Biochar (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Biochar" in English language version.

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  • Mochidzuki, Kazuhiro; Soutric, Florence; Tadokoro, Katsuaki; Antal, Michael Jerry; Tóth, Mária; Zelei, Borbála; Várhegyi, Gábor (2003). "Electrical and Physical Properties of Carbonized Charcoals". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 42 (21): 5140–5151. doi:10.1021/ie030358e. (observed five) orders of magnitude decrease in the electrical resistivity of charcoal with increasing HTT from 650 to 1050°C

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  • Lehmann 2007a, pp. 381–387: "Similar soils are found, more scarcely, elsewhere in the world. To date, scientists have been unable to completely reproduce the beneficial growth properties of terra preta. It is hypothesized that part of the alleged benefits of terra preta require the biochar to be aged so that it increases the cation exchange capacity of the soil, among other possible effects. In fact, there is no evidence natives made biochar for soil treatment, but rather for transportable fuel charcoal; there is little evidence for any hypothesis accounting for the frequency and location of terra preta patches in Amazonia. Abandoned or forgotten charcoal pits left for centuries were eventually reclaimed by the forest. In that time, the initially harsh negative effects of the char (high pH, extreme ash content, salinity) wore off and turned positive as the forest soil ecosystem saturated the charcoals with nutrients." (internal citations omitted)

    supra note 2 at p. 386: "Only aged biochar shows high cation retention, as in Amazonian Dark Earths. At high temperatures (30–70 °C), cation retention occurs within a few months. The production method that would attain high CEC in soil in cold climates is not currently known." Lehmann, Johannes (2007a). "Bio-energy in the black" (PDF). Front Ecol Environ. 5 (7): 381–387. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[381:BITB]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  • Lehmann, Johannes. "Terra Preta de Indio". Soil Biochemistry (Internal Citations Omitted). Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2009. Not only do biochar-enriched soils contain more carbon - 150gC/kg compared to 20-30gC/kg in surrounding soils - but biochar-enriched soils are, on average, more than twice as deep as surrounding soils.[citation needed]
  • Lehmann 2007a, pp. 381, 385: "pyrolysis produces 3–9 times more energy than is invested in generating the energy. At the same time, about half of the carbon can be sequestered in soil. The total carbon stored in these soils can be one order of magnitude higher than adjacent soils." Lehmann, Johannes (2007a). "Bio-energy in the black" (PDF). Front Ecol Environ. 5 (7): 381–387. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[381:BITB]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  • Lehmann 2007a, p. 384, note 3: "In greenhouse experiments, NOx emissions were reduced by 80% and methane emissions were completely suppressed with biochar additions of 20 g kg-1 (2%) to a forage grass stand." Lehmann, Johannes (2007a). "Bio-energy in the black" (PDF). Front Ecol Environ. 5 (7): 381–387. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[381:BITB]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 1 October 2011.

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