Benzalkonium chloride (English Wikipedia)

Maximilian Lackner, Josef Peter Guggenbichler "Antimicrobial Surfaces" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2013. doi:10.1002/14356007.q03_q01
Moiseev, Roman V.; Morrison, Peter W. J.; Steele, Fraser; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2019-07-01). "Penetration Enhancers in Ocular Drug Delivery". Pharmaceutics. 11 (7): 321. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11070321. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 6681039. PMID 31324063.
Ogilvie, Benjamin; Solis-Leal, Antonio (November 28, 2020). "Alcohol-free hand sanitizer and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants quickly and effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2". Journal of Hospital Infection. 108: 142–145. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.023. ISSN 0195-6701. PMC 7700010. PMID 33259880.
Bondurant, Sidney W.; Duley, Collette M.; Harbell, John W. (August 2019). "Demonstrating the persistent antibacterial efficacy of a hand sanitizer containing benzalkonium chloride on human skin at 1, 2, and 4 hours after application". American Journal of Infection Control. 47 (8): 928–932. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.01.004. ISSN 1527-3296. PMID 30777389.
Otten, Mary; Szabocsik, John M. (1976). "Measurement of Preservative Binding with SOFLENS (polymacon) Contact Lens". Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 59 (8): 277. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1976.tb01445.x.
Li, Weihua; Huang, Zirong; Wu, Yu; Wang, Haiyun; Zhou, Xiaobo; Xia o, Zhiqin; Ding, Xuncheng; Xu, Jinxun (June 26, 2013). "Effectiveness of an optimized benzalkonium chloride gel as vaginal contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial among Chinese women". Contraception. 87 (6): 756–765. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.012. PMID 23089047.
Baudouin, C; Labbé, A; Liang, H; Pauly, A; Brignole-Baudouin, F (2010). "Preservatives in eyedrops: the good, the bad and the ugly". Prog Retin Eye Res. 29 (4): 312–34. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.001. PMID 20302969. S2CID 24575844.
Goldstein MH, Silva FQ, Blender N, Tran T, Vantipalli S (February 2022). "Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions". Eye (Lond). 36 (2): 361–368. doi:10.1038/s41433-021-01668-x. PMC 8277985. PMID 34262161.
Marple, B; Roland, P; Benninger, M (2004). "Safety review of benzalkonium chloride used as a preservative in intranasal solutions: an overview of conflicting data and opinions". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 130 (1): 131–41. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.005. PMID 14726922. S2CID 24967410.
Beule, A. G. (2010). "Physiology and pathophysiology of respiratory mucosa of the nose and the paranasal sinuses". GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. 9: Doc07. doi:10.3205/cto000071. PMC 3199822. PMID 22073111.
Graf, P (2005). "Rhinitis medicamentosa: a review of causes and treatment". Treatments in Respiratory Medicine. 4 (1): 21–9. doi:10.2165/00151829-200504010-00003. PMID 15725047. S2CID 25175067.
Gerald, Lynn B; Gerald, Joe K; McClure, Leslie A; Harrington, Kathy; Erwin, Sue; Bailey, William C (2011). "Redesigning a large school-based clinical trial in response to changes in community practice". Clinical Trials: Journal of the Society for Clinical Trials. 8 (3): 311–319. doi:10.1177/1740774511403513. ISSN 1740-7745. PMC 3145214. PMID 21730079.
Lewis R J Sr (2004). Lewis, Richard J (ed.). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (11 ed.). Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. p. 104. doi:10.1002/0471701343. ISBN 978-0471701347. SAFETY PROFILE: Poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by skin contact. A severe eye irritant. A bactericide and fungicide. Dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl- and NOx.
García, MR; Cabo, ML (June 2018). "Optimization of E. coli Inactivation by Benzalkonium Chloride Reveals the Importance of Quantifying the Inoculum Effect on Chemical Disinfection". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1259. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01259. PMC 6028699. PMID 29997577.
Dyer, David L.; Gerenratch, Kenneth B.; Wadhams, Peter S. (1998). "Testing a New Alcohol-Free Hand Sanitizer to Combat Infection". AORN Journal. 68 (2): 239–251. doi:10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62517-9. ISSN 0001-2092. PMID 9706236.
Chacón, Luz; Kuropka, Benno; González-Tortuero, Enrique; Schreiber, Frank; Rojas-Jiménez, Keilor; Rodríguez-Rojas, Alexandro (2023-06-02). "Mechanisms of low susceptibility to the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in a multidrug-resistant environmental isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila". Frontiers in Microbiology. 14. Frontiers Media SA: 1180128. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180128. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 10272739. PMID 37333642.

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eurekalert.org

Hollingshead, Todd (December 1, 2020). "Alcohol-free hand sanitizer just as effective against COVID as alcohol-based versions". EurekAlert!. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY: AAAS. Retrieved December 14, 2020.

fda.gov

"Safety and Effectiveness for Health Care Antiseptics; Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use (Final Rule)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 20 December 2017.
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federalregister.gov

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"ISRCTN - ISRCTN16203579: Effectiveness of BenZalKonium chloride gel as vaginal contraceptive: a multicentric randomised controlled trial". www.isrctn.com.

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Adelstein, Jake (2018-09-01). "Examining the motives behind mass murder in Japan". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-08-04.

journalofhospitalinfection.com

Ogilvie, Benjamin; Solis-Leal, Antonio (November 28, 2020). "Alcohol-free hand sanitizer and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants quickly and effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2". Journal of Hospital Infection. 108: 142–145. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.023. ISSN 0195-6701. PMC 7700010. PMID 33259880.

mdpi.com

Moiseev, Roman V.; Morrison, Peter W. J.; Steele, Fraser; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2019-07-01). "Penetration Enhancers in Ocular Drug Delivery". Pharmaceutics. 11 (7): 321. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11070321. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 6681039. PMID 31324063.

nhs.uk

"Bradosol". Archived from the original on 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2013-05-20.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Moiseev, Roman V.; Morrison, Peter W. J.; Steele, Fraser; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2019-07-01). "Penetration Enhancers in Ocular Drug Delivery". Pharmaceutics. 11 (7): 321. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11070321. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 6681039. PMID 31324063.
Ogilvie, Benjamin; Solis-Leal, Antonio (November 28, 2020). "Alcohol-free hand sanitizer and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants quickly and effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2". Journal of Hospital Infection. 108: 142–145. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.023. ISSN 0195-6701. PMC 7700010. PMID 33259880.
Bondurant, Sidney W.; Duley, Collette M.; Harbell, John W. (August 2019). "Demonstrating the persistent antibacterial efficacy of a hand sanitizer containing benzalkonium chloride on human skin at 1, 2, and 4 hours after application". American Journal of Infection Control. 47 (8): 928–932. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.01.004. ISSN 1527-3296. PMID 30777389.
Li, Weihua; Huang, Zirong; Wu, Yu; Wang, Haiyun; Zhou, Xiaobo; Xia o, Zhiqin; Ding, Xuncheng; Xu, Jinxun (June 26, 2013). "Effectiveness of an optimized benzalkonium chloride gel as vaginal contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial among Chinese women". Contraception. 87 (6): 756–765. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.012. PMID 23089047.
Baudouin, C; Labbé, A; Liang, H; Pauly, A; Brignole-Baudouin, F (2010). "Preservatives in eyedrops: the good, the bad and the ugly". Prog Retin Eye Res. 29 (4): 312–34. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.001. PMID 20302969. S2CID 24575844.
Goldstein MH, Silva FQ, Blender N, Tran T, Vantipalli S (February 2022). "Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions". Eye (Lond). 36 (2): 361–368. doi:10.1038/s41433-021-01668-x. PMC 8277985. PMID 34262161.
Marple, B; Roland, P; Benninger, M (2004). "Safety review of benzalkonium chloride used as a preservative in intranasal solutions: an overview of conflicting data and opinions". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 130 (1): 131–41. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.005. PMID 14726922. S2CID 24967410.
Beule, A. G. (2010). "Physiology and pathophysiology of respiratory mucosa of the nose and the paranasal sinuses". GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. 9: Doc07. doi:10.3205/cto000071. PMC 3199822. PMID 22073111.
Graf, P (2005). "Rhinitis medicamentosa: a review of causes and treatment". Treatments in Respiratory Medicine. 4 (1): 21–9. doi:10.2165/00151829-200504010-00003. PMID 15725047. S2CID 25175067.
Gerald, Lynn B; Gerald, Joe K; McClure, Leslie A; Harrington, Kathy; Erwin, Sue; Bailey, William C (2011). "Redesigning a large school-based clinical trial in response to changes in community practice". Clinical Trials: Journal of the Society for Clinical Trials. 8 (3): 311–319. doi:10.1177/1740774511403513. ISSN 1740-7745. PMC 3145214. PMID 21730079.
Daoud, N. N.; Dickinson, N. A.; Gilbert, P. (1983). "Antimicrobial activity and physico-chemical properties of some alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides". Microbios. 37 (148): 73–85. ISSN 0026-2633. PMID 6413825.
García, MR; Cabo, ML (June 2018). "Optimization of E. coli Inactivation by Benzalkonium Chloride Reveals the Importance of Quantifying the Inoculum Effect on Chemical Disinfection". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1259. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01259. PMC 6028699. PMID 29997577.
Dyer, David L.; Gerenratch, Kenneth B.; Wadhams, Peter S. (1998). "Testing a New Alcohol-Free Hand Sanitizer to Combat Infection". AORN Journal. 68 (2): 239–251. doi:10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62517-9. ISSN 0001-2092. PMID 9706236.
Chacón, Luz; Kuropka, Benno; González-Tortuero, Enrique; Schreiber, Frank; Rojas-Jiménez, Keilor; Rodríguez-Rojas, Alexandro (2023-06-02). "Mechanisms of low susceptibility to the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in a multidrug-resistant environmental isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila". Frontiers in Microbiology. 14. Frontiers Media SA: 1180128. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180128. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 10272739. PMID 37333642.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Moiseev, Roman V.; Morrison, Peter W. J.; Steele, Fraser; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2019-07-01). "Penetration Enhancers in Ocular Drug Delivery". Pharmaceutics. 11 (7): 321. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11070321. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 6681039. PMID 31324063.
Ogilvie, Benjamin; Solis-Leal, Antonio (November 28, 2020). "Alcohol-free hand sanitizer and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants quickly and effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2". Journal of Hospital Infection. 108: 142–145. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.023. ISSN 0195-6701. PMC 7700010. PMID 33259880.
Goldstein MH, Silva FQ, Blender N, Tran T, Vantipalli S (February 2022). "Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions". Eye (Lond). 36 (2): 361–368. doi:10.1038/s41433-021-01668-x. PMC 8277985. PMID 34262161.
Beule, A. G. (2010). "Physiology and pathophysiology of respiratory mucosa of the nose and the paranasal sinuses". GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. 9: Doc07. doi:10.3205/cto000071. PMC 3199822. PMID 22073111.
Gerald, Lynn B; Gerald, Joe K; McClure, Leslie A; Harrington, Kathy; Erwin, Sue; Bailey, William C (2011). "Redesigning a large school-based clinical trial in response to changes in community practice". Clinical Trials: Journal of the Society for Clinical Trials. 8 (3): 311–319. doi:10.1177/1740774511403513. ISSN 1740-7745. PMC 3145214. PMID 21730079.
García, MR; Cabo, ML (June 2018). "Optimization of E. coli Inactivation by Benzalkonium Chloride Reveals the Importance of Quantifying the Inoculum Effect on Chemical Disinfection". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1259. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01259. PMC 6028699. PMID 29997577.
Chacón, Luz; Kuropka, Benno; González-Tortuero, Enrique; Schreiber, Frank; Rojas-Jiménez, Keilor; Rodríguez-Rojas, Alexandro (2023-06-02). "Mechanisms of low susceptibility to the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in a multidrug-resistant environmental isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila". Frontiers in Microbiology. 14. Frontiers Media SA: 1180128. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180128. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 10272739. PMID 37333642.

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Baudouin, C; Labbé, A; Liang, H; Pauly, A; Brignole-Baudouin, F (2010). "Preservatives in eyedrops: the good, the bad and the ugly". Prog Retin Eye Res. 29 (4): 312–34. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.001. PMID 20302969. S2CID 24575844.
Marple, B; Roland, P; Benninger, M (2004). "Safety review of benzalkonium chloride used as a preservative in intranasal solutions: an overview of conflicting data and opinions". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 130 (1): 131–41. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.005. PMID 14726922. S2CID 24967410.
Graf, P (2005). "Rhinitis medicamentosa: a review of causes and treatment". Treatments in Respiratory Medicine. 4 (1): 21–9. doi:10.2165/00151829-200504010-00003. PMID 15725047. S2CID 25175067.

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telegraph.co.uk

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"Bradosol". Archived from the original on 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
"Quats applications - Ophthalmics". 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17.
"Benzalkonium Chloride - Contraception formulations". 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2017-05-15.
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worldcat.org

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Moiseev, Roman V.; Morrison, Peter W. J.; Steele, Fraser; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2019-07-01). "Penetration Enhancers in Ocular Drug Delivery". Pharmaceutics. 11 (7): 321. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11070321. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 6681039. PMID 31324063.
Ogilvie, Benjamin; Solis-Leal, Antonio (November 28, 2020). "Alcohol-free hand sanitizer and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants quickly and effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2". Journal of Hospital Infection. 108: 142–145. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.023. ISSN 0195-6701. PMC 7700010. PMID 33259880.
Bondurant, Sidney W.; Duley, Collette M.; Harbell, John W. (August 2019). "Demonstrating the persistent antibacterial efficacy of a hand sanitizer containing benzalkonium chloride on human skin at 1, 2, and 4 hours after application". American Journal of Infection Control. 47 (8): 928–932. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.01.004. ISSN 1527-3296. PMID 30777389.
Gerald, Lynn B; Gerald, Joe K; McClure, Leslie A; Harrington, Kathy; Erwin, Sue; Bailey, William C (2011). "Redesigning a large school-based clinical trial in response to changes in community practice". Clinical Trials: Journal of the Society for Clinical Trials. 8 (3): 311–319. doi:10.1177/1740774511403513. ISSN 1740-7745. PMC 3145214. PMID 21730079.
Ryall, Julian (2018-07-10). "Japanese nurse investigated over 20 killings at end of shifts to avoid 'nuisance' of telling families of deaths". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
Daoud, N. N.; Dickinson, N. A.; Gilbert, P. (1983). "Antimicrobial activity and physico-chemical properties of some alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides". Microbios. 37 (148): 73–85. ISSN 0026-2633. PMID 6413825.
Dyer, David L.; Gerenratch, Kenneth B.; Wadhams, Peter S. (1998). "Testing a New Alcohol-Free Hand Sanitizer to Combat Infection". AORN Journal. 68 (2): 239–251. doi:10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62517-9. ISSN 0001-2092. PMID 9706236.
Chacón, Luz; Kuropka, Benno; González-Tortuero, Enrique; Schreiber, Frank; Rojas-Jiménez, Keilor; Rodríguez-Rojas, Alexandro (2023-06-02). "Mechanisms of low susceptibility to the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in a multidrug-resistant environmental isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila". Frontiers in Microbiology. 14. Frontiers Media SA: 1180128. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180128. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 10272739. PMID 37333642.