Berber languages (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Berber languages" in English language version.

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apn-dz.org

(in French) – « Loi n° 02-03 portent révision constitutionnelle » Archived 21 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, adopted on April 10, 2002, allotting in particular to "Tamazight" the status of national language.

aps.dz

"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

archive.org

Penchoen, Thomas (1973). Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir. Undena Publications. p. 3. ISBN 9780890030004.

arquivo.pt

"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

bbc.co.uk

"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language". BBC News. 7 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
Waiting game for rebels in western Libya Archived 7 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, John Simpson, 5 July 2011

biorxiv.org

See Libyco-Berber alphabet, and Tifinagh: "The word tifinagh (singular tafinəq < *ta-finəɣ-t) is thought by some scholars to be a Berberized feminine plural cognate or adaptation of the Latin word 'Punicus', (meaning 'Punic' or 'Phoenician') through the Berber feminine prefix ti- and the root √FNƔ < *√PNQ < Latin Punicus; thus tifinagh could possibly mean 'the Phoenician (letters)' or 'the Punic letters'."
The adjective "Punic" commonly refers to Carthage, destroyed by Rome at the end of the Punic Wars, 146 BCE. In the usual theory, Carthaginians were western Phoenicians. But maybe not so much:
• Moots, Hannah M.; et al. (13 March 2022). "A Genetic History of Continuity and Mobility in the Iron Age Central Mediterranean" (PDF). Biorxiv.org. Stanford, California. doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.483276. S2CID 247549249. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023. The contribution of autochthonous North African populations in Carthaginian history is obscured by the use of terms like 'Western Phoenicians', and even to an extent, 'Punic', in the literature to refer to Carthaginians, as it implies a primarily colonial population and diminishes indigenous involvement in the Carthaginian Empire. As a result, the role of autochthonous populations has been largely overlooked in studies of Carthage and its empire. Genetic approaches are well suited to examine such assumptions, and here we show that North African populations contributed substantially to the genetic makeup of Carthaginian cities.

bladi.net

"Bladi.net". Bladi.net. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2013.

books.google.com

Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007). Language Planning and Policy in Africa. Multilingual Matters. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-84769-011-1. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023. Most languages of the Berber branch are mutually unintelligible.
Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Aaronsohn-Cyril VI. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-02-865769-1. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023. Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing from Arabic, as well as from other languages.
Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007). Language Planning and Policy in Africa. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-011-1. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten (18 July 2013). The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber. BRILL. p. 98. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 56. ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
Brenzinger, Matthias, ed. (2015). Language Diversity Endangered. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-11-090569-4. OCLC 979749010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
Goodman, Jane E. (3 November 2005). Berber Culture on the World Stage: From Village to Video. Indiana University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-253-21784-4. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
Bechaus-Gerst, Marianne (2014). Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin (eds.). The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography – "Linguistic evidence for the prehistory of livestock in Sudan" (2000). Routledge. pp. 453–457. ISBN 978-1135434168. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Behrens, Peter (1986). Libya Antiqua: Report and Papers of the Symposium Organized by Unesco in Paris, 16 to 18 January 1984 – "Language and migrations of the early Saharan cattle herders: the formation of the Berber branch". Unesco. p. 30. ISBN 9231023764. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (4 July 2013). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. p. 766. ISBN 978-0-19-956988-5. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
Nyrop, Richard F. (1972). Area Handbook for Algeria. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 105. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
William Frawley (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
Matthias Brenzinger (2015). Language Diversity Endangered. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 133. ISBN 978-3-11-090569-4. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
Stone, Russell A.; Simmons, John (1976). Change in Tunisia: Studies in the Social Sciences. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780873953115. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012). The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews. State University of New York Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4384-2393-7. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023. Zavadovskij gives statistics for the percentage of Berber words in North African Muslim Arabic dialects: 10–15 percent Berber components in the Moroccan Arabic lexicon, 8–9 percent in Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and only 2–3 percent in Libyan Arabic.

britannica.com

H. Ekkehard Wolff (26 August 2013). "Berber languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Brett, Michael (23 May 2023). "Berber". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2023. By [the 14th century], however, the Berbers were in retreat, subjected to Arabization of two very different kinds. The predominance of written Arabic had ended the writing of Amazigh (Berber) languages in both the old Libyan and the new Arabic script, reducing its languages to folk languages. [In other words, Tamazight had earlier been the dominant spoken and written language of the Imazighen.]
H. Ekkehard Wolff (26 August 2013). "Berber languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
"Berber Language Family | History & Culture | Britannica". Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
"Cushitic languages | Phonetics & Phonology | Britannica". Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.

cnrs.fr

ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr

"DDL : Evolution – Themes and actions". Ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2015.

constitutionnet.org

The 2011 Moroccan constitution : a critical analysis (PDF). Mohamed Madani, Driss Maghraoui, Saloua Zerhouni. Stockholm, Sweden. 2012. p. 16. ISBN 978-91-86565-66-4. OCLC 858866180. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

dayan.org

Ben-Layashi, Samir (2007). "Secularism in the Moroccan Amazigh Discourse" (PDF). The Journal of North African Studies. 12 (2). Routledge: 153–171. doi:10.1080/13629380701201741. ISSN 1362-9387. S2CID 143728476. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2009.^: 166

doi.org

Lafkioui, Mena B. (24 May 2018). "Berber Languages and Linguistics". Oxford Bibliographies: 9780199772810–0219. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0219. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.
See Libyco-Berber alphabet, and Tifinagh: "The word tifinagh (singular tafinəq < *ta-finəɣ-t) is thought by some scholars to be a Berberized feminine plural cognate or adaptation of the Latin word 'Punicus', (meaning 'Punic' or 'Phoenician') through the Berber feminine prefix ti- and the root √FNƔ < *√PNQ < Latin Punicus; thus tifinagh could possibly mean 'the Phoenician (letters)' or 'the Punic letters'."
The adjective "Punic" commonly refers to Carthage, destroyed by Rome at the end of the Punic Wars, 146 BCE. In the usual theory, Carthaginians were western Phoenicians. But maybe not so much:
• Moots, Hannah M.; et al. (13 March 2022). "A Genetic History of Continuity and Mobility in the Iron Age Central Mediterranean" (PDF). Biorxiv.org. Stanford, California. doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.483276. S2CID 247549249. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023. The contribution of autochthonous North African populations in Carthaginian history is obscured by the use of terms like 'Western Phoenicians', and even to an extent, 'Punic', in the literature to refer to Carthaginians, as it implies a primarily colonial population and diminishes indigenous involvement in the Carthaginian Empire. As a result, the role of autochthonous populations has been largely overlooked in studies of Carthage and its empire. Genetic approaches are well suited to examine such assumptions, and here we show that North African populations contributed substantially to the genetic makeup of Carthaginian cities.
Soulaimani, Dris (2 January 2016). "Writing and rewriting Amazigh/Berber identity: Orthographies and language ideologies". Writing Systems Research. 8 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1080/17586801.2015.1023176. ISSN 1758-6801. S2CID 144700140. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Silverstein, Paul; Crawford, David (2004). "Amazigh Activism and the Moroccan State". Middle East Report (233): 46. doi:10.2307/1559451. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 1559451. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Ridouane, Rachid (25 July 2014). "Tashlhiyt Berber". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 44 (2): 207–221. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000388. ISSN 0025-1003.
Kossmann, Maarten (29 March 2017), "Berber-Arabic Language Contact", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.232, ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5, archived from the original on 26 May 2024, retrieved 30 May 2023
Gross, Joan E. (1993). "The Politics of Unofficial Language Use: Walloon in Belgium, Tamazight in Morocco". Critique of Anthropology. 13 (2): 181. doi:10.1177/0308275X9301300204. ISSN 0308-275X. S2CID 145058398. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022. Tamazight in Morocco is divided by linguists into three major dialect areas usually referred to as: Taselhit in the south, Tamazight in the Middle Atlas mountains, and Tarifit in the north.
Alalou, Ali (3 April 2018). "The question of languages and the medium of instruction in Morocco". Current Issues in Language Planning. 19 (2): 136–160. doi:10.1080/14664208.2017.1353329. ISSN 1466-4208. S2CID 149159548. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.
Ben-Layashi, Samir (2007). "Secularism in the Moroccan Amazigh Discourse" (PDF). The Journal of North African Studies. 12 (2). Routledge: 153–171. doi:10.1080/13629380701201741. ISSN 1362-9387. S2CID 143728476. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2009.^: 166
Gautier, É.-F. (1913). "Répartition de la Langue Berbère en Algérie". Annales de Géographie. 22 (123): 256. doi:10.3406/geo.1913.8304. ISSN 0003-4010. JSTOR 23437471. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022. Les chiffres se rapportent, non pas au dernier recensement, celui de 1911, mais au précédenl, celui de 1906. C'est le seul sur lequel on avait, et même on a encore maintenant, des données suffisantes. Voici ces chiffres. Sur une population indigène totale de 4 447 149 hab., nous trouvons 1 305 730 berbérophones; c'est un peu moins du tiers.
Nesson, Claude (1994). "Répartition des berbérophones algériens (au recensement de 1966)". Travaux de l'Institut de Géographie de Reims (in French). 85 (1): 93–107. doi:10.3406/tigr.1994.1308. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
Mettouchi, Amina (2021). "Negation in Kabyle (Berber)". Journal of African Languages and Literatures (2): N. 2 (2021): Journal of African Languages and Literatures. doi:10.6092/JALALIT.V2I2.8059 (inactive 1 November 2024). Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Bassiouney, Reem (27 August 2009), "Language policy and politics", Arabic Sociolinguistics, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 219–220, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006, ISBN 9780748623730, archived from the original on 26 May 2024, retrieved 14 December 2022
Marley, Dawn (2004). "Language attitudes in Morocco following recent changes in language policy". Language Policy. 3 (1): 25–46. doi:10.1023/B:LPOL.0000017724.16833.66. ISSN 1568-4555. S2CID 145182777. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
Bassiouney, Reem (27 August 2009), "Language policy and politics", Arabic Sociolinguistics, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 213–220, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006, ISBN 9780748623730, archived from the original on 26 May 2024, retrieved 14 December 2022
"Population, Health, and Human Well-Being: Algeria". PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2003. doi:10.1037/e610792011-001. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
"ALGERIA: Tamazight Recognised". Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series. 53 (1): 20850B–20850C. 2016. doi:10.1111/j.1467-825x.2016.06822.x. ISSN 0001-9844. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Chaker, S. (1 January 1989). "Arabisation". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (6): 834–843. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2570. ISSN 1015-7344. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.

dx.doi.org

Bassiouney, Reem (27 August 2009), "Language policy and politics", Arabic Sociolinguistics, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 219–220, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006, ISBN 9780748623730, archived from the original on 26 May 2024, retrieved 14 December 2022
Bassiouney, Reem (27 August 2009), "Language policy and politics", Arabic Sociolinguistics, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 213–220, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006, ISBN 9780748623730, archived from the original on 26 May 2024, retrieved 14 December 2022
"Population, Health, and Human Well-Being: Algeria". PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2003. doi:10.1037/e610792011-001. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
"ALGERIA: Tamazight Recognised". Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series. 53 (1): 20850B–20850C. 2016. doi:10.1111/j.1467-825x.2016.06822.x. ISSN 0001-9844. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.

ethnologue.com

"Tamazight, Standard Moroccan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
"Tamazight, Central Atlas". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
"Morocco | Ethnologue". 5 April 2015. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

gerflint.fr

Elimam, Abdou (2009). Du Punique au Maghribi :Trajectoires d'une langue sémito-méditerranéenne (PDF). Synergies Tunisie. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

ghostarchive.org

Chivers, C.J. (8 August 2011). "Amid a Berber Reawakening in Libya, Fears of Revenge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

harvard.edu

peabody.harvard.edu

"Imazighen – Amazigh Aesthetics & Symbology". Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology, at Harvard. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2023. Amazigh arts, like the Tamazight language, have coexisted with other North African forms of expression since pre-Islamic times. [emphasis added]

hcp.ma

rgphentableaux.hcp.ma

"RGPH 2014". rgphentableaux.hcp.ma. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
"RGPH 2014". rgphentableaux.hcp.ma. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.

applications-web.hcp.ma

"RGPH 2004". Haut-Commissariat au Plan. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.

jstor.org

Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.
Silverstein, Paul; Crawford, David (2004). "Amazigh Activism and the Moroccan State". Middle East Report (233): 46. doi:10.2307/1559451. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 1559451. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.
Gautier, É.-F. (1913). "Répartition de la Langue Berbère en Algérie". Annales de Géographie. 22 (123): 256. doi:10.3406/geo.1913.8304. ISSN 0003-4010. JSTOR 23437471. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022. Les chiffres se rapportent, non pas au dernier recensement, celui de 1911, mais au précédenl, celui de 1906. C'est le seul sur lequel on avait, et même on a encore maintenant, des données suffisantes. Voici ces chiffres. Sur une population indigène totale de 4 447 149 hab., nous trouvons 1 305 730 berbérophones; c'est un peu moins du tiers.

linguasphere.info

"1= Afro-Asian phylosector" (PDF). The Linguasphere Register. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2022.

linguisticanthropology.org

""Respecting Identity: Amazigh Versus Berber"". Society for Linguistic Anthropology. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.

nytimes.com

Chivers, C.J. (8 August 2011). "Amid a Berber Reawakening in Libya, Fears of Revenge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

openedition.org

books.openedition.org

Souriau, Christiane (10 April 2013). XVI. L'arabisation en Algérie. Connaissance du monde arabe. Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans. pp. 375–397. ISBN 9782271081247. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Filhon, Alexandra (20 May 2021), "Unités et diversités : la place des berbèrophones", Langues d'ici et d'ailleurs : Transmettre l'arabe et le berbère en France, Les Cahiers de l'Ined (in French), Paris: Ined Éditions, pp. 61–81, ISBN 978-2-7332-9022-4, archived from the original on 9 March 2023, retrieved 9 March 2023

journals.openedition.org

Chaker, S. (1 January 1989). "Arabisation". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (6): 834–843. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2570. ISSN 1015-7344. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.

oxfordbibliographies.com

Lafkioui, Mena B. (24 May 2018). "Berber Languages and Linguistics". Oxford Bibliographies: 9780199772810–0219. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0219. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.

oxfordre.com

Kossmann, Maarten (29 March 2017), "Berber-Arabic Language Contact", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.232, ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5, archived from the original on 26 May 2024, retrieved 30 May 2023

persee.fr

Nesson, Claude (1994). "Répartition des berbérophones algériens (au recensement de 1966)". Travaux de l'Institut de Géographie de Reims (in French). 85 (1): 93–107. doi:10.3406/tigr.1994.1308. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.

reuters.com

uk.reuters.com

Robinson, Matt (26 May 2011). "Libya's mountain Berber see opportunity in war". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2011.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Gross, Joan E. (1993). "The Politics of Unofficial Language Use: Walloon in Belgium, Tamazight in Morocco". Critique of Anthropology. 13 (2): 181. doi:10.1177/0308275X9301300204. ISSN 0308-275X. S2CID 145058398. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022. Tamazight in Morocco is divided by linguists into three major dialect areas usually referred to as: Taselhit in the south, Tamazight in the Middle Atlas mountains, and Tarifit in the north.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

See Libyco-Berber alphabet, and Tifinagh: "The word tifinagh (singular tafinəq < *ta-finəɣ-t) is thought by some scholars to be a Berberized feminine plural cognate or adaptation of the Latin word 'Punicus', (meaning 'Punic' or 'Phoenician') through the Berber feminine prefix ti- and the root √FNƔ < *√PNQ < Latin Punicus; thus tifinagh could possibly mean 'the Phoenician (letters)' or 'the Punic letters'."
The adjective "Punic" commonly refers to Carthage, destroyed by Rome at the end of the Punic Wars, 146 BCE. In the usual theory, Carthaginians were western Phoenicians. But maybe not so much:
• Moots, Hannah M.; et al. (13 March 2022). "A Genetic History of Continuity and Mobility in the Iron Age Central Mediterranean" (PDF). Biorxiv.org. Stanford, California. doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.483276. S2CID 247549249. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023. The contribution of autochthonous North African populations in Carthaginian history is obscured by the use of terms like 'Western Phoenicians', and even to an extent, 'Punic', in the literature to refer to Carthaginians, as it implies a primarily colonial population and diminishes indigenous involvement in the Carthaginian Empire. As a result, the role of autochthonous populations has been largely overlooked in studies of Carthage and its empire. Genetic approaches are well suited to examine such assumptions, and here we show that North African populations contributed substantially to the genetic makeup of Carthaginian cities.
Soulaimani, Dris (2 January 2016). "Writing and rewriting Amazigh/Berber identity: Orthographies and language ideologies". Writing Systems Research. 8 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1080/17586801.2015.1023176. ISSN 1758-6801. S2CID 144700140. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Gross, Joan E. (1993). "The Politics of Unofficial Language Use: Walloon in Belgium, Tamazight in Morocco". Critique of Anthropology. 13 (2): 181. doi:10.1177/0308275X9301300204. ISSN 0308-275X. S2CID 145058398. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022. Tamazight in Morocco is divided by linguists into three major dialect areas usually referred to as: Taselhit in the south, Tamazight in the Middle Atlas mountains, and Tarifit in the north.
Alalou, Ali (3 April 2018). "The question of languages and the medium of instruction in Morocco". Current Issues in Language Planning. 19 (2): 136–160. doi:10.1080/14664208.2017.1353329. ISSN 1466-4208. S2CID 149159548. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
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The adjective "Punic" commonly refers to Carthage, destroyed by Rome at the end of the Punic Wars, 146 BCE. In the usual theory, Carthaginians were western Phoenicians. But maybe not so much:
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Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 508–509. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Kossman, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Lahrouchi, Mohamed (2018). "Syllable structure and vowel/zero alternations in Moroccan Arabic and Berber". In Agwuele, Augustine; Bodomo, Adams (eds.). The Routledge handbook of African linguistics. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-315-39298-1. OCLC 1028731846. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2022. The Berber languages do not diverge from this trend, as no sonority restriction is imposed on their consonant clusters. Word-initial CC may consist of a sequence of stops or obstruent-sonorant, each with their mirror-image.
Heath, Jeffrey (2005). A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 42. ISBN 3-11-018484-2. OCLC 60839346. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 139. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 429–431. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 433–434. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 431–433. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 72–76. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 436–438. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Corpus-based studies of lesser-described languages : the CorpAfroAs corpus of spoken AfroAsiatic languages. Amina Mettouchi, Martine Vanhove, Dominique Caubet. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 2015. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-90-272-6889-1. OCLC 897946694. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Chaker, S. (1 January 1989). "Arabisation". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (6): 834–843. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2570. ISSN 1015-7344. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
Elimam, Abdou (2009). Du Punique au Maghribi :Trajectoires d'une langue sémito-méditerranéenne (PDF). Synergies Tunisie. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012). The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews. State University of New York Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4384-2393-7. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023. Zavadovskij gives statistics for the percentage of Berber words in North African Muslim Arabic dialects: 10–15 percent Berber components in the Moroccan Arabic lexicon, 8–9 percent in Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and only 2–3 percent in Libyan Arabic.

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Campbell, George L. (2012). The Routledge handbook of scripts and alphabets. Christopher Moseley (2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-203-86548-4. OCLC 810078009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
Soulaimani, Dris (2 January 2016). "Writing and rewriting Amazigh/Berber identity: Orthographies and language ideologies". Writing Systems Research. 8 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1080/17586801.2015.1023176. ISSN 1758-6801. S2CID 144700140. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
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Kossmann, Maarten (2020). "Berber". The Oxford handbook of African languages. Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal, Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal (First ed.). Oxford. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-0-19-960989-5. OCLC 1164662912. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Ridouane, Rachid (25 July 2014). "Tashlhiyt Berber". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 44 (2): 207–221. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000388. ISSN 0025-1003.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 83–86. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Mettouchi, Amina; Fleisch, Axel (2010). "Topic-focus articulation in Taqbaylit and Tashelhit Berber". The expression of information structure : a documentation of its diversity across Africa. Ines Fiedler, Anne Schwarz. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. pp. 194–199. ISBN 978-90-272-8842-4. OCLC 642205456. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). The Berber identity movement and the challenge to North African states (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-292-72587-4. OCLC 679936739. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 24. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
The 2011 Moroccan constitution : a critical analysis (PDF). Mohamed Madani, Driss Maghraoui, Saloua Zerhouni. Stockholm, Sweden. 2012. p. 16. ISBN 978-91-86565-66-4. OCLC 858866180. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
The encyclopaedia of Islam. H. A. R. Gibb, P. J. Bearman (New ed.). Leiden: Brill. 1960–2009. ISBN 90-04-16121-X. OCLC 399624. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages : the definitive reference to more than 400 languages. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 1-4081-0214-5. OCLC 320322204. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Gross, Joan E. (1993). "The Politics of Unofficial Language Use: Walloon in Belgium, Tamazight in Morocco". Critique of Anthropology. 13 (2): 181. doi:10.1177/0308275X9301300204. ISSN 0308-275X. S2CID 145058398. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022. Tamazight in Morocco is divided by linguists into three major dialect areas usually referred to as: Taselhit in the south, Tamazight in the Middle Atlas mountains, and Tarifit in the north.
Alalou, Ali (3 April 2018). "The question of languages and the medium of instruction in Morocco". Current Issues in Language Planning. 19 (2): 136–160. doi:10.1080/14664208.2017.1353329. ISSN 1466-4208. S2CID 149159548. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Brenzinger, Matthias, ed. (2015). Language Diversity Endangered. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-11-090569-4. OCLC 979749010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Ben-Layashi, Samir (2007). "Secularism in the Moroccan Amazigh Discourse" (PDF). The Journal of North African Studies. 12 (2). Routledge: 153–171. doi:10.1080/13629380701201741. ISSN 1362-9387. S2CID 143728476. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2009.^: 166
Aïtel, Fazia (2014). We are Imazigen : the development of Algerian Berber identity in twentieth-century literature and culture. Gainesville, FL. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-8130-4895-6. OCLC 895334326. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). The Berber identity movement and the challenge to North African states (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-292-73478-4. OCLC 741751261. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten (2020). "Berber". The Oxford handbook of African languages. Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal, Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal (First ed.). Oxford. pp. 283–285. ISBN 978-0-19-960989-5. OCLC 1164662912. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
König, Christa (2008). Case in Africa. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0-19-155266-3. OCLC 304173611. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Blažek, Václav (2010). "On the Classification of Berber". Folia Orientalia. Neuveden (47). ISSN 0015-5675.
Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages : the definitive reference to more than 400 languages. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 1-4081-0214-5. OCLC 320322204. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Ennaji, Moha (2005). Multilingualism, cultural identity, and education in Morocco. New York: Springer. p. 72. ISBN 0-387-23979-0. OCLC 62708280. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Morocco". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 138. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Gautier, É.-F. (1913). "Répartition de la Langue Berbère en Algérie". Annales de Géographie. 22 (123): 256. doi:10.3406/geo.1913.8304. ISSN 0003-4010. JSTOR 23437471. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022. Les chiffres se rapportent, non pas au dernier recensement, celui de 1911, mais au précédenl, celui de 1906. C'est le seul sur lequel on avait, et même on a encore maintenant, des données suffisantes. Voici ces chiffres. Sur une population indigène totale de 4 447 149 hab., nous trouvons 1 305 730 berbérophones; c'est un peu moins du tiers.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Algeria". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. pp. 55–57. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. pp. 77, 160, 208–210, 220–221, 233, 322, 363. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
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Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Niger". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Mali". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Libya". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. pp. 208–210. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Tunisia". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Egypt". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Mauritania". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
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Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "France". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099.
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Nigeria". Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-55671-502-0. OCLC 1315489099.
Marley, Dawn (2004). "Language attitudes in Morocco following recent changes in language policy". Language Policy. 3 (1): 25–46. doi:10.1023/B:LPOL.0000017724.16833.66. ISSN 1568-4555. S2CID 145182777. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
"ALGERIA: Tamazight Recognised". Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series. 53 (1): 20850B–20850C. 2016. doi:10.1111/j.1467-825x.2016.06822.x. ISSN 0001-9844. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 132. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 508–509. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Kossman, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 625. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossman, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–33. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Lahrouchi, Mohamed (2018). "Syllable structure and vowel/zero alternations in Moroccan Arabic and Berber". In Agwuele, Augustine; Bodomo, Adams (eds.). The Routledge handbook of African linguistics. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-315-39298-1. OCLC 1028731846. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2022. The Berber languages do not diverge from this trend, as no sonority restriction is imposed on their consonant clusters. Word-initial CC may consist of a sequence of stops or obstruent-sonorant, each with their mirror-image.
Heath, Jeffrey (2005). A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 42. ISBN 3-11-018484-2. OCLC 60839346. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
Maarten, Kossmann (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 139. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 429–431. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 433–434. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 431–433. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 72–76. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 436–438. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Corpus-based studies of lesser-described languages : the CorpAfroAs corpus of spoken AfroAsiatic languages. Amina Mettouchi, Martine Vanhove, Dominique Caubet. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 2015. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-90-272-6889-1. OCLC 897946694. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 60. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 68–72. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Chaker, S. (1 January 1989). "Arabisation". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (6): 834–843. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2570. ISSN 1015-7344. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 107. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

worldcat.org

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Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 83–86. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
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Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). The Berber identity movement and the challenge to North African states (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-292-73478-4. OCLC 741751261. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten (2020). "Berber". The Oxford handbook of African languages. Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal, Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal (First ed.). Oxford. pp. 283–285. ISBN 978-0-19-960989-5. OCLC 1164662912. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 132. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 508–509. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Kossman, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 625. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossman, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–33. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Lahrouchi, Mohamed (2018). "Syllable structure and vowel/zero alternations in Moroccan Arabic and Berber". In Agwuele, Augustine; Bodomo, Adams (eds.). The Routledge handbook of African linguistics. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-315-39298-1. OCLC 1028731846. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2022. The Berber languages do not diverge from this trend, as no sonority restriction is imposed on their consonant clusters. Word-initial CC may consist of a sequence of stops or obstruent-sonorant, each with their mirror-image.
Heath, Jeffrey (2005). A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 42. ISBN 3-11-018484-2. OCLC 60839346. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
Maarten, Kossmann (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 139. ISBN 978-3-447-06695-2. OCLC 793573735. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 429–431. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 433–434. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 431–433. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 72–76. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 436–438. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber". Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-57506-566-3. OCLC 646569109. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
Corpus-based studies of lesser-described languages : the CorpAfroAs corpus of spoken AfroAsiatic languages. Amina Mettouchi, Martine Vanhove, Dominique Caubet. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 2015. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-90-272-6889-1. OCLC 897946694. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-139-42364-9. OCLC 795895594.
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 60. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 68–72. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden. p. 107. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. OCLC 858861608.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)