CID 53085959. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
Ostergaard, Simon; Olsson, Lisbeth; Nielsen, Jens (1 March 2000). "Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 34–50. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.34-50.2000. PMC 98985. PMID 10704473.
Dramićanin, Tatjana; Zeković, Ivana; Periša, Jovana; Dramićanin, Miroslav D. (8 August 2019). "The parallel factor analysis of beer fluorescence". Journal of Fluorescence. 29 (5): 1103–1111. doi:10.1007/s10895-019-02421-0. PMID 31396828. S2CID 199507550 – via springer.com.
Nikolic, D.; Li, Y.; Chadwick, L.R.; Grubjesic, S.; Schwab, P.; Metz, P.; van Breemen, R.B. (2004). "Metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops (Humulus lupulus), by human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 32 (2): 272–279. doi:10.1124/dmd.32.2.272. PMID 14744951. S2CID 17486431.
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