Binary number (English Wikipedia)

Shirley, John W. (1951). "Binary numeration before Leibniz". American Journal of Physics. 19 (8): 452–454. Bibcode:1951AmJPh..19..452S. doi:10.1119/1.1933042.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Introducing binary – Revision 1 – GCSE Computer Science". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.

biroco.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Marshall, Steve. "Yijing hexagram sequences: The Shao Yong square (Fuxi sequence)". Retrieved 15 September 2022. You could say [the Fuxi binary sequence] is a more sensible way of rendering hexagram as binary numbers .... The reasoning, if any, that informs [the King Wen] sequence is unknown.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Robson, Eleanor; Stedall, Jacqueline, eds. (2009), "Myth No. 2: the Horus eye fractions", The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics, Oxford University Press, p. 790, ISBN 9780199213122
Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010), Numerical Notation: A Comparative History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 42–43, ISBN 9780521878180.
Rudman, Peter Strom (2007), How Mathematics Happened: The First 50,000 Years, Prometheus Books, pp. 135–136, ISBN 9781615921768.
Edward Hacker; Steve Moore; Lorraine Patsco (2002). I Ching: An Annotated Bibliography. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-415-93969-0.
Jonathan Shectman (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 18th Century. Greenwood Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-32015-6.
Zhonglian, Shi; Wenzhao, Li; Poser, Hans (2000). Leibniz' Binary System and Shao Yong's "Xiantian Tu" in :Das Neueste über China: G.W. Leibnizens Novissima Sinica von 1697 : Internationales Symposium, Berlin 4. bis 7. Oktober 1997. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 165–170. ISBN 3515074481.
Stakhov, Alexey; Olsen, Scott Anthony (2009). The mathematics of harmony: from Euclid to contemporary mathematics and computer science. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-277-582-5.
J.E.H. Smith (2008). Leibniz: What Kind of Rationalist?: What Kind of Rationalist?. Springer. p. 415. ISBN 978-1-4020-8668-7.
Yuen-Ting Lai (1998). Leibniz, Mysticism and Religion. Springer. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0-7923-5223-5.
Küveler, Gerd; Schwoch, Dietrich (2013) [1996]. Arbeitsbuch Informatik – eine praxisorientierte Einführung in die Datenverarbeitung mit Projektaufgabe (in German). Vieweg-Verlag, reprint: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-92907-5. ISBN 978-3-528-04952-2. 9783322929075.
Küveler, Gerd; Schwoch, Dietrich (4 October 2007). Informatik für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler: PC- und Mikrocomputertechnik, Rechnernetze (in German). Vol. 2 (5 ed.). Vieweg, reprint: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3834891914. 9783834891914.

chemeketa.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

computerscience.chemeketa.edu

"3.3. Binary and Its Advantages — CS160 Reader". computerscience.chemeketa.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2024.

convertbinary.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of The Binary Number System". convertbinary.com. Retrieved 17 April 2026.

denison.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

stibitz.denison.edu

"George Stibitz : Bio". Math & Computer Science Department, Denison University. 30 April 2004. Retrieved 5 July 2010.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Bender, Andrea; Beller, Sieghard (16 December 2013). "Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (4): 1322–1327. doi:10.1073/pnas.1309160110. PMC 3910603. PMID 24344278.
Shirley, John W. (1951). "Binary numeration before Leibniz". American Journal of Physics. 19 (8): 452–454. Bibcode:1951AmJPh..19..452S. doi:10.1119/1.1933042.
Ineichen, R. (2008). "Leibniz, Caramuel, Harriot und das Dualsystem" (PDF). Mitteilungen der deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (in German). 16 (1): 12–15. doi:10.1515/dmvm-2008-0009. S2CID 179000299. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Strickland, Lloyd (2020), "Leibniz on Number Systems", in Sriraman, Bharath (ed.), Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–31, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19071-2_90-1, ISBN 978-3-030-19071-2, retrieved 20 August 2024
Rojas, Raúl (April–June 1997). "Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2): 5–16. doi:10.1109/85.586067. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. (12 pages)
Küveler, Gerd; Schwoch, Dietrich (2013) [1996]. Arbeitsbuch Informatik – eine praxisorientierte Einführung in die Datenverarbeitung mit Projektaufgabe (in German). Vieweg-Verlag, reprint: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-92907-5. ISBN 978-3-528-04952-2. 9783322929075.

ed-thelen.org (Global: low place; English: 9,943^rd place)

Rojas, Raúl (April–June 1997). "Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2): 5–16. doi:10.1109/85.586067. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. (12 pages)

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

Boole, George (2009) [1854]. An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities (Macmillan, Dover Publications, reprinted with corrections [1958] ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-00153-3.

gwern.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bouvet and Leibniz: A Scholarly Correspondence", Swiderski 1980

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Shannon, Claude Elwood (1940). A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits (Thesis). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/11173.

hiwaay.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

home.hiwaay.net

Bacon, Francis (1605). "The Advancement of Learning". London. pp. Chapter 1.

invent.org (Global: 8,450^th place; English: 6,923^rd place)

"National Inventors Hall of Fame – George R. Stibitz". 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Collins, Derek (2008). "Mapping the Entrails: The Practice of Greek Hepatoscopy". The American Journal of Philology. 129 (3): 319–345. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 27566714.
Bowern, Claire; Zentz, Jason (2012). "Diversity in the Numeral Systems of Australian Languages". Anthropological Linguistics. 54 (2): 133–160. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 23621076.

kerryr.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Pioneers – The people and ideas that made a difference – George Stibitz (1904–1995)". Kerry Redshaw. 20 February 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2010.

leibniz-translations.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Leibniz G., Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire, Die Mathematische Schriften, ed. C. Gerhardt, Berlin 1879, vol.7, p.223; Engl. transl.
Leibniz: "The Chinese lost the meaning of the Cova or Lineations of Fuxi, perhaps more than a thousand years ago, and they have written commentaries on the subject in which they have sought I know not what far out meanings, so that their true explanation now has to come from Europeans. Here is how: It was scarcely more than two years ago that I sent to Reverend Father Bouvet,³ the celebrated French Jesuit who lives in Peking, my method of counting by 0 and 1, and nothing more was required to make him recognize that this was the key to the figures of Fuxi. Writing to me on 14 November 1701, he sent me this philosophical prince's grand figure, which goes up to 64, and leaves no further room to doubt the truth of our interpretation, such that it can be said that this Father has deciphered the enigma of Fuxi, with the help of what I had communicated to him. And as these figures are perhaps the most ancient monument of [GM VII, p227] science which exists in the world, this restitution of their meaning, after such a great interval of time, will seem all the more curious."

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bender, Andrea; Beller, Sieghard (16 December 2013). "Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (4): 1322–1327. doi:10.1073/pnas.1309160110. PMC 3910603. PMID 24344278.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bender, Andrea; Beller, Sieghard (16 December 2013). "Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (4): 1322–1327. doi:10.1073/pnas.1309160110. PMC 3910603. PMID 24344278.

northeastern.edu (Global: 9,908^th place; English: 5,497^th place)

web.northeastern.edu

Shah, Jayant. "A History of Pingala's Combinatorics" (PDF).

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Ineichen, R. (2008). "Leibniz, Caramuel, Harriot und das Dualsystem" (PDF). Mitteilungen der deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (in German). 16 (1): 12–15. doi:10.1515/dmvm-2008-0009. S2CID 179000299. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2017.

sju.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Math for Poets and Drummers Archived 16 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine (pdf, 145KB)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

"Why Did Thomas Harriot Invent Binary?". springer.com. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
Strickland, Lloyd (2020), "Leibniz on Number Systems", in Sriraman, Bharath (ed.), Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–31, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19071-2_90-1, ISBN 978-3-030-19071-2, retrieved 20 August 2024

tu-berlin.de (Global: 8,273^rd place; English: low place)

page.math.tu-berlin.de

Ineichen, R. (2008). "Leibniz, Caramuel, Harriot und das Dualsystem" (PDF). Mitteilungen der deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (in German). 16 (1): 12–15. doi:10.1515/dmvm-2008-0009. S2CID 179000299. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2017.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

ich.unesco.org

"Ifa Divination System". Retrieved 5 July 2017.

vt.edu (Global: 2,818^th place; English: 1,692^nd place)

ei.cs.vt.edu

"George Robert Stibitz – Obituary". Computer History Association of California. 6 February 1995. Retrieved 5 July 2010.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Math for Poets and Drummers Archived 16 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine (pdf, 145KB)
Ineichen, R. (2008). "Leibniz, Caramuel, Harriot und das Dualsystem" (PDF). Mitteilungen der deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (in German). 16 (1): 12–15. doi:10.1515/dmvm-2008-0009. S2CID 179000299. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
"National Inventors Hall of Fame – George R. Stibitz". 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
Rojas, Raúl (April–June 1997). "Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2): 5–16. doi:10.1109/85.586067. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. (12 pages)
"Introducing binary – Revision 1 – GCSE Computer Science". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
"Base System". Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2016.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Collins, Derek (2008). "Mapping the Entrails: The Practice of Greek Hepatoscopy". The American Journal of Philology. 129 (3): 319–345. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 27566714.
Bowern, Claire; Zentz, Jason (2012). "Diversity in the Numeral Systems of Australian Languages". Anthropological Linguistics. 54 (2): 133–160. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 23621076.

Binary number (English Wikipedia)

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