Benford's law (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Benford's law" in English language version.

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Theodore P. Hill (1995). "A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law". Statistical Science. 10 (4): 354–363. doi:10.1214/ss/1177009869. MR 1421567.
Janvresse, Élise; Thierry (2004). "From Uniform Distributions to Benford's Law" (PDF). Journal of Applied Probability. 41 (4): 1203–1210. doi:10.1239/jap/1101840566. MR 2122815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2015.

arxiv.org

Berger, Arno; Hill, Theodore P. (30 June 2020). "The mathematics of Benford's law: a primer". Stat. Methods Appl. 30 (3): 779–795. arXiv:1909.07527. doi:10.1007/s10260-020-00532-8. S2CID 202583554.
Cai, Zhaodong; Faust, Matthew; Hildebrand, A. J.; Li, Junxian; Zhang, Yuan (15 March 2020). "The Surprising Accuracy of Benford's Law in Mathematics". The American Mathematical Monthly. 127 (3): 217–237. arXiv:1907.08894. doi:10.1080/00029890.2020.1690387. ISSN 0002-9890. S2CID 198147766.
Lemons, Don S. (2019). "Thermodynamics of Benford's first digit law". American Journal of Physics. 87 (10): 787–790. arXiv:1604.05715. Bibcode:2019AmJPh..87..787L. doi:10.1119/1.5116005. ISSN 0002-9505. S2CID 119207367.
L. Pietronero; E. Tosatti; V. Tosatti; A. Vespignani (2001). "Explaining the uneven distribution of numbers in nature: the laws of Benford and Zipf". Physica A. 293 (1–2): 297–304. arXiv:cond-mat/9808305. Bibcode:2001PhyA..293..297P. doi:10.1016/S0378-4371(00)00633-6.
Roukema, Boudewijn F. (2014). "A first-digit anomaly in the 2009 Iranian presidential election". Journal of Applied Statistics. 41: 164–199. arXiv:0906.2789. Bibcode:2014JApS...41..164R. doi:10.1080/02664763.2013.838664. S2CID 88519550.
Friar, JL; Goldman, T; Pérez-Mercader, J (2012). "Genome sizes and the benford distribution". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36624. arXiv:1205.6512. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736624F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036624. PMC 3356352. PMID 22629319.
Dümbgen, L; Leuenberger, C (2008). "Explicit bounds for the approximation error in Benford's Law". Electronic Communications in Probability. 13: 99–112. arXiv:0705.4488. doi:10.1214/ECP.v13-1358. S2CID 2596996.

auckland.ac.nz

stat.auckland.ac.nz

Fewster, R. M. (2009). "A simple explanation of Benford's Law" (PDF). The American Statistician. 63 (1): 26–32. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.572.6719. doi:10.1198/tast.2009.0005. S2CID 39595550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

books.google.com

Miller, Steven J., ed. (9 June 2015). Benford's Law: Theory and Applications. Princeton University Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-4008-6659-5.
Downarowicz, Tomasz (12 May 2011). Entropy in Dynamical Systems. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-139-50087-6.

calpoly.edu

digitalcommons.calpoly.edu

Arno Berger and Theodore P. Hill, Benford's Law Strikes Back: No Simple Explanation in Sight for Mathematical Gem, 2011.
Theodore P. Hill (1995). "A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law". Statistical Science. 10 (4): 354–363. doi:10.1214/ss/1177009869. MR 1421567.
Arno Berger and Theodore P. Hill, Benford's Law Strikes Back: No Simple Explanation in Sight for Mathematical Gem, 2011. The authors describe this argument but say it "still leaves open the question of why it is reasonable to assume that the logarithm of the spread, as opposed to the spread itself—or, say, the log log spread—should be large" and that "assuming large spread on a logarithmic scale is equivalent to assuming an approximate conformance with [Benford's law]" (italics added), something which they say lacks a "simple explanation".
Hill, Theodore P. (1995). "The Significant-Digit Phenomenon". The American Mathematical Monthly. 102 (4): 322–327. doi:10.1080/00029890.1995.11990578. JSTOR 2974952.

cambridge.org

Deckert, Joseph; Myagkov, Mikhail; Ordeshook, Peter C. (2011). "Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud". Political Analysis. 19 (3): 245–268. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr014. ISSN 1047-1987.
Mebane, Walter R. (2011). "Comment on "Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud"". Political Analysis. 19 (3): 269–272. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr024.

doi.org

Hill, Theodore (1995). "A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law". Statistical Science. 10 (4). doi:10.1214/ss/1177009869.
Berger, Arno; Hill, Theodore P. (30 June 2020). "The mathematics of Benford's law: a primer". Stat. Methods Appl. 30 (3): 779–795. arXiv:1909.07527. doi:10.1007/s10260-020-00532-8. S2CID 202583554.
Cai, Zhaodong; Faust, Matthew; Hildebrand, A. J.; Li, Junxian; Zhang, Yuan (15 March 2020). "The Surprising Accuracy of Benford's Law in Mathematics". The American Mathematical Monthly. 127 (3): 217–237. arXiv:1907.08894. doi:10.1080/00029890.2020.1690387. ISSN 0002-9890. S2CID 198147766.
Simon Newcomb (1881). "Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers". American Journal of Mathematics. 4 (1/4): 39–40. Bibcode:1881AmJM....4...39N. doi:10.2307/2369148. JSTOR 2369148. S2CID 124556624.
Formann, A. K. (2010). Morris, Richard James (ed.). "The Newcomb–Benford Law in Its Relation to Some Common Distributions". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10541. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510541F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. PMC 2866333. PMID 20479878.
That the first 100 powers of 2 approximately satisfy Benford's law is mentioned by Ralph Raimi. Raimi, Ralph A. (1976). "The First Digit Problem". American Mathematical Monthly. 83 (7): 521–538. doi:10.2307/2319349. JSTOR 2319349.
Theodore P. Hill (1995). "A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law". Statistical Science. 10 (4): 354–363. doi:10.1214/ss/1177009869. MR 1421567.
Hill, Theodore P. (1995). "Base-invariance implies Benford's law". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 123 (3): 887–895. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1995-1233974-8. ISSN 0002-9939.
Fewster, R. M. (2009). "A simple explanation of Benford's Law" (PDF). The American Statistician. 63 (1): 26–32. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.572.6719. doi:10.1198/tast.2009.0005. S2CID 39595550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Krieger, Wolfgang (1970). "On entropy and generators of measure-preserving transformations". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 149 (2): 453. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1970-0259068-3. ISSN 0002-9947.
Smorodinsky, Meir (1971). "Chapter IX. Entropy and generators. Krieger's theorem". Ergodic Theory, Entropy. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 214. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 54–57. doi:10.1007/BFb0066096. ISBN 978-3-540-05556-3.
Jolion, Jean-Michel (2001). "Images and Benford's Law". Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision. 14 (1): 73–81. Bibcode:2001JMIV...14...73J. doi:10.1023/A:1008363415314. ISSN 0924-9907. S2CID 34151059.
Lemons, Don S. (2019). "Thermodynamics of Benford's first digit law". American Journal of Physics. 87 (10): 787–790. arXiv:1604.05715. Bibcode:2019AmJPh..87..787L. doi:10.1119/1.5116005. ISSN 0002-9505. S2CID 119207367.
L. Pietronero; E. Tosatti; V. Tosatti; A. Vespignani (2001). "Explaining the uneven distribution of numbers in nature: the laws of Benford and Zipf". Physica A. 293 (1–2): 297–304. arXiv:cond-mat/9808305. Bibcode:2001PhyA..293..297P. doi:10.1016/S0378-4371(00)00633-6.
Formann, A. K. (2010). "The Newcomb–Benford law in its relation to some common distributions". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10541. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510541F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. PMC 2866333. PMID 20479878.
Theodore P. Hill (July–August 1998). "The first digit phenomenon" (PDF). American Scientist. 86 (4): 358. Bibcode:1998AmSci..86..358H. doi:10.1511/1998.4.358. S2CID 13553246.
Janvresse, Élise; Thierry (2004). "From Uniform Distributions to Benford's Law" (PDF). Journal of Applied Probability. 41 (4): 1203–1210. doi:10.1239/jap/1101840566. MR 2122815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
Pinkham, Roger S. (1961). "On the Distribution of First Significant Digits". Ann. Math. Statist. 32 (4): 1223–1230. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177704862.
Varian, Hal (1972). "Benford's Law (Letters to the Editor)". The American Statistician. 26 (3): 65. doi:10.1080/00031305.1972.10478934.
Deckert, Joseph; Myagkov, Mikhail; Ordeshook, Peter C. (2011). "Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud". Political Analysis. 19 (3): 245–268. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr014. ISSN 1047-1987.
Mebane, Walter R. (2011). "Comment on "Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud"". Political Analysis. 19 (3): 269–272. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr024.
Roukema, Boudewijn F. (2014). "A first-digit anomaly in the 2009 Iranian presidential election". Journal of Applied Statistics. 41: 164–199. arXiv:0906.2789. Bibcode:2014JApS...41..164R. doi:10.1080/02664763.2013.838664. S2CID 88519550.
Shikano, Susumu; Mack, Verena (2011). "When Does the Second-Digit Benford's Law-Test Signal an Election Fraud? Facts or Misleading Test Results". Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik. 231 (5–6): 719–732. doi:10.1515/jbnst-2011-5-610. S2CID 153896048.
Sehity, Tarek el; Hoelzl, Erik; Kirchler, Erich (1 December 2005). "Price developments after a nominal shock: Benford's Law and psychological pricing after the euro introduction". International Journal of Research in Marketing. 22 (4): 471–480. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2005.09.002. S2CID 154273305.
Friar, JL; Goldman, T; Pérez-Mercader, J (2012). "Genome sizes and the benford distribution". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36624. arXiv:1205.6512. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736624F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036624. PMC 3356352. PMID 22629319.
Diekmann, A (2007). "Not the First Digit! Using Benford's Law to detect fraudulent scientific data". J Appl Stat. 34 (3): 321–329. Bibcode:2007JApSt..34..321D. doi:10.1080/02664760601004940. hdl:20.500.11850/310246. S2CID 117402608.
Tošić, Aleksandar; Vičič, Jernej (1 August 2021). "Use of Benford's law on academic publishing networks". Journal of Informetrics. 15 (3): 101163. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2021.101163. ISSN 1751-1577.
Stephens, M. A. (1970). "Use of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–von Mises and related statistics without extensive tables". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 32 (1): 115–122. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1970.tb00821.x.
Leemis, L. M.; Schmeiser, B. W.; Evans, D. L. (2000). "Survival distributions satisfying Benford's Law". The American Statistician. 54 (4): 236–241. doi:10.1080/00031305.2000.10474554. S2CID 122607770.
Cho, W. K. T.; Gaines, B. J. (2007). "Breaking the (Benford) law: Statistical fraud detection in campaign finance". The American Statistician. 61 (3): 218–223. doi:10.1198/000313007X223496. S2CID 7938920.
Ostrovski, Vladimir (May 2017). "Testing equivalence of multinomial distributions". Statistics & Probability Letters. 124: 77–82. doi:10.1016/j.spl.2017.01.004. S2CID 126293429.
Washington, L. C. (1981). "Benford's Law for Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers". The Fibonacci Quarterly. 19 (2): 175–177. doi:10.1080/00150517.1981.12430109.
Duncan, R. L. (1967). "An Application of Uniform Distribution to the Fibonacci Numbers". The Fibonacci Quarterly. 5 (2): 137–140. doi:10.1080/00150517.1967.12431312.
Raimi, Ralph A. (August–September 1976). "The first digit problem". American Mathematical Monthly. 83 (7): 521–538. doi:10.2307/2319349. JSTOR 2319349.
Cho, Wendy K. Tam; Gaines, Brian J. (2007). "Breaking the (Benford) Law: Statistical Fraud Detection in Campaign Finance". The American Statistician. 61 (3): 218–223. doi:10.1198/000313007X223496. ISSN 0003-1305. JSTOR 27643897. S2CID 7938920. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
Beer, Trevor W. (2009). "Terminal digit preference: beware of Benford's law". J. Clin. Pathol. 62 (2): 192. doi:10.1136/jcp.2008.061721. PMID 19181640. S2CID 206987736.
Dümbgen, L; Leuenberger, C (2008). "Explicit bounds for the approximation error in Benford's Law". Electronic Communications in Probability. 13: 99–112. arXiv:0705.4488. doi:10.1214/ECP.v13-1358. S2CID 2596996.
Hill, Theodore P. (1995). "The Significant-Digit Phenomenon". The American Mathematical Monthly. 102 (4): 322–327. doi:10.1080/00029890.1995.11990578. JSTOR 2974952.

dspguide.com

Steven W. Smith. "Chapter 34: Explaining Benford's Law. The Power of Signal Processing". The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing. Retrieved 15 December 2012.

economist.com

"Election forensics", The Economist (February 22, 2007).

essex.ac.uk

dces.essex.ac.uk

Scott, P.D.; Fasli, M. (2001) "Benford's Law: An empirical investigation and a novel explanation" Archived 13 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. CSM Technical Report 349, Department of Computer Science, Univ. Essex

gatech.edu

people.math.gatech.edu

Theodore P. Hill (July–August 1998). "The first digit phenomenon" (PDF). American Scientist. 86 (4): 358. Bibcode:1998AmSci..86..358H. doi:10.1511/1998.4.358. S2CID 13553246.

ghostarchive.org

Pimbley, J. M. (2014). "Benford's Law as a Logarithmic Transformation" (PDF). Maxwell Consulting, LLC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
Fewster, R. M. (2009). "A simple explanation of Benford's Law" (PDF). The American Statistician. 63 (1): 26–32. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.572.6719. doi:10.1198/tast.2009.0005. S2CID 39595550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Jamain, Adrien (September 2001). "Benford's Law" (PDF). Imperial College of London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2020.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Diekmann, A (2007). "Not the First Digit! Using Benford's Law to detect fraudulent scientific data". J Appl Stat. 34 (3): 321–329. Bibcode:2007JApSt..34..321D. doi:10.1080/02664760601004940. hdl:20.500.11850/310246. S2CID 117402608.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Frank Benford (March 1938). "The law of anomalous numbers". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 78 (4): 551–572. Bibcode:1938PAPhS..78..551B. JSTOR 984802.
Simon Newcomb (1881). "Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers". American Journal of Mathematics. 4 (1/4): 39–40. Bibcode:1881AmJM....4...39N. doi:10.2307/2369148. JSTOR 2369148. S2CID 124556624.
Formann, A. K. (2010). Morris, Richard James (ed.). "The Newcomb–Benford Law in Its Relation to Some Common Distributions". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10541. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510541F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. PMC 2866333. PMID 20479878.
Jolion, Jean-Michel (2001). "Images and Benford's Law". Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision. 14 (1): 73–81. Bibcode:2001JMIV...14...73J. doi:10.1023/A:1008363415314. ISSN 0924-9907. S2CID 34151059.
Lemons, Don S. (2019). "Thermodynamics of Benford's first digit law". American Journal of Physics. 87 (10): 787–790. arXiv:1604.05715. Bibcode:2019AmJPh..87..787L. doi:10.1119/1.5116005. ISSN 0002-9505. S2CID 119207367.
L. Pietronero; E. Tosatti; V. Tosatti; A. Vespignani (2001). "Explaining the uneven distribution of numbers in nature: the laws of Benford and Zipf". Physica A. 293 (1–2): 297–304. arXiv:cond-mat/9808305. Bibcode:2001PhyA..293..297P. doi:10.1016/S0378-4371(00)00633-6.
Formann, A. K. (2010). "The Newcomb–Benford law in its relation to some common distributions". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10541. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510541F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. PMC 2866333. PMID 20479878.
Theodore P. Hill (July–August 1998). "The first digit phenomenon" (PDF). American Scientist. 86 (4): 358. Bibcode:1998AmSci..86..358H. doi:10.1511/1998.4.358. S2CID 13553246.
Roukema, Boudewijn F. (2014). "A first-digit anomaly in the 2009 Iranian presidential election". Journal of Applied Statistics. 41: 164–199. arXiv:0906.2789. Bibcode:2014JApS...41..164R. doi:10.1080/02664763.2013.838664. S2CID 88519550.
Friar, JL; Goldman, T; Pérez-Mercader, J (2012). "Genome sizes and the benford distribution". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36624. arXiv:1205.6512. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736624F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036624. PMC 3356352. PMID 22629319.
Diekmann, A (2007). "Not the First Digit! Using Benford's Law to detect fraudulent scientific data". J Appl Stat. 34 (3): 321–329. Bibcode:2007JApSt..34..321D. doi:10.1080/02664760601004940. hdl:20.500.11850/310246. S2CID 117402608.

imperial.ac.uk

wwwf.imperial.ac.uk

Jamain, Adrien (September 2001). "Benford's Law" (PDF). Imperial College of London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2020.

isaca.org

Singleton, Tommie W. (May 1, 2011). "Understanding and Applying Benford’s Law", ISACA Journal, Information Systems Audit and Control Association. Retrieved Nov. 9, 2020.

jstor.org

Frank Benford (March 1938). "The law of anomalous numbers". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 78 (4): 551–572. Bibcode:1938PAPhS..78..551B. JSTOR 984802.
Simon Newcomb (1881). "Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers". American Journal of Mathematics. 4 (1/4): 39–40. Bibcode:1881AmJM....4...39N. doi:10.2307/2369148. JSTOR 2369148. S2CID 124556624.
That the first 100 powers of 2 approximately satisfy Benford's law is mentioned by Ralph Raimi. Raimi, Ralph A. (1976). "The First Digit Problem". American Mathematical Monthly. 83 (7): 521–538. doi:10.2307/2319349. JSTOR 2319349.
Raimi, Ralph A. (August–September 1976). "The first digit problem". American Mathematical Monthly. 83 (7): 521–538. doi:10.2307/2319349. JSTOR 2319349.
Cho, Wendy K. Tam; Gaines, Brian J. (2007). "Breaking the (Benford) Law: Statistical Fraud Detection in Campaign Finance". The American Statistician. 61 (3): 218–223. doi:10.1198/000313007X223496. ISSN 0003-1305. JSTOR 27643897. S2CID 7938920. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
Hill, Theodore P. (1995). "The Significant-Digit Phenomenon". The American Mathematical Monthly. 102 (4): 322–327. doi:10.1080/00029890.1995.11990578. JSTOR 2974952.

lse.ac.uk

cep.lse.ac.uk

Morrow, John (August 2014). Benford's Law, families of distributions and a test basis. London, UK. Retrieved 11 March 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

lsu.edu

bus.lsu.edu

Suh, I. S.; Headrick, T. C. (2010). "A comparative analysis of the bootstrap versus traditional statistical procedures applied to digital analysis based on Benford's law" (PDF). Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting. 2 (2): 144–175. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2012.

maxwell-consulting.com

Pimbley, J. M. (2014). "Benford's Law as a Logarithmic Transformation" (PDF). Maxwell Consulting, LLC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2020.

newscientist.com

Stephen Battersby Statistics hint at fraud in Iranian election New Scientist 24 June 2009

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Formann, A. K. (2010). Morris, Richard James (ed.). "The Newcomb–Benford Law in Its Relation to Some Common Distributions". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10541. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510541F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. PMC 2866333. PMID 20479878.
Formann, A. K. (2010). "The Newcomb–Benford law in its relation to some common distributions". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10541. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510541F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. PMC 2866333. PMID 20479878.
Friar, JL; Goldman, T; Pérez-Mercader, J (2012). "Genome sizes and the benford distribution". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36624. arXiv:1205.6512. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736624F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036624. PMC 3356352. PMID 22629319.
Beer, Trevor W. (2009). "Terminal digit preference: beware of Benford's law". J. Clin. Pathol. 62 (2): 192. doi:10.1136/jcp.2008.061721. PMID 19181640. S2CID 206987736.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Formann, A. K. (2010). Morris, Richard James (ed.). "The Newcomb–Benford Law in Its Relation to Some Common Distributions". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10541. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510541F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. PMC 2866333. PMID 20479878.
Formann, A. K. (2010). "The Newcomb–Benford law in its relation to some common distributions". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10541. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510541F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. PMC 2866333. PMID 20479878.
Friar, JL; Goldman, T; Pérez-Mercader, J (2012). "Genome sizes and the benford distribution". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36624. arXiv:1205.6512. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736624F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036624. PMC 3356352. PMID 22629319.

phys.org

Zyga, Lisa; Phys.org. "New Pattern Found in Prime Numbers". phys.org. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

physicsworld.com

Dacey, James (19 November 2020). "Benford's law and the 2020 US presidential election: nothing out of the ordinary". Physics World.

projecteuclid.org

Hill, Theodore (1995). "A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law". Statistical Science. 10 (4). doi:10.1214/ss/1177009869.
Pinkham, Roger S. (1961). "On the Distribution of First Significant Digits". Ann. Math. Statist. 32 (4): 1223–1230. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177704862.
Berger, Arno (June 2011). "A basic theory of Benford's Law". Probability Surveys. 8 (2011): 1–126.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Fewster, R. M. (2009). "A simple explanation of Benford's Law" (PDF). The American Statistician. 63 (1): 26–32. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.572.6719. doi:10.1198/tast.2009.0005. S2CID 39595550. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

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