Bengal famine of 1943 (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Bengal famine of 1943" in English language version.

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1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.

archive.org

Famine Inquiry Commission (1945a, p. 5): "The total extent of the cultivated land in Bengal is nearly 29 million acres. Some of this is cropped more than once, and the total area sown under various crops is normally 35 million acres. The principal crop is rice which accounts for a little less than 26 million acres. In fact, Bengal may be described as a land of rice growers and rice eaters. The area under other staple foodgrains is small; that under wheat, for instance, is less than 200,000 acres, and the total area under food crops of all kinds other than rice is somewhat over 4 million acres. This includes land devoted to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. The most important non-food crop is jute, which accounts normally for between 2 million and 2.5 million acres." Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Some land produced more than one crop a year, sometimes rice in one season and other crops in another, reducing rice's yearly proportion of its total crops sown (Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 10). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Wheat was considered a staple by many in Calcutta, but nowhere else in Bengal.(Knight 1954, p. 78) The wheat-eating enclave in Calcutta were industrial workers who had come there from other provinces (Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 31). Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission (1945a, p. 4) describes the ratio of population to land in European terms: "The area of the province is 77,442 square miles, rather more than the area of England, Wales, and one-half of Scotland. The population is a little over 60 millions, which is well in excess of that of the [entire] United Kingdom, and not much less than the aggregate population of France, Belgium, Holland, and Denmark." In terms of US states, Bengal was roughly the size of Idaho (Bulletin of the U.S. Army 1943, p. 28). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. The Bulletin of the U.S. Army Medical Department. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1943. OCLC 1080593128.
Census statistics were considerably more accurate than those for foodgrain production. (Knight 1954, p. 22) Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
"... a peasant [i.e., ryot] differs from a landless labourer in terms of ownership (since he owns land, which the labourer does not), the landless share-cropper differs from the landless labourer not in their respective ownerships, but in the way they can use the only resource they own, viz. labour power. The landless labourer will be employed in exchange for a wage, while the share-cropper will do the cultivation and own a part of the product [including especially rice]" (A. Sen 1981a, p. 5). Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
A. Sen 1980, p. 202; A. Sen 1981a, p. 201. Sen, Amartya (1980). "Famine Mortality: A Study of the Bengal Famine of 1943". In Eric J. Hobsbawm (ed.). Peasants in History: Essays in Honour of Daniel Thorner. Published for Sameeksha Trust by Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-561215-9. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 109–110. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 10. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 32–33. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 4. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 4, 203. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Das 1949, pp. Chapter XI, pp. 96–111. Das, Tarakchandra (1949). Bengal Famine (1943): As Revealed in a Survey of the Destitutes in Calcutta. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. OCLC 471540399.
C. Bose 1930, pp. 2–3, 92, 96. Bose, Chunilal (1930). Food. University of Calcutta. OCLC 827184566.
Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946, p. 341; A. Sen 1981a, p. 73. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 8–9; Natarajan 1946, pp. 542, 548 note 12; Brennan 1988, pp. 10–11. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Natarajan, M. S. (1946). Some Aspects of the Indian War Economy. Baroda, India: Padmaja Publications. OCLC 25849883. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
McClelland 1859, pp. 32, 38, as cited in Iqbal 2010, p. 58 McClelland, John (1859). Sketch of the Medical Topography or Climate and Soils, of Bengal and the N.W. Provinces. London: John Churchill. OCLC 884189606. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 128. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 98. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 23–24, 28–29, 103. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 25. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 23. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 28. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 24. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 29. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 103. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 170–171; Greenough 1980, p. 222; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 40–41, 110, 191; De 2006, p. 2. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
A. Sen 1981a, pp. 50, 67–70. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 19–20. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Natarajan 1946, p. 49. Natarajan, M. S. (1946). Some Aspects of the Indian War Economy. Baroda, India: Padmaja Publications. OCLC 25849883.
Knight 1954, p. 101. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 27, as cited in J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 66 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 25–26; Iqbal 2011, p. 282; Ó Gráda 2009, p. 154. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2011). "The Boat Denial Policy and the Great Bengal Famine". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 56 (1–2): 271–82. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
Knight 1954, p. 270. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 17, 192. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Knight 1954, p. 279; Yong 2005, pp. 291–294. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785. Yong, Tan Tai (2005). The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-81-321-0347-9.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 32. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 23, 193. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Knight 1954, p. 280. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 24; Knight 1954, pp. 48, 280. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 16–17. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 30, as cited in A. Sen 1981a, p. 56 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 101. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 30; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 40. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Brown 1991, p. 340. Brown, Judith Margaret (1991). Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05125-4.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 1, 144–145; Greenough 1982, pp. 104–105. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2.
Greenough 1982, p. 106; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 33. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 34. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 58, as cited in Weigold 1999, p. 71 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Weigold, Auriol (1999). "Famine management: The Bengal famine (1942–1944) revisited". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1080/00856409908723360.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 112; Aykroyd 1975, p. 74; Iqbal 2011, p. 282. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Aykroyd, Wallace Ruddell (1975) [First published in 1974]. The Conquest of Famine. New York, NY: Reader's Digest Press, distributed by E.P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-88349-054-9. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2011). "The Boat Denial Policy and the Great Bengal Famine". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 56 (1–2): 271–82.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 55, 98. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 55–58. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 40, 104. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 58–59. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Braund 1944; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 32. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 32, 65, 66, 236. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 34, 37. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
A. Sen 1977, p. 39; A. Sen 1981a, p. 58. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 15. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Aykroyd 1975, p. 73. Aykroyd, Wallace Ruddell (1975) [First published in 1974]. The Conquest of Famine. New York, NY: Reader's Digest Press, distributed by E.P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-88349-054-9.
Blyn 1966, pp. 253–254, as cited in Islam 2007a, pp. 423–424; Tauger 2009, p. 174 Blyn, George (1966). Agricultural Trends in India, 1891–1947: Output, Availability, and Productivity. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. OCLC 9679171. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 223–225 Annexures I and II to Appendix V, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 214 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 108–109. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 116. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 40–41. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. Appendix VI, Extracts of Reports from Commissioners and District Officers, pp. 225–27. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 41, 116. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 2. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 118. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 1. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 120. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 121, 137. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 87. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
A. Sen 1981a, p. 75; Brennan 1988, p. 542; Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 12. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.
Maharatna 1992, p. 268; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 136. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 136–137. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 68. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Bedi 1944, p. 13. Bedi, Freda (1944). Bengal Lamenting. Lahore, India: Lion Press. OCLC 579534205.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 67; Greenough 1980, pp. 227–228. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Maharatna 1992, p. 265, note 92; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 68. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 2; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 135. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
A. Sen 1981a, p. 196. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Das 1949, pp. 5–6. Das, Tarakchandra (1949). Bengal Famine (1943): As Revealed in a Survey of the Destitutes in Calcutta. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. OCLC 471540399.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 138. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 139–140. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Natarajan 1946, pp. 48–50. Natarajan, M. S. (1946). Some Aspects of the Indian War Economy. Baroda, India: Padmaja Publications. OCLC 25849883.
Natarajan 1946, p. 48. Natarajan, M. S. (1946). Some Aspects of the Indian War Economy. Baroda, India: Padmaja Publications. OCLC 25849883.
Das 1949, p. 44. Das, Tarakchandra (1949). Bengal Famine (1943): As Revealed in a Survey of the Destitutes in Calcutta. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. OCLC 471540399.
Bedi 1944, p. 87, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 229 Bedi, Freda (1944). Bengal Lamenting. Lahore, India: Lion Press. OCLC 579534205. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 166. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Brennan 1988, pp. 555, 557; Greenough 1982, p. 169; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 174; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 75. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 69. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 61–62; Greenough 1980, p. 214, as cited in Schneer 1947, p. 176 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Schneer, Richard (1947). "Famine in Bengal: 1943". Science & Society. 11 (2): 168–179.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 62–63; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 140–142. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 62–63, 75, 139–40; Brennan 1988, p. 558. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 2, 106; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 140–142. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
A. Sen 1977, p. 36; A. Sen 1981a, pp. 55, 215. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
A. Sen 1976; A. Sen 1981a; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90. Sen, Amartya (1976). "Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements". Economic and Political Weekly. 11 (31/33): 1273+1275+1277+1279–1280. JSTOR 4364836. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
A. Sen 1977; A. Sen 1981a. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
A. Sen 1976, p. 1280; A. Sen 1977, p. 50; A. Sen 1981a, p. 76. Sen, Amartya (1976). "Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements". Economic and Political Weekly. 11 (31/33): 1273+1275+1277+1279–1280. JSTOR 4364836. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Aykroyd 1975, p. 74. Aykroyd, Wallace Ruddell (1975) [First published in 1974]. The Conquest of Famine. New York, NY: Reader's Digest Press, distributed by E.P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-88349-054-9.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 195. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Wavell 1973, pp. 68, 122; S. Bose 1990, pp. 716–717. Wavell, Archibald Percival (1973). Moon, Penderel (ed.). Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211723-8. OCLC 905255837. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 105. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 100–102. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 83; details in note 1; Aykroyd 1975, p. 79. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Aykroyd, Wallace Ruddell (1975) [First published in 1974]. The Conquest of Famine. New York, NY: Reader's Digest Press, distributed by E.P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-88349-054-9.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 107, as cited in Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 13 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.

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"Churchill's legacy leaves Indians questioning his hero status". 20 July 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
"Remembering WW2's forgotten famine". BBC News. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
Limaye, Yogita (20 July 2020). "Churchill's legacy leaves Indians questioning his hero status". BBC News. Retrieved 18 October 2022.

books.google.com

The estimates do not include Orissa. There has been a wide range of estimates since the famine. See Maharatna (1996, pp. 214–231), especially table 5.1 on page 215, for a review of the data. Devereux (2000, p. 6) suggested a range of 2.1–3 million, deriving the lower figure from Dyson & Maharatna (1991) and the upper from Amartya Sen's "widely quoted figure of 3 million".^[1] Sen estimated between 2.7 and 3 million deaths for the period 1943–1946.^[2]
Cormac Ó Gráda (2007): "[E]stimates of mortality in Bengal range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)."^[3]
Paul R. Greenough (1982) suggested a total of 3.5 to 3.8 million famine-related deaths.^[4]

Contemporaneous estimates included, in 1945, that of the Famine Inquiry Commission – appointed in 1944 by the Government of India and chaired by Sir John Woodhead – of around 1.5 million famine-related deaths out of Bengal's population of 60.3 million.^[5] That figure covered January 1943 to June 1944.^[6] K. P. Chattopadhyay, a University of Calcutta anthropologist, estimated in 1944 that 3.5 million famine-related deaths had occurred in 1943; this was widely believed at the time, but subsequently rejected by many scholars as too high (Greenough 1982, pp. 300–301; Dyson & Maharatna 1991, p. 281).
Maharatna, Arup (1996). The Demography of Famines: an Indian Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563711-3. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077.
Famine Inquiry Commission (1945a, p. 4) describes the ratio of population to land in European terms: "The area of the province is 77,442 square miles, rather more than the area of England, Wales, and one-half of Scotland. The population is a little over 60 millions, which is well in excess of that of the [entire] United Kingdom, and not much less than the aggregate population of France, Belgium, Holland, and Denmark." In terms of US states, Bengal was roughly the size of Idaho (Bulletin of the U.S. Army 1943, p. 28). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. The Bulletin of the U.S. Army Medical Department. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1943. OCLC 1080593128.
"... a peasant [i.e., ryot] differs from a landless labourer in terms of ownership (since he owns land, which the labourer does not), the landless share-cropper differs from the landless labourer not in their respective ownerships, but in the way they can use the only resource they own, viz. labour power. The landless labourer will be employed in exchange for a wage, while the share-cropper will do the cultivation and own a part of the product [including especially rice]" (A. Sen 1981a, p. 5). Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
For example, "[over] and above the half share of the product that was the customary rent, the jotedars commonly recovered grain loans with 50% interest and seed loans with 100% interest at the time of harvest... they [also] arbitrarily levied a wide variety of [extra charges]." (Bose 1986, pp. 256–257) Bose, Sugata (1986). Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30448-1.
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was a vital asset in the Allied war effort. It was "one of the very few sources of natural rubber still controlled by the Allies".(Axelrod & Kingston 2007, p. 220) Further, it was a vital link in "British supply lines around the southern tip of Africa to the Middle East, India and Australia".(Lyons 2016, p. 150) Churchill noted Ceylon's importance in maintaining the flow of oil from the Middle East, and considered its port of Colombo "the only really good base" for the Eastern Fleet and the defence of India.(Churchill 1986, pp. 152, 155, 162) Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). Encyclopedia of World War II. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8160-6022-1. Lyons, Michael J. (2016). World War II: A Short History. London, England: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-315-50943-3. Churchill, Winston S. (1986). The Hinge of Fate: World War II, Vol. IV. New York, NY: Mariner Books; Reissue edition. ISBN 978-0-395-41058-5.
In late January 1943, for example, the Viceroy Linlithgow wrote to the Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told [the Premier of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq] that he simply must produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief [Churchill] continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for Ceylon".(Mansergh 1971, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example A. Sen (1977, p. 53), Ó Gráda (2008, pp. 30–31), Mukerjee (2010, p. 129), and J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 93). Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Sources agree that the impetus came from the military; see for example Ó Gráda (2009, p. 154). Some, such as J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 58), add that Herbert was "instructed through central government channels". At least two sources have suggested that the avowed objective of denying supplies to an invading Japanese army was less important than a covert goal of controlling available rice stocks and means of transport so the rice supplies could be directed toward the armed forces; see Iqbal (2010, p. 282) and De (2006, p. 12). Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
Note that this was not due to any shortage of wheat; on the contrary, the Punjab ran a huge surplus. A shortage of rice throughout India in 1941 caused foodgrain prices in general to rise. Agriculturalists in the Punjab wished to hold onto stocks to a small extent to cover their own rice deficit, but more importantly to profit from the price increases. To aid food purchases in the rest of India, the Indian government placed price controls on Punjabi wheat. The response was swift: the majority of wheat farmers held onto their stocks, so wheat disappeared and the Punjab government began to assert that it now faced famine conditions (Yong 2005, pp. 291–294). Yong, Tan Tai (2005). The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-81-321-0347-9.
Mukerjee (2010, p. 139) states: "At no recorded instance did either the [Bengal] governor or the viceroy express concern for their subjects: their every request for grain would be phrased in terms of the war effort. Contemporaries attested that Herbert cared about the starvation in Bengal; so prioritising the war effort may reflect his and Linlithgow's estimation of which concerns might possibly have moved their superiors." Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6.
See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
For example, in the 1937 Bengal Congress elections, Hindus won only 60 out of a total of 250 seats (Prayer 2001, p. 141 n 122). The provincial government of Bengal was essentially under Muslim control from 1937 until 1947, (Fraser 2006, p. 13) including the office of Prime Minister of Bengal. Prayer, Mario (2001). "The Gandhians of Bengal: nationalism, social reconstruction and cultural orientations 1920–1942". Revista studi degli orientali. 71: 1–93, 95–161, 163–231, 233–297, 299–331, 333–363. JSTOR 41913060. Fraser, Bashabi (2006). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter. London, England: Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-225-3.
A. Sen 1980, p. 202; A. Sen 1981a, p. 201. Sen, Amartya (1980). "Famine Mortality: A Study of the Bengal Famine of 1943". In Eric J. Hobsbawm (ed.). Peasants in History: Essays in Honour of Daniel Thorner. Published for Sameeksha Trust by Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-561215-9. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Bose 1986, pp. 33–37. Bose, Sugata (1986). Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30448-1.
J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 6–7. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Bayly & Harper 2005, pp. 284–285. Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2005). Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan. New York, NY: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-192719-0.
Dyson 2018, p. 158. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8.
Roy 2019, p. 113. Roy, Tirthankar (2019). How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-17708-9.
Islam 2007b, p. 185. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007b) [First published 1978]. Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-04985-6.
Islam 2007b, pp. 200–204. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007b) [First published 1978]. Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-04985-6.
Islam 2007b, pp. 203–204. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007b) [First published 1978]. Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-04985-6.
Islam 2007b, pp. 55–56. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007b) [First published 1978]. Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-04985-6.
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 12. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 60. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Mukherji 1986, p. PE-18; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 39. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
S. Bose 1982b, pp. 471–472; Ó Gráda 2009, p. 75. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
Hunt 1987, p. 42; Iqbal 2010 chapter 5, particularly p. 107 Hunt, Joseph Michael (1987). The political study of nature – socio-ecological transformation of a North Bengal region (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/74964. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946, p. 341; A. Sen 1981a, p. 73. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 63–64; Iqbal 2011, pp. 272–273. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2011). "The Boat Denial Policy and the Great Bengal Famine". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 56 (1–2): 271–82.
Iqbal 2010, pp. 14–15. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Kazi 2004, pp. 154–157; Iqbal 2010, chapter 6, see for example the map on page 187. Kazi, Ihtesham (2004). Malaria in Bengal, 1860–1920. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Pip International Publications. ISBN 978-984-32-1795-0. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
McClelland 1859, pp. 32, 38, as cited in Iqbal 2010, p. 58 McClelland, John (1859). Sketch of the Medical Topography or Climate and Soils, of Bengal and the N.W. Provinces. London: John Churchill. OCLC 884189606. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Rodger 1942, p. 67. Rodger, George (10 August 1942). "75,000 Miles". Life. Time Inc. pp. 61–7. ISSN 0024-3019.
Wavell 2015, pp. 96–97. Wavell, Archibald P. (2015) [1948, War Office, London]. "Despatch on operations in Burma 15 December 1941 to 20 May 1942". In Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (eds.). The Fall of Burma 1941–1943. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. pp. 1–111. ISBN 978-1-4738-6360-6.
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Ó Gráda 2015, p. 4. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 57. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
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J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 125; Mukerjee 2010, p. 261. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6.
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A. Sen 2011, p. 341; Schiffrin 2014, pp. 177–179. Sen, Amartya (2011). The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06047-0. Schiffrin, Anya (2014). "Ian Stephens, Editorial, The Statesman [1943]". Global Muckraking: 100 Years of Investigative Journalism from Around the World. New York, NY: New Press. pp. 177–79. ISBN 978-1-59558-993-4.
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J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 173. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Siegel 2018, p. 36. Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42596-4.
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J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 139. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Ó Gráda 2009, p. 42. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
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A. Sen 1977; A. Sen 1981a. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
A. Sen 1976, p. 1280; A. Sen 1977, p. 50; A. Sen 1981a, p. 76. Sen, Amartya (1976). "Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements". Economic and Political Weekly. 11 (31/33): 1273+1275+1277+1279–1280. JSTOR 4364836. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Ó Gráda 2015, pp. 39–40. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 91. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2009, p. 10. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90: "The 1943–44 famine has become paradigmatic as an 'entitlements famine,' whereby speculation born of greed and panic produced an 'artificial' shortage of rice, the staple food." Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 25–28; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90 "...the lack of political will to divert foodstuffs from the war effort rather than [market] speculation... was mainly responsible for the famine"; Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 20, 33. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016 Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Ó Gráda 2009, pp. 190–191. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 251–252. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Mukerjee 2010, pp. 274–275. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6.
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Herman 2010; Roy 2019, pp. 129–130. Herman, Arthur L. (2010). "Without Churchill, India's Famine Would Have Been Worse". International Churchill Society. Retrieved 24 December 2022. Roy, Tirthankar (2019). How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-17708-9.
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Siegel 2018, p. 43. Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42596-4.
J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 185. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 39. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2009, p. 179; Rangasami 1985. Cited approvingly in Osmani 1993 and Mukerjee 2014, p. 71. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Rangasami, Amrita (1985). "Failure of Exchange Entitlements Theory of Famine: A Response". Economic and Political Weekly. 20 (41): 1747–52. JSTOR 4374919. Osmani, S. R. (1993). The Entitlement Approach to Famine: An Assessment (PDF) (Technical report). Helsinki: The United Nations University/World Institute for Development Economics Research. Retrieved 29 March 2018. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). "Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (11): 71–75.
Tauger 2009, p. 185; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 2–6. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.

bowbrick.org.uk

See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946, p. 338; Dewey 1978; Mahalanobis 1944. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400. Dewey, Clive (1978). "Patwari and Chaukidar: Subordinate Officials and the Reliability of India's Agricultural Statistics" (PDF). In Dewey, Clive; Hopkins, Anthony G. (eds.). The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of Africa and India. London, England: Athlone Press for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. pp. 280–314. ISBN 0-485-17621-1. OCLC 959367752. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Dewey 1978, pp. 282, 312–313. Dewey, Clive (1978). "Patwari and Chaukidar: Subordinate Officials and the Reliability of India's Agricultural Statistics" (PDF). In Dewey, Clive; Hopkins, Anthony G. (eds.). The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of Africa and India. London, England: Athlone Press for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. pp. 280–314. ISBN 0-485-17621-1. OCLC 959367752.
Greenough 1980, p. 342; Bowbrick 1986, p. 27. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Bowbrick 1986, pp. 111–114. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Bowbrick 1985, pp. 18, 53, 57: "In my opinion the Famine Commission wrote an excellent report. They sought the truth rather than evidence in favour of their [own] hypotheses. They entered into their study with no preconceived ideas as to whether it was a FAD or a distribution famine and they reached a conclusion that was not in accordance with the official view (p. 18)." Bowbrick, Peter (March 1985). How Sen's Theory Can Cause Famines (PDF). Agricultural Economics Society Conference.
Bowbrick 1986; Tauger 2003. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.

doi.org

The estimates do not include Orissa. There has been a wide range of estimates since the famine. See Maharatna (1996, pp. 214–231), especially table 5.1 on page 215, for a review of the data. Devereux (2000, p. 6) suggested a range of 2.1–3 million, deriving the lower figure from Dyson & Maharatna (1991) and the upper from Amartya Sen's "widely quoted figure of 3 million".^[1] Sen estimated between 2.7 and 3 million deaths for the period 1943–1946.^[2]
Cormac Ó Gráda (2007): "[E]stimates of mortality in Bengal range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)."^[3]
Paul R. Greenough (1982) suggested a total of 3.5 to 3.8 million famine-related deaths.^[4]

Contemporaneous estimates included, in 1945, that of the Famine Inquiry Commission – appointed in 1944 by the Government of India and chaired by Sir John Woodhead – of around 1.5 million famine-related deaths out of Bengal's population of 60.3 million.^[5] That figure covered January 1943 to June 1944.^[6] K. P. Chattopadhyay, a University of Calcutta anthropologist, estimated in 1944 that 3.5 million famine-related deaths had occurred in 1943; this was widely believed at the time, but subsequently rejected by many scholars as too high (Greenough 1982, pp. 300–301; Dyson & Maharatna 1991, p. 281).
Maharatna, Arup (1996). The Demography of Famines: an Indian Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563711-3. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077.
In late January 1943, for example, the Viceroy Linlithgow wrote to the Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told [the Premier of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq] that he simply must produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief [Churchill] continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for Ceylon".(Mansergh 1971, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example A. Sen (1977, p. 53), Ó Gráda (2008, pp. 30–31), Mukerjee (2010, p. 129), and J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 93). Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Sources agree that the impetus came from the military; see for example Ó Gráda (2009, p. 154). Some, such as J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 58), add that Herbert was "instructed through central government channels". At least two sources have suggested that the avowed objective of denying supplies to an invading Japanese army was less important than a covert goal of controlling available rice stocks and means of transport so the rice supplies could be directed toward the armed forces; see Iqbal (2010, p. 282) and De (2006, p. 12). Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
"On 29 November 1941 the central government conferred, by notification, concurrent powers on the provincial governments under the Defence of India Rules (DIR) to restrict/prohibit the movement of food grains and to requisition both food grains and any other commodity they considered necessary. With regard to food grains, the provincial governments had the power to restrict/stop, seize them and regulate their price, divert them from their usual channels of transportation and, as stated, their movement".(De 2006, p. 8) De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
Bengal as a whole in 1943 was subject to acts of sabotage against institutions or offices of colonial rule, including 151 bomb explosions, 153 cases of severe damage to police stations or other public buildings, 4 police stations destroyed, and 57 cases of sabotage to roads (Chakrabarty 1992a, p. 813) Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1992a). "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur". Modern Asian Studies. 26 (4): 791–814. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00010076. JSTOR 312940. S2CID 146564132.
The Statesman was the only major newspaper that had acquiesced to (or been persuaded by) government pressure to present the Quit India movement in a negative light (Greenough 1983, p. 355 note 7; Greenough 1999, p. 43 note 7). Greenough, Paul R. (1983). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Modern Asian Studies. 17 (3): 353–86. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007538. JSTOR 312297. S2CID 146571045. Reprinted as Greenough, Paul R. (1999). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Social Scientist. 27 (7/8): 11–47. doi:10.2307/3518012. JSTOR 3518012.
See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Ó Gráda 2007, p. 19. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671.
Patnaik, Utsa (December 2017). "Mr Keynes and the forgotten holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44: Or, the macroeconomics of extreme demand compression". Studies in People's History. 4 (2): 197–210. doi:10.1177/2348448917725856. ISSN 2348-4489.
Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
De 2006, p. 13. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
A. Sen 1977, p. 36; Tauger 2009, pp. 167–168. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004.
Islam 2007a, p. 433. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304.
Islam 2007a, pp. 433–434. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304.
Dyson 1991, p. 279. Dyson, Tim (1991). "On the demography of South Asian famines part II". Population Studies. 45 (2): 279–97. doi:10.1080/0032472031000145446. PMID 11622922.
Weigold 1999, p. 73. Weigold, Auriol (1999). "Famine management: The Bengal famine (1942–1944) revisited". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1080/00856409908723360.
Roy 2007, p. 244. Roy, Tirthankar (2007). "A delayed revolution: environment and agrarian change in India". Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 23 (2): 239–50. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grm011.
Washbrook 1981, p. 670. Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India". Modern Asian Studies. 15 (3): 649–721. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00008714. S2CID 145176900.
S. Bose 1982b, p. 469. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201.
Mukherji 1986, p. PE-21; Iqbal 2009, pp. 1346–1351. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2009). "Return of the Bhadralok: Ecology and Agrarian Relations in Eastern Bengal, c. 1905–1947". Modern Asian Studies. 43 (6): 1325–53. doi:10.1017/s0026749x08003661. JSTOR 40285015. S2CID 145236337.
Chaudhuri 1975; Chatterjee 1986, pp. 170–172; Arnold 1991, p. 68 "In Bengal... More serious and intractable [than population growth] was the continuing subdivision of landholdings and the chronic burden of indebtedness on the peasants, which left them by the late 1930s in a permanently 'semi-starved condition', without the resources to endure a major crop failure or survive the drying up of credit that invariably accompanied the prospect of famine in rural India. With no fresh land to bring under cultivation, peasants holdings shrank as the output of rice per capita dwindled". Chaudhuri, Binay Bhushan (1975). "The Process of Depeasantization in Bengal and Bihar, 1885–1947". Indian Historical Review. 2 (1): 106–65. Chatterjee, Partha (1986). "The Colonial State and Peasant Resistance in Bengal 1920–1947". Past & Present (110): 169–204. doi:10.1093/past/110.1.169. Arnold, David (1991). Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change. New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-15119-7.
Cooper 1983, p. 230. Cooper, Adrienne (1983). "Sharecroppers and Landlords in Bengal, 1930–50: the dependency web and its implications". Journal of Peasant Studies. 10 (2–3): 227–55. doi:10.1080/03066158308438206.
Ray & Ray 1975, p. 84; Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 9. Ray, Rajat; Ray, Ratna (1975). "Zamindars and Jotedars: A Study of rural politics in Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (1): 81–102. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004881. S2CID 145770089. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.
Mukherji 1986; S. Bose 1982b, pp. 472–473. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201.
Ali 2012, p. 29; Chatterjee 1986, pp. 176–177. Ali, Tariq Omar (2012). The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s (Doctoral thesis). Harvard University. Chatterjee, Partha (1986). "The Colonial State and Peasant Resistance in Bengal 1920–1947". Past & Present (110): 169–204. doi:10.1093/past/110.1.169.
S. Bose 1982b, pp. 471–472; Ó Gráda 2009, p. 75. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
Chatterjee 1986, p. 179. Chatterjee, Partha (1986). "The Colonial State and Peasant Resistance in Bengal 1920–1947". Past & Present (110): 169–204. doi:10.1093/past/110.1.169.
S. Bose 1982b, pp. 472–473; Das 2008, p. 60. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201. Das, Debarshi (2008). "A relook at the Bengal Famine". Economic and Political Weekly. 43 (31): 59–64.
Ali 2012, p. 128; S. Bose 1982b, p. 469. Ali, Tariq Omar (2012). The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s (Doctoral thesis). Harvard University. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201.
Hunt 1987, p. 42; Iqbal 2010 chapter 5, particularly p. 107 Hunt, Joseph Michael (1987). The political study of nature – socio-ecological transformation of a North Bengal region (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/74964. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 8–9; Natarajan 1946, pp. 542, 548 note 12; Brennan 1988, pp. 10–11. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Natarajan, M. S. (1946). Some Aspects of the Indian War Economy. Baroda, India: Padmaja Publications. OCLC 25849883. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Iqbal 2010, pp. 14–15. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Kazi 2004, pp. 154–157; Iqbal 2010, chapter 6, see for example the map on page 187. Kazi, Ihtesham (2004). Malaria in Bengal, 1860–1920. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Pip International Publications. ISBN 978-984-32-1795-0. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
McClelland 1859, pp. 32, 38, as cited in Iqbal 2010, p. 58 McClelland, John (1859). Sketch of the Medical Topography or Climate and Soils, of Bengal and the N.W. Provinces. London: John Churchill. OCLC 884189606. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Hunt 1987, p. 127; Learmonth 1957, p. 56. Hunt, Joseph Michael (1987). The political study of nature – socio-ecological transformation of a North Bengal region (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/74964. Learmonth, A. T. A. (1957). "Some contrasts in the regional geography of malaria in India and Pakistan". Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers). 23 (23): 37–59. doi:10.2307/621155. JSTOR 621155.
Tauger 2009, pp. 194–195. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004.
Tinker 1975, p. 2. Tinker, Hugh (1975). "A forgotten long march: the Indian exodus from Burma, 1942". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 6 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0022463400017069. S2CID 159785896.
Tinker 1975, p. 8. Tinker, Hugh (1975). "A forgotten long march: the Indian exodus from Burma, 1942". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 6 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0022463400017069. S2CID 159785896.
Tinker 1975, pp. 8–10. Tinker, Hugh (1975). "A forgotten long march: the Indian exodus from Burma, 1942". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 6 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0022463400017069. S2CID 159785896.
Tinker 1975, p. 11. Tinker, Hugh (1975). "A forgotten long march: the Indian exodus from Burma, 1942". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 6 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0022463400017069. S2CID 159785896.
Tinker 1975, pp. 2–4, 11–12. Tinker, Hugh (1975). "A forgotten long march: the Indian exodus from Burma, 1942". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 6 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0022463400017069. S2CID 159785896.
S. Bose 1990, pp. 703, 715; Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 170–171; Greenough 1980, p. 222; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 40–41, 110, 191; De 2006, p. 2. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
S. Bose 1990, p. 715. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
S. Bose 1990, p. 715; Rothermund 2002, pp. 115–122; A. Sen 1977, p. 50; Mukherji 1986, p. PE-25. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965. Rothermund, Dietmar (2002). An Economic History of India. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-87945-8. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249.
Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 12. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.
A. Sen 1977, p. 45; S. Bose 1990, p. 717. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
Weigold 1999, p. 67; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 62, 272; Greenough 1982, pp. 94–95. Weigold, Auriol (1999). "Famine management: The Bengal famine (1942–1944) revisited". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1080/00856409908723360. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2.
J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 63–65; De 2006, p. 13. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
A. Sen 1977, p. 45; Bayly & Harper 2005, pp. 284–285; Iqbal 2011, p. 274; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 67 Instructions were given in May for the confiscation, destruction or removal of all mechanical transport – private cars, bicycles, carriages and bullock carts "not required for Military of Civil Defense purposes" –– the Victoria Memorial was "camouflaged" in cow dung, andplans were hatched to blow up as many as seventeen bridges in and around Calcutta. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2005). Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan. New York, NY: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-192719-0. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2011). "The Boat Denial Policy and the Great Bengal Famine". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 56 (1–2): 271–82. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Ó Gráda 2009, p. 154; Brennan 1988, pp. 542–543, note 3. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Iqbal 2011, p. 272; S. Bose 1990, p. 717. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2011). "The Boat Denial Policy and the Great Bengal Famine". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 56 (1–2): 271–82. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
A. Sen 1977, p. 51; Brennan 1988, p. 563. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
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Greenough 1982; Brennan 1988, pp. 559–560. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
A. Sen 1977, pp. 36–38; Dyson & Maharatna 1991, p. 287. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077.
Greenough 1980, pp. 211–212; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 89. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
S. Bose 1990, pp. 716–717. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
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De 2006, pp. 2, 5; Law-Smith 1989, p. 49. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224. Law-Smith, Auriol (1989). "Response and responsibility: The government of India's role in the Bengal famine, 1943". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 12 (1): 49–65. doi:10.1080/00856408908723118.
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Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 58, as cited in Weigold 1999, p. 71 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Weigold, Auriol (1999). "Famine management: The Bengal famine (1942–1944) revisited". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1080/00856409908723360.
A. Sen 1977, pp. 38, 50. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
A. Sen 1977, p. 50; Ó Gráda 2015, pp. 55, 57. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Brennan 1988, p. 543 note 5; A. Sen 1977, p. 32. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
A. Sen 1977, p. 51. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
A. Sen 1977, p. 36; S. Bose 1990, pp. 716–717. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
Ó Gráda 2007, p. 10. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671.
Padmanabhan 1973, pp. 11, 23, as cited in Dyson 2018, p. 185. Also cited in Tauger 2003, Tauger 2009, pp. 176–179, and Iqbal 2010 among others. Padmanabhan, S. Y. (1973). "The Great Bengal Famine". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 11: 11–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000303. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Brennan 1988, p. 543. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 552, note 14. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 548. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Tauger 2003, p. 66. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
Brennan 1988, p. 552, note 12. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Tauger 2009, pp. 173–174. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004.
A. Sen 1977, p. 39; A. Sen 1981a, p. 58. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
A. Sen 1977, pp. 47, 52; De 2006, p. 30; Mukerjee 2014, p. 73. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). "Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (11): 71–75.
De 2006, p. 34. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
Blyn 1966, pp. 253–254, as cited in Islam 2007a, pp. 423–424; Tauger 2009, p. 174 Blyn, George (1966). Agricultural Trends in India, 1891–1947: Output, Availability, and Productivity. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. OCLC 9679171. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004.
A. Sen 1981b, p. 441. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084.
Mansergh & Lumby 1973, Documents 59, 71, 72, 74, 98, 139, 157, 207, 219, as cited in A. Sen 1977, p. 53 Mansergh, Nicholas; Lumby, E. W. R., eds. (1973). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. IV: The Bengal Famine and the New Viceroyalty, 15 June 1943–31 August 1944. London: H.M.S.O. ISBN 0-11-580079-4. OCLC 228107872. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
Mansergh & Lumby 1973, pp. 133–141, 155–158; A. Sen 1977, p. 52; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 128, 142, 185–188. Mansergh, Nicholas; Lumby, E. W. R., eds. (1973). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. IV: The Bengal Famine and the New Viceroyalty, 15 June 1943–31 August 1944. London: H.M.S.O. ISBN 0-11-580079-4. OCLC 228107872. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 223–225 Annexures I and II to Appendix V, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 214 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Tauger 2009, p. 194. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004.
Ó Gráda 2008, p. 32. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Tauger 2009, p. 193. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004.
Bowbrick, Peter (2 March 2022). "Falsehoods and myths in famine research: The Bengal famine and Daoud". Journal of International Development: jid.3635. doi:10.1002/jid.3635. S2CID 247336051.
Brennan 1988, p. 555. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Greenough 1980, pp. 205–207 "[W]hen crops begin to fail the cultivator [sells or barters]... his wife's jewelry, grain, cattle...[or reduces] his current food intake... Starving Indian peasants, once they fail in the market, forage in fields, ponds and jungles; they beg on a large scale; they migrate, often over long distances by travelling ticketless on the railways;... [and they] take shelter in the protection of a rural patron." Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Maharatna 1993, p. 4. Maharatna, Arup (1993). "Malaria Ecology, Relief Provision and Regional Variation in Mortality During the Bengal Famine of 1943–44". South Asia Research. 13 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1177/026272809301300101. S2CID 144925072.
S. Bose 1990, p. 701. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
Dyson 1991, p. 284. Dyson, Tim (1991). "On the demography of South Asian famines part II". Population Studies. 45 (2): 279–97. doi:10.1080/0032472031000145446. PMID 11622922.
Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 13. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.
Ó Gráda 2009, p. 146; S. Bose 1990, p. 711. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
Greenough 1980, p. 212. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
A. Sen 1981a, p. 75; Brennan 1988, p. 542; Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 12. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.
Greenough 1980, pp. 207–208, 218–225. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, pp. 225–233; Ó Gráda 2009. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
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Greenough 1980, p. 342; Bowbrick 1986, p. 27. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
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Cooper 1983, p. 248. Cooper, Adrienne (1983). "Sharecroppers and Landlords in Bengal, 1930–50: the dependency web and its implications". Journal of Peasant Studies. 10 (2–3): 227–55. doi:10.1080/03066158308438206.
Greenough 1980, p. 229. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Bedi 1944, p. 87, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 229 Bedi, Freda (1944). Bengal Lamenting. Lahore, India: Lion Press. OCLC 579534205. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
B. Sen 1945, p. 29, as cited in Greenough 1980, pp. 229–230 "A section of the contractors has made a profession of selling girls to [soldiers]. There are places in Chittagong, Comilla and Noakhali where women sell themselves literally in hordes, and young boys act as pimps...". Sen, Bhowani (1945). Rural Bengal in Ruins. Translated by N. Chakravarty. Bombay, India: People's Publishing House. OCLC 27855268. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 233. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, pp. 230–233. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
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Greenough 1980, p. 232. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 232; Greenough 1982, p. 235. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2.
Brennan 1988, pp. 548–551. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Greenough 1982, p. 127; Brennan 1988, pp. 547–548, 562–563; Greenough 1982, pp. 127–137; Maharatna 1992, pp. 236–238. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Greenough 1982, pp. 133–136; Brennan 1988, pp. 559–560. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, pp. 557–558. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 553. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 545. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 559. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
A. Sen 1977, p. 38. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
Brennan 1988, pp. 555, 557; Greenough 1982, p. 169; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 174; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 75. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Greenough 1980, p. 213. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Brennan 1988, p. 552. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 180; De 2006, p. 40. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 61–62; Greenough 1980, p. 214, as cited in Schneer 1947, p. 176 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Schneer, Richard (1947). "Famine in Bengal: 1943". Science & Society. 11 (2): 168–179.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 62–63, 75, 139–40; Brennan 1988, p. 558. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
A. Sen 1977, p. 36; A. Sen 1981a, pp. 55, 215. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Greenough 1980, pp. 218–233; Greenough 1982, pp. 184ff. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2.
A. Sen 1977, p. 52, fourth footnote; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 42. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
A. Sen 1977; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 42. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Tauger 2009, p. 175; Siegel 2018, p. 43; Devereux 2000, p. 23; Devereux 2001, p. 256. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004. Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42596-4. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Islam 2007a, p. 424. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304.
Bowbrick 1986, pp. 111–114. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Padmanabhan 1973, pp. 11, 23; Tauger 2003, pp. 65–67. Padmanabhan, S. Y. (1973). "The Great Bengal Famine". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 11: 11–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000303. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
Tauger 2009, pp. 178–179. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004.
A. Sen 1977; A. Sen 1981a. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Greenough 1982, pp. 127–138; A. Sen 1977. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
A. Sen 1976, p. 1280; A. Sen 1977, p. 50; A. Sen 1981a, p. 76. Sen, Amartya (1976). "Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements". Economic and Political Weekly. 11 (31/33): 1273+1275+1277+1279–1280. JSTOR 4364836. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 18. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.
A. Sen 1977, p. 50; S. Bose 1990, p. 717. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
A. Sen 1977, pp. 52–53. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 25–28; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90 "...the lack of political will to divert foodstuffs from the war effort rather than [market] speculation... was mainly responsible for the famine"; Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 20, 33. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016 Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Wavell 1973, pp. 68, 122; S. Bose 1990, pp. 716–717. Wavell, Archibald Percival (1973). Moon, Penderel (ed.). Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211723-8. OCLC 905255837. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
Law-Smith 1989, p. 64. Law-Smith, Auriol (1989). "Response and responsibility: The government of India's role in the Bengal famine, 1943". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 12 (1): 49–65. doi:10.1080/00856408908723118.
Greenough 1983, p. 375. Greenough, Paul R. (1983). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Modern Asian Studies. 17 (3): 353–86. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007538. JSTOR 312297. S2CID 146571045. Reprinted as Greenough, Paul R. (1999). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Social Scientist. 27 (7/8): 11–47. doi:10.2307/3518012. JSTOR 3518012.
Hickman 2008, pp. 238–240. Hickman, John (2008). "Orwellian Rectification: Popular Churchill Biographies and the 1943 Bengal Famine". Studies in History. 24 (2): 235–243. doi:10.1177/025764300902400205. S2CID 162446181.
Islam 2007a, p. 423. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304.
Siegel 2018, p. 43; Ó Gráda 2008, p. 24 note 78. Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42596-4. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
A. Sen 1977, p. 50. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
Bowbrick 1986; Tauger 2003. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
Greenough 1982, pp. 261–275; S. Bose 1990, pp. 721–724. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965.
Tauger 2009, p. 185; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 2–6. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 107, as cited in Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 13 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.

eldis.org

The estimates do not include Orissa. There has been a wide range of estimates since the famine. See Maharatna (1996, pp. 214–231), especially table 5.1 on page 215, for a review of the data. Devereux (2000, p. 6) suggested a range of 2.1–3 million, deriving the lower figure from Dyson & Maharatna (1991) and the upper from Amartya Sen's "widely quoted figure of 3 million".^[1] Sen estimated between 2.7 and 3 million deaths for the period 1943–1946.^[2]
Cormac Ó Gráda (2007): "[E]stimates of mortality in Bengal range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)."^[3]
Paul R. Greenough (1982) suggested a total of 3.5 to 3.8 million famine-related deaths.^[4]

Contemporaneous estimates included, in 1945, that of the Famine Inquiry Commission – appointed in 1944 by the Government of India and chaired by Sir John Woodhead – of around 1.5 million famine-related deaths out of Bengal's population of 60.3 million.^[5] That figure covered January 1943 to June 1944.^[6] K. P. Chattopadhyay, a University of Calcutta anthropologist, estimated in 1944 that 3.5 million famine-related deaths had occurred in 1943; this was widely believed at the time, but subsequently rejected by many scholars as too high (Greenough 1982, pp. 300–301; Dyson & Maharatna 1991, p. 281).
Maharatna, Arup (1996). The Demography of Famines: an Indian Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563711-3. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077.
Devereux 2000, p. 5. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.
Tauger 2009, p. 175; Siegel 2018, p. 43; Devereux 2000, p. 23; Devereux 2001, p. 256. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004. Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42596-4. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Devereux 2000, pp. 19–21. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.
Devereux 2000, pp. 21–23 "The conclusion is inescapable: famines are always political." Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.

epw.in

"Profit Inflation, Keynes and the Holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44 | Economic and Political Weekly". www.epw.in. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
Mukerjee 2014, p. 73; Iqbal 2011, pp. 273–274. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). "Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (11): 71–75. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2011). "The Boat Denial Policy and the Great Bengal Famine". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 56 (1–2): 271–82.
A. Sen 1977, pp. 47, 52; De 2006, p. 30; Mukerjee 2014, p. 73. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). "Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (11): 71–75.
Ó Gráda 2009, p. 179; Rangasami 1985. Cited approvingly in Osmani 1993 and Mukerjee 2014, p. 71. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Rangasami, Amrita (1985). "Failure of Exchange Entitlements Theory of Famine: A Response". Economic and Political Weekly. 20 (41): 1747–52. JSTOR 4374919. Osmani, S. R. (1993). The Entitlement Approach to Famine: An Assessment (PDF) (Technical report). Helsinki: The United Nations University/World Institute for Development Economics Research. Retrieved 29 March 2018. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). "Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (11): 71–75.

ernet.in

dli.ernet.in

In late January 1943, for example, the Viceroy Linlithgow wrote to the Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told [the Premier of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq] that he simply must produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief [Churchill] continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for Ceylon".(Mansergh 1971, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example A. Sen (1977, p. 53), Ó Gráda (2008, pp. 30–31), Mukerjee (2010, p. 129), and J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 93). Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 61–63; Ghosh 1944, p. 52. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Ghosh, Kali Charan (1944). Famines in Bengal, 1770–1943. Calcutta, India: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Ltd. OCLC 38146035. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017.
Mahalanobis 1944, p. 71; Mansergh 1971, p. 357. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018. Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017.

gipe.ac.in

dspace.gipe.ac.in

Two contemporary reports – the 1940 Report of the Land Revenue Commission of Bengal (Government of Bengal 1940b) and the field survey published in Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh (1946) – agree that even before the famine of 1943, at least half of the nearly 46 million in Bengal who depended on agriculture for their livelihood were landless or land-poor labourers under consistent threat of food insecurity. Approximately two acres of farmland would provide subsistence-level food for an average family (Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946, pp. 372, 374). According to the 1940 Land Revenue Board report, 46% of rural families owned two acres or less or were landless tenants. The 1946 survey by the Indian Statistical Institute, found that 77% did not own sufficient land to provide subsistence for themselves. Government of Bengal (1940b). Report of the Land Revenue Commission, Vol. II (PDF). Vol. Appendices (I to IX) and Indian Land-System Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern. Alipore: Bengal Government Press. OCLC 943963553. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

In late January 1943, for example, the Viceroy Linlithgow wrote to the Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told [the Premier of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq] that he simply must produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief [Churchill] continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for Ceylon".(Mansergh 1971, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example A. Sen (1977, p. 53), Ó Gráda (2008, pp. 30–31), Mukerjee (2010, p. 129), and J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 93). Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Ó Gráda 2007, p. 19. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671.
Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Hunt 1987, p. 42; Iqbal 2010 chapter 5, particularly p. 107 Hunt, Joseph Michael (1987). The political study of nature – socio-ecological transformation of a North Bengal region (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/74964. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Hunt 1987, p. 127; Learmonth 1957, p. 56. Hunt, Joseph Michael (1987). The political study of nature – socio-ecological transformation of a North Bengal region (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/74964. Learmonth, A. T. A. (1957). "Some contrasts in the regional geography of malaria in India and Pakistan". Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers). 23 (23): 37–59. doi:10.2307/621155. JSTOR 621155.
S. Bose 1990, pp. 703, 715; Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Ó Gráda 2007, p. 10. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671.
Ó Gráda 2008, p. 32. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 25–28; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90 "...the lack of political will to divert foodstuffs from the war effort rather than [market] speculation... was mainly responsible for the famine"; Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 20, 33. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016 Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Siegel 2018, p. 43; Ó Gráda 2008, p. 24 note 78. Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42596-4. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.

harvard.edu

nrs.harvard.edu

Ali 2012, pp. 135–140. Ali, Tariq Omar (2012). The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s (Doctoral thesis). Harvard University.
Ali 2012, p. 29; Chatterjee 1986, pp. 176–177. Ali, Tariq Omar (2012). The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s (Doctoral thesis). Harvard University. Chatterjee, Partha (1986). "The Colonial State and Peasant Resistance in Bengal 1920–1947". Past & Present (110): 169–204. doi:10.1093/past/110.1.169.
Ali 2012, p. 128; S. Bose 1982b, p. 469. Ali, Tariq Omar (2012). The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s (Doctoral thesis). Harvard University. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201.
Ali 2012, pp. 31, 136. Ali, Tariq Omar (2012). The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s (Doctoral thesis). Harvard University.

hillsdale.edu

winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu

"Did Churchill Cause the Bengal Famine?". The Churchill Project. Hillsdale College. 8 April 2015.

independent.co.uk

Osborne, Samuel (14 August 2017). "5 of the worst atrocities carried out by British Empire, after 'historical amnesia' claims | The Independent". The Independent. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

insa.nic.in

Mahalanobis 1944, p. 70. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Mahalanobis 1944, p. 71; Mansergh 1971, p. 357. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018. Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017.
Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946, p. 338; Dewey 1978; Mahalanobis 1944. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400. Dewey, Clive (1978). "Patwari and Chaukidar: Subordinate Officials and the Reliability of India's Agricultural Statistics" (PDF). In Dewey, Clive; Hopkins, Anthony G. (eds.). The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of Africa and India. London, England: Athlone Press for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. pp. 280–314. ISBN 0-485-17621-1. OCLC 959367752. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Mahalanobis 1944, pp. 69–71. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Mahalanobis 1944, p. 71. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Mahalanobis 1944, p. 72. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 12; Mahalanobis 1944, p. 71. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016 Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.

jstor.org

Bengal as a whole in 1943 was subject to acts of sabotage against institutions or offices of colonial rule, including 151 bomb explosions, 153 cases of severe damage to police stations or other public buildings, 4 police stations destroyed, and 57 cases of sabotage to roads (Chakrabarty 1992a, p. 813) Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1992a). "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur". Modern Asian Studies. 26 (4): 791–814. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00010076. JSTOR 312940. S2CID 146564132.
The Statesman was the only major newspaper that had acquiesced to (or been persuaded by) government pressure to present the Quit India movement in a negative light (Greenough 1983, p. 355 note 7; Greenough 1999, p. 43 note 7). Greenough, Paul R. (1983). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Modern Asian Studies. 17 (3): 353–86. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007538. JSTOR 312297. S2CID 146571045. Reprinted as Greenough, Paul R. (1999). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Social Scientist. 27 (7/8): 11–47. doi:10.2307/3518012. JSTOR 3518012.
See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
For example, in the 1937 Bengal Congress elections, Hindus won only 60 out of a total of 250 seats (Prayer 2001, p. 141 n 122). The provincial government of Bengal was essentially under Muslim control from 1937 until 1947, (Fraser 2006, p. 13) including the office of Prime Minister of Bengal. Prayer, Mario (2001). "The Gandhians of Bengal: nationalism, social reconstruction and cultural orientations 1920–1942". Revista studi degli orientali. 71: 1–93, 95–161, 163–231, 233–297, 299–331, 333–363. JSTOR 41913060. Fraser, Bashabi (2006). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter. London, England: Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-225-3.
Ó Gráda 2007, p. 19. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671.
Roy 2006, pp. 5393–5394. Roy, Tirthankar (30 December 2006). "Roots of Agrarian Crisis in Interwar India: Retrieving a Narrative". Economic and Political Weekly. 41 (52): 5389, 5391–5400. JSTOR 4419085.
Mukherji 1986, p. PE-21; Iqbal 2009, pp. 1346–1351. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2009). "Return of the Bhadralok: Ecology and Agrarian Relations in Eastern Bengal, c. 1905–1947". Modern Asian Studies. 43 (6): 1325–53. doi:10.1017/s0026749x08003661. JSTOR 40285015. S2CID 145236337.
Bekker 1951, pp. 319, 326. Bekker, Konrad (Summer 1951). "Land Reform Legislation in India". Middle East Journal. 5 (3): 319–36. JSTOR 4322295.
Mukherji 1986; S. Bose 1982b, pp. 472–473. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201.
Mukherji 1986, p. PE-18; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 39. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 8–9; Natarajan 1946, pp. 542, 548 note 12; Brennan 1988, pp. 10–11. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Natarajan, M. S. (1946). Some Aspects of the Indian War Economy. Baroda, India: Padmaja Publications. OCLC 25849883. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Hunt 1987, p. 127; Learmonth 1957, p. 56. Hunt, Joseph Michael (1987). The political study of nature – socio-ecological transformation of a North Bengal region (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/74964. Learmonth, A. T. A. (1957). "Some contrasts in the regional geography of malaria in India and Pakistan". Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers). 23 (23): 37–59. doi:10.2307/621155. JSTOR 621155.
Roy 2006, p. 5394. Roy, Tirthankar (30 December 2006). "Roots of Agrarian Crisis in Interwar India: Retrieving a Narrative". Economic and Political Weekly. 41 (52): 5389, 5391–5400. JSTOR 4419085.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 170–171; Greenough 1980, p. 222; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 40–41, 110, 191; De 2006, p. 2. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
Mukherji 1986, p. PE-25. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249.
S. Bose 1990, p. 715; Rothermund 2002, pp. 115–122; A. Sen 1977, p. 50; Mukherji 1986, p. PE-25. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965. Rothermund, Dietmar (2002). An Economic History of India. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-87945-8. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Mukherji, Saugata (1986). "Agrarian Class Formation in Modern Bengal, 1931–51". Economic and Political Weekly. 21 (4): PE11–PE21, PE24–PE27. JSTOR 4375249.
Ó Gráda 2009, p. 154; Brennan 1988, pp. 542–543, note 3. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
A. Sen 1977, p. 51; Brennan 1988, p. 563. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Greenough 1982; Brennan 1988, pp. 559–560. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Greenough 1980, pp. 211–212; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 89. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Datta 2002, pp. 644–646. Datta, V. N. (2002). "The Cripps Mission, Its Failure and Significance". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 63. Indian History Congress: 644–52. JSTOR 44158132.
Chakrabarty 1992a, p. 791; Chatterjee 1986, pp. 180–181. Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1992a). "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur". Modern Asian Studies. 26 (4): 791–814. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00010076. JSTOR 312940. S2CID 146564132. Chatterjee, Partha (1986). "The Colonial State and Peasant Resistance in Bengal 1920–1947". Past & Present (110): 169–204. doi:10.1093/past/110.1.169.
A. Sen 1976, p. 1280. Sen, Amartya (1976). "Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements". Economic and Political Weekly. 11 (31/33): 1273+1275+1277+1279–1280. JSTOR 4364836.
Brennan 1988, p. 543 note 5; A. Sen 1977, p. 32. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
Ó Gráda 2007, p. 10. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671.
Brennan 1988, p. 543. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 552, note 14. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 548. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 552, note 12. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
A. Sen 1981b, p. 441. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 223–225 Annexures I and II to Appendix V, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 214 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Brennan 1988, p. 555. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Greenough 1980, pp. 205–207 "[W]hen crops begin to fail the cultivator [sells or barters]... his wife's jewelry, grain, cattle...[or reduces] his current food intake... Starving Indian peasants, once they fail in the market, forage in fields, ponds and jungles; they beg on a large scale; they migrate, often over long distances by travelling ticketless on the railways;... [and they] take shelter in the protection of a rural patron." Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 212. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
A. Sen 1981a, p. 75; Brennan 1988, p. 542; Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 12. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.
Greenough 1980, pp. 207–208, 218–225. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, pp. 225–233; Ó Gráda 2009. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 67; Greenough 1980, pp. 227–228. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 342; Bowbrick 1986, p. 27. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Greenough 1980, p. 229. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Bedi 1944, p. 87, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 229 Bedi, Freda (1944). Bengal Lamenting. Lahore, India: Lion Press. OCLC 579534205. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
B. Sen 1945, p. 29, as cited in Greenough 1980, pp. 229–230 "A section of the contractors has made a profession of selling girls to [soldiers]. There are places in Chittagong, Comilla and Noakhali where women sell themselves literally in hordes, and young boys act as pimps...". Sen, Bhowani (1945). Rural Bengal in Ruins. Translated by N. Chakravarty. Bombay, India: People's Publishing House. OCLC 27855268. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 233. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, pp. 230–233. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 210. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 231. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 232. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 232; Greenough 1982, p. 235. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2.
Brennan 1988, pp. 548–551. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Greenough 1982, p. 127; Brennan 1988, pp. 547–548, 562–563; Greenough 1982, pp. 127–137; Maharatna 1992, pp. 236–238. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Greenough 1982, pp. 133–136; Brennan 1988, pp. 559–560. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, pp. 557–558. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 553. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 545. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 559. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, pp. 555, 557; Greenough 1982, p. 169; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 174; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 75. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Greenough 1980, p. 213. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Brennan 1988, p. 552. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 61–62; Greenough 1980, p. 214, as cited in Schneer 1947, p. 176 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Schneer, Richard (1947). "Famine in Bengal: 1943". Science & Society. 11 (2): 168–179.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 62–63, 75, 139–40; Brennan 1988, p. 558. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Greenough 1980, pp. 218–233; Greenough 1982, pp. 184ff. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2.
A. Sen 1976; A. Sen 1981a; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90. Sen, Amartya (1976). "Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements". Economic and Political Weekly. 11 (31/33): 1273+1275+1277+1279–1280. JSTOR 4364836. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
A. Sen 1976, p. 1280; A. Sen 1977, p. 50; A. Sen 1981a, p. 76. Sen, Amartya (1976). "Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements". Economic and Political Weekly. 11 (31/33): 1273+1275+1277+1279–1280. JSTOR 4364836. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
Ó Gráda 2010, p. 39. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2010). "Revisiting the Bengal Famine of 1943–44". History Ireland. 18 (4): 36–39. JSTOR 27823027.
Greenough 1983, p. 375. Greenough, Paul R. (1983). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Modern Asian Studies. 17 (3): 353–86. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007538. JSTOR 312297. S2CID 146571045. Reprinted as Greenough, Paul R. (1999). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Social Scientist. 27 (7/8): 11–47. doi:10.2307/3518012. JSTOR 3518012.
Ó Gráda 2009, p. 179; Rangasami 1985. Cited approvingly in Osmani 1993 and Mukerjee 2014, p. 71. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Rangasami, Amrita (1985). "Failure of Exchange Entitlements Theory of Famine: A Response". Economic and Political Weekly. 20 (41): 1747–52. JSTOR 4374919. Osmani, S. R. (1993). The Entitlement Approach to Famine: An Assessment (PDF) (Technical report). Helsinki: The United Nations University/World Institute for Development Economics Research. Retrieved 29 March 2018. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). "Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (11): 71–75.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Wheat was considered a staple by many in Calcutta, but nowhere else in Bengal.(Knight 1954, p. 78) The wheat-eating enclave in Calcutta were industrial workers who had come there from other provinces (Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 31). Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Census statistics were considerably more accurate than those for foodgrain production. (Knight 1954, p. 22) Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Knight 1954, p. 101. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Knight 1954, p. 270. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Knight 1954, p. 279; Yong 2005, pp. 291–294. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785. Yong, Tan Tai (2005). The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-81-321-0347-9.
Knight 1954, p. 280. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 24; Knight 1954, pp. 48, 280. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.

lse.ac.uk

etheses.lse.ac.uk

(11.46 -6.29) / (31.77 – 19.46), then multiplied by 100 = 41.998% or approximately 42%. Discrepancy presumably due to rounding or truncation of tabular data presented in Maharatna (1992, p. 243, Table 5.5). Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 206. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 210. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, pp. 41–42, 211. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 78; Maharatna 1992, pp. 268, 383–384. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 41. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, pp. 263–264. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, pp. 262–263. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 270. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, pp. 260, 263. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 279. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 282. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, pp. 257, 227. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 243. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Derived from Maharatna (1992, p. 243, Table 5.5) Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, pp. 249, 251. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 268. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 268; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 136. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Maharatna 1992, p. 240. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, pp. 41, 251. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Greenough 1982, p. 141; Maharatna 1992, p. 378. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, pp. 243–244. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 265, note 92; Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 68. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Greenough 1982, p. 127; Brennan 1988, pp. 547–548, 562–563; Greenough 1982, pp. 127–137; Maharatna 1992, pp. 236–238. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 236. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
Maharatna 1992, p. 212. Maharatna, Arup (1992). The demography of Indian famines: A historical perspective (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).

measuringworth.com

UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.

minneapolisfed.org

1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Dyson 1991, p. 279. Dyson, Tim (1991). "On the demography of South Asian famines part II". Population Studies. 45 (2): 279–97. doi:10.1080/0032472031000145446. PMID 11622922.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 170–171; Greenough 1980, p. 222; J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 40–41, 110, 191; De 2006, p. 2. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
Bhattacharya 2002a, p. 103. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (1): 37–40. PMID 11855591. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Bhattacharya 2002a, p. 39; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 42. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (1): 37–40. PMID 11855591. Retrieved 8 February 2016. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Bhattacharya 2002a, p. 39. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (1): 37–40. PMID 11855591. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Greenough 1980, pp. 211–212; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 89. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
A. Sen 1981b, p. 441. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 223–225 Annexures I and II to Appendix V, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 214 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, pp. 205–207 "[W]hen crops begin to fail the cultivator [sells or barters]... his wife's jewelry, grain, cattle...[or reduces] his current food intake... Starving Indian peasants, once they fail in the market, forage in fields, ponds and jungles; they beg on a large scale; they migrate, often over long distances by travelling ticketless on the railways;... [and they] take shelter in the protection of a rural patron." Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Dyson 1991, p. 284. Dyson, Tim (1991). "On the demography of South Asian famines part II". Population Studies. 45 (2): 279–97. doi:10.1080/0032472031000145446. PMID 11622922.
Greenough 1980, p. 212. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Bhattacharya 2002a, p. 102. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (1): 37–40. PMID 11855591. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Greenough 1980, pp. 207–208, 218–225. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, pp. 225–233; Ó Gráda 2009. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 67; Greenough 1980, pp. 227–228. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 342; Bowbrick 1986, p. 27. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Greenough 1980, p. 229. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Bedi 1944, p. 87, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 229 Bedi, Freda (1944). Bengal Lamenting. Lahore, India: Lion Press. OCLC 579534205. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
B. Sen 1945, p. 29, as cited in Greenough 1980, pp. 229–230 "A section of the contractors has made a profession of selling girls to [soldiers]. There are places in Chittagong, Comilla and Noakhali where women sell themselves literally in hordes, and young boys act as pimps...". Sen, Bhowani (1945). Rural Bengal in Ruins. Translated by N. Chakravarty. Bombay, India: People's Publishing House. OCLC 27855268. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 233. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, pp. 230–233. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 210. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 231. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 232. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 232; Greenough 1982, p. 235. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2.
Greenough 1980, p. 213. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 61–62; Greenough 1980, p. 214, as cited in Schneer 1947, p. 176 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Schneer, Richard (1947). "Famine in Bengal: 1943". Science & Society. 11 (2): 168–179.
Greenough 1980, pp. 218–233; Greenough 1982, pp. 184ff. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2.

nmji.in

archive.nmji.in

Bhattacharya 2002b, p. 101. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002b). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part II)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (2): 101–40. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Bhattacharya 2002a, p. 103. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (1): 37–40. PMID 11855591. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Bhattacharya 2002a, p. 39; J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 42. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (1): 37–40. PMID 11855591. Retrieved 8 February 2016. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Bhattacharya 2002a, p. 39. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (1): 37–40. PMID 11855591. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Bhattacharya 2002b, pp. 101–102. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002b). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part II)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (2): 101–40. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Bhattacharya 2002b, p. 102. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002b). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part II)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (2): 101–40. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Bhattacharya 2002a, p. 102. Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2002a). "Tackling hunger, disease and 'internal security': Official medical administration in colonial eastern India during World War II (Part I)" (PDF). The National Medical Journal of India. 15 (1): 37–40. PMID 11855591. Retrieved 8 February 2016.

nytimes.com

Best movies 2003. "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. 29 April 2003. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.

researchgate.net

In late January 1943, for example, the Viceroy Linlithgow wrote to the Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told [the Premier of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq] that he simply must produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief [Churchill] continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for Ceylon".(Mansergh 1971, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example A. Sen (1977, p. 53), Ó Gráda (2008, pp. 30–31), Mukerjee (2010, p. 129), and J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 93). Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
S. Bose 1990, pp. 703, 715; Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Ó Gráda 2008, p. 32. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 25–28; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90 "...the lack of political will to divert foodstuffs from the war effort rather than [market] speculation... was mainly responsible for the famine"; Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 20, 33. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016 Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Siegel 2018, p. 43; Ó Gráda 2008, p. 24 note 78. Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42596-4. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Patnaik, Utsa (December 2017). "Mr Keynes and the forgotten holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44: Or, the macroeconomics of extreme demand compression". Studies in People's History. 4 (2): 197–210. doi:10.1177/2348448917725856. ISSN 2348-4489.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

The estimates do not include Orissa. There has been a wide range of estimates since the famine. See Maharatna (1996, pp. 214–231), especially table 5.1 on page 215, for a review of the data. Devereux (2000, p. 6) suggested a range of 2.1–3 million, deriving the lower figure from Dyson & Maharatna (1991) and the upper from Amartya Sen's "widely quoted figure of 3 million".^[1] Sen estimated between 2.7 and 3 million deaths for the period 1943–1946.^[2]
Cormac Ó Gráda (2007): "[E]stimates of mortality in Bengal range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)."^[3]
Paul R. Greenough (1982) suggested a total of 3.5 to 3.8 million famine-related deaths.^[4]

Contemporaneous estimates included, in 1945, that of the Famine Inquiry Commission – appointed in 1944 by the Government of India and chaired by Sir John Woodhead – of around 1.5 million famine-related deaths out of Bengal's population of 60.3 million.^[5] That figure covered January 1943 to June 1944.^[6] K. P. Chattopadhyay, a University of Calcutta anthropologist, estimated in 1944 that 3.5 million famine-related deaths had occurred in 1943; this was widely believed at the time, but subsequently rejected by many scholars as too high (Greenough 1982, pp. 300–301; Dyson & Maharatna 1991, p. 281).
Maharatna, Arup (1996). The Demography of Famines: an Indian Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563711-3. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077.
In late January 1943, for example, the Viceroy Linlithgow wrote to the Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told [the Premier of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq] that he simply must produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief [Churchill] continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for Ceylon".(Mansergh 1971, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example A. Sen (1977, p. 53), Ó Gráda (2008, pp. 30–31), Mukerjee (2010, p. 129), and J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 93). Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Sources agree that the impetus came from the military; see for example Ó Gráda (2009, p. 154). Some, such as J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 58), add that Herbert was "instructed through central government channels". At least two sources have suggested that the avowed objective of denying supplies to an invading Japanese army was less important than a covert goal of controlling available rice stocks and means of transport so the rice supplies could be directed toward the armed forces; see Iqbal (2010, p. 282) and De (2006, p. 12). Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
"On 29 November 1941 the central government conferred, by notification, concurrent powers on the provincial governments under the Defence of India Rules (DIR) to restrict/prohibit the movement of food grains and to requisition both food grains and any other commodity they considered necessary. With regard to food grains, the provincial governments had the power to restrict/stop, seize them and regulate their price, divert them from their usual channels of transportation and, as stated, their movement".(De 2006, p. 8) De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
Bengal as a whole in 1943 was subject to acts of sabotage against institutions or offices of colonial rule, including 151 bomb explosions, 153 cases of severe damage to police stations or other public buildings, 4 police stations destroyed, and 57 cases of sabotage to roads (Chakrabarty 1992a, p. 813) Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1992a). "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur". Modern Asian Studies. 26 (4): 791–814. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00010076. JSTOR 312940. S2CID 146564132.
The Statesman was the only major newspaper that had acquiesced to (or been persuaded by) government pressure to present the Quit India movement in a negative light (Greenough 1983, p. 355 note 7; Greenough 1999, p. 43 note 7). Greenough, Paul R. (1983). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Modern Asian Studies. 17 (3): 353–86. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007538. JSTOR 312297. S2CID 146571045. Reprinted as Greenough, Paul R. (1999). "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44". Social Scientist. 27 (7/8): 11–47. doi:10.2307/3518012. JSTOR 3518012.
See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Ó Gráda 2007, p. 19. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671.
Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
De 2006, p. 13. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224.
Islam 2007a, p. 433. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304.
Islam 2007a, pp. 433–434. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304.
Washbrook 1981, p. 670. Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India". Modern Asian Studies. 15 (3): 649–721. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00008714. S2CID 145176900.
S. Bose 1982b, p. 469. Bose, Sugata (1982b). "The Roots of 'Communal' Violence in Rural Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 463–91. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015274. S2CID 145065201.
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Brennan 1988, p. 543. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 552, note 14. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Brennan 1988, p. 548. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
Tauger 2003, p. 66. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
Brennan 1988, p. 552, note 12. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570.
A. Sen 1977, pp. 47, 52; De 2006, p. 30; Mukerjee 2014, p. 73. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. De, Bikramjit (2006). "Imperial Governance and the Challenges of War: Management of Food Supplies in Bengal, 1943–44". Studies in History. 22 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1177/025764300502200101. S2CID 162504224. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). "Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (11): 71–75.
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Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 223–225 Annexures I and II to Appendix V, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 214 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Ó Gráda 2008, p. 32. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
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Greenough 1980, pp. 205–207 "[W]hen crops begin to fail the cultivator [sells or barters]... his wife's jewelry, grain, cattle...[or reduces] his current food intake... Starving Indian peasants, once they fail in the market, forage in fields, ponds and jungles; they beg on a large scale; they migrate, often over long distances by travelling ticketless on the railways;... [and they] take shelter in the protection of a rural patron." Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Maharatna 1993, p. 4. Maharatna, Arup (1993). "Malaria Ecology, Relief Provision and Regional Variation in Mortality During the Bengal Famine of 1943–44". South Asia Research. 13 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1177/026272809301300101. S2CID 144925072.
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A. Sen 1981a, p. 75; Brennan 1988, p. 542; Brennan, Heathcote & Lucas 1984, p. 12. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Brennan, Lance (1988). "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". The Journal of Asian Studies. 47 (3): 541–66. doi:10.2307/2056974. JSTOR 2056974. S2CID 154596570. Brennan, Lance; Heathcote, Les; Lucas, Anton (1984). "The causation of famine: A comparative analysis of Lombok and Bengal 1891–1974". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00856408408723049.
Greenough 1980, pp. 207–208, 218–225. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
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Greenough 1980, p. 342; Bowbrick 1986, p. 27. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
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Bedi 1944, p. 87, as cited in Greenough 1980, p. 229 Bedi, Freda (1944). Bengal Lamenting. Lahore, India: Lion Press. OCLC 579534205. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
B. Sen 1945, p. 29, as cited in Greenough 1980, pp. 229–230 "A section of the contractors has made a profession of selling girls to [soldiers]. There are places in Chittagong, Comilla and Noakhali where women sell themselves literally in hordes, and young boys act as pimps...". Sen, Bhowani (1945). Rural Bengal in Ruins. Translated by N. Chakravarty. Bombay, India: People's Publishing House. OCLC 27855268. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
Greenough 1980, p. 233. Greenough, Paul R. (1980). "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44". Modern Asian Studies. 14 (2): 205–35. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007319. JSTOR 312413. PMID 11614969. S2CID 42673510.
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theguardian.com

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ucd.ie

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Ó Gráda 2015, p. 91. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90: "The 1943–44 famine has become paradigmatic as an 'entitlements famine,' whereby speculation born of greed and panic produced an 'artificial' shortage of rice, the staple food." Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 25–28; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 90 "...the lack of political will to divert foodstuffs from the war effort rather than [market] speculation... was mainly responsible for the famine"; Ó Gráda 2008, pp. 20, 33. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016 Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 39. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016

unu.edu

wider.unu.edu

Ó Gráda 2009, p. 179; Rangasami 1985. Cited approvingly in Osmani 1993 and Mukerjee 2014, p. 71. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Rangasami, Amrita (1985). "Failure of Exchange Entitlements Theory of Famine: A Response". Economic and Political Weekly. 20 (41): 1747–52. JSTOR 4374919. Osmani, S. R. (1993). The Entitlement Approach to Famine: An Assessment (PDF) (Technical report). Helsinki: The United Nations University/World Institute for Development Economics Research. Retrieved 29 March 2018. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2014). "Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (11): 71–75.

web.archive.org

The estimates do not include Orissa. There has been a wide range of estimates since the famine. See Maharatna (1996, pp. 214–231), especially table 5.1 on page 215, for a review of the data. Devereux (2000, p. 6) suggested a range of 2.1–3 million, deriving the lower figure from Dyson & Maharatna (1991) and the upper from Amartya Sen's "widely quoted figure of 3 million".^[1] Sen estimated between 2.7 and 3 million deaths for the period 1943–1946.^[2]
Cormac Ó Gráda (2007): "[E]stimates of mortality in Bengal range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)."^[3]
Paul R. Greenough (1982) suggested a total of 3.5 to 3.8 million famine-related deaths.^[4]

Contemporaneous estimates included, in 1945, that of the Famine Inquiry Commission – appointed in 1944 by the Government of India and chaired by Sir John Woodhead – of around 1.5 million famine-related deaths out of Bengal's population of 60.3 million.^[5] That figure covered January 1943 to June 1944.^[6] K. P. Chattopadhyay, a University of Calcutta anthropologist, estimated in 1944 that 3.5 million famine-related deaths had occurred in 1943; this was widely believed at the time, but subsequently rejected by many scholars as too high (Greenough 1982, pp. 300–301; Dyson & Maharatna 1991, p. 281).
Maharatna, Arup (1996). The Demography of Famines: an Indian Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563711-3. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077. Greenough, Paul R. (1982). Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943–1944. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503082-2. Dyson, Tim; Maharatna, Arup (September 1991). "Excess mortality during the Great Bengal Famine: A Re-evaluation". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 28 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1177/001946469102800303. S2CID 143627077.
In late January 1943, for example, the Viceroy Linlithgow wrote to the Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told [the Premier of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq] that he simply must produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief [Churchill] continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for Ceylon".(Mansergh 1971, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example A. Sen (1977, p. 53), Ó Gráda (2008, pp. 30–31), Mukerjee (2010, p. 129), and J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 93). Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Devereux 2000, p. 5. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.
Mahalanobis 1944, p. 70. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
J. Mukherjee 2015, pp. 61–63; Ghosh 1944, p. 52. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8. Ghosh, Kali Charan (1944). Famines in Bengal, 1770–1943. Calcutta, India: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Ltd. OCLC 38146035. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017.
Padmanabhan 1973, pp. 11, 23, as cited in Dyson 2018, p. 185. Also cited in Tauger 2003, Tauger 2009, pp. 176–179, and Iqbal 2010 among others. Padmanabhan, S. Y. (1973). "The Great Bengal Famine". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 11: 11–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000303. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Tauger 2003, p. 66. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
Mahalanobis 1944, p. 71; Mansergh 1971, p. 357. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018. Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017.
Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946, p. 338; Dewey 1978; Mahalanobis 1944. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400. Dewey, Clive (1978). "Patwari and Chaukidar: Subordinate Officials and the Reliability of India's Agricultural Statistics" (PDF). In Dewey, Clive; Hopkins, Anthony G. (eds.). The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of Africa and India. London, England: Athlone Press for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. pp. 280–314. ISBN 0-485-17621-1. OCLC 959367752. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Mahalanobis 1944, pp. 69–71. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Mahalanobis 1944, p. 71. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Mahalanobis 1944, p. 72. Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Ó Gráda 2015, p. 12; Mahalanobis 1944, p. 71. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–91. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper at UCD Centre for Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Retrieved 9 February 2016 Mahalanobis, P. C. (1944). "Organisation of Statistics in the Post-War Period" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 10 (1): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Best movies 2003. "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. 29 April 2003. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Tauger 2009, p. 175; Siegel 2018, p. 43; Devereux 2000, p. 23; Devereux 2001, p. 256. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004. Siegel, Benjamin Robert (2018). Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42596-4. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Devereux 2000, pp. 19–21. Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.
Padmanabhan 1973, pp. 11, 23; Tauger 2003, pp. 65–67. Padmanabhan, S. Y. (1973). "The Great Bengal Famine". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 11: 11–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000303. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
Devereux 2000, pp. 21–23 "The conclusion is inescapable: famines are always political." Devereux, Stephen (2000). Famine in the twentieth century (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. IDS Working Paper 105. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.
Bowbrick 1986; Tauger 2003. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.

winstonchurchill.org

Herman 2010; Roy 2019, pp. 129–130. Herman, Arthur L. (2010). "Without Churchill, India's Famine Would Have Been Worse". International Churchill Society. Retrieved 24 December 2022. Roy, Tirthankar (2019). How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-17708-9.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Famine Inquiry Commission (1945a, p. 5): "The total extent of the cultivated land in Bengal is nearly 29 million acres. Some of this is cropped more than once, and the total area sown under various crops is normally 35 million acres. The principal crop is rice which accounts for a little less than 26 million acres. In fact, Bengal may be described as a land of rice growers and rice eaters. The area under other staple foodgrains is small; that under wheat, for instance, is less than 200,000 acres, and the total area under food crops of all kinds other than rice is somewhat over 4 million acres. This includes land devoted to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. The most important non-food crop is jute, which accounts normally for between 2 million and 2.5 million acres." Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Some land produced more than one crop a year, sometimes rice in one season and other crops in another, reducing rice's yearly proportion of its total crops sown (Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 10). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Wheat was considered a staple by many in Calcutta, but nowhere else in Bengal.(Knight 1954, p. 78) The wheat-eating enclave in Calcutta were industrial workers who had come there from other provinces (Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 31). Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
Famine Inquiry Commission (1945a, p. 4) describes the ratio of population to land in European terms: "The area of the province is 77,442 square miles, rather more than the area of England, Wales, and one-half of Scotland. The population is a little over 60 millions, which is well in excess of that of the [entire] United Kingdom, and not much less than the aggregate population of France, Belgium, Holland, and Denmark." In terms of US states, Bengal was roughly the size of Idaho (Bulletin of the U.S. Army 1943, p. 28). Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. The Bulletin of the U.S. Army Medical Department. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1943. OCLC 1080593128.
Census statistics were considerably more accurate than those for foodgrain production. (Knight 1954, p. 22) Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
Two contemporary reports – the 1940 Report of the Land Revenue Commission of Bengal (Government of Bengal 1940b) and the field survey published in Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh (1946) – agree that even before the famine of 1943, at least half of the nearly 46 million in Bengal who depended on agriculture for their livelihood were landless or land-poor labourers under consistent threat of food insecurity. Approximately two acres of farmland would provide subsistence-level food for an average family (Mahalanobis, Mukherjea & Ghosh 1946, pp. 372, 374). According to the 1940 Land Revenue Board report, 46% of rural families owned two acres or less or were landless tenants. The 1946 survey by the Indian Statistical Institute, found that 77% did not own sufficient land to provide subsistence for themselves. Government of Bengal (1940b). Report of the Land Revenue Commission, Vol. II (PDF). Vol. Appendices (I to IX) and Indian Land-System Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern. Alipore: Bengal Government Press. OCLC 943963553. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400. Mahalanobis, P. C.; Mukherjea, R.K.; Ghosh, A (1946). "A sample survey of after-effects of the Bengal famine of 1943". Sankhya. 7 (4): 337–400.
In late January 1943, for example, the Viceroy Linlithgow wrote to the Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery: "Mindful of our difficulties about food I told [the Premier of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq] that he simply must produce some more rice out of Bengal for Ceylon even if Bengal itself went short! He was by no means unsympathetic, and it is possible that I may in the result screw a little out of them. The Chief [Churchill] continues to press me most strongly about both rice and labour for Ceylon".(Mansergh 1971, p. 544, Document no. 362) Quoted in many sources, for example A. Sen (1977, p. 53), Ó Gráda (2008, pp. 30–31), Mukerjee (2010, p. 129), and J. Mukherjee (2015, p. 93). Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. (1971). The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. III: Reassertion of Authority, Gandhi's Fast and the Succession to the Viceroyalty, 21 September 1942–12 June 1943 (PDF). London: H.M.S.O. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323. Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00201-6. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, pp. 109–110. Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854.
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Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
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McClelland 1859, pp. 32, 38, as cited in Iqbal 2010, p. 58 McClelland, John (1859). Sketch of the Medical Topography or Climate and Soils, of Bengal and the N.W. Provinces. London: John Churchill. OCLC 884189606. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
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S. Bose 1990, pp. 703, 715; Ó Gráda 2008, p. 20. Bose, Sugata (1990). "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies. 24 (4): 699–727. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010556. S2CID 145408965. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2008). "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history". Economic History Review. 61 (S1): 5–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x. hdl:10197/473. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 219968323.
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Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 27, as cited in J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 66 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
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Knight 1954, p. 280. Knight, Henry (1954). Food Administration in India, 1939–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0447-2. LCCN 53-9961. OCLC 526785.
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Famine Inquiry Commission 1945a, p. 30, as cited in A. Sen 1981a, p. 56 Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. OCLC 18905854. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
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See for example A. Sen (1977), A. Sen (1981a), A. Sen (1981b), Bowbrick (1986), Tauger (2003), Islam (2007a) and Devereux (2001). Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349. Sen, Amartya (1981a). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (See chapter 6: "The Great Bengal Famine"). ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5. Sen, Amartya (1981b). "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 96 (3): 433–64. doi:10.2307/1882681. JSTOR 1882681. PMID 11615084. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Islam, M. Mufakharul (2007a). "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (2): 421–40. doi:10.1017/S0026749X06002435. S2CID 154368304. Devereux, Stephen (2001). "Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques". Oxford Development Studies. 29 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1080/13600810120088859. S2CID 44204331.
Padmanabhan 1973, pp. 11, 23, as cited in Dyson 2018, p. 185. Also cited in Tauger 2003, Tauger 2009, pp. 176–179, and Iqbal 2010 among others. Padmanabhan, S. Y. (1973). "The Great Bengal Famine". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 11: 11–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000303. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Tauger, Mark B. (March 2009). "The Indian Famine Crises of World War II". British Scholar. 1 (2): 166–96. doi:10.3366/brs.2009.0004. Iqbal, Iftekhar (2010). The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230289819. ISBN 978-0-230-23183-2.
Tauger 2003, p. 66. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
Padmanabhan 1973, pp. 11, 23; Tauger 2003, pp. 65–67. Padmanabhan, S. Y. (1973). "The Great Bengal Famine". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 11: 11–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000303. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
Bowbrick 1986; Tauger 2003. Bowbrick, Peter (1986). "The causes of famine: A refutation of Professor Sen's theory" (PDF). Food Policy. 11 (2): 105–24. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Tauger, Mark B. (2003). "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look" (PDF). Journal of Peasant Studies. 31 (1). Routledge: 45–72. doi:10.1080/0306615031000169125. S2CID 153348765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.