Biomass (energy) (English Wikipedia)

C2ES 2021. C2ES (2021). "Paris Climate Agreement Q&A". Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Retrieved 2021-12-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

cdnsciencepub.com

Dahlberg et al. 2011, p. 1220 Dahlberg, Anders; Thor, Göran; Allmér, Johan; Jonsell, Mats; Jonsson, Mattias; Ranius, Thomas (2011). "Modelled impact of Norway spruce logging residue extraction on biodiversity in Sweden". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 41 (6). Canadian Science Publishing: 1220–1232. doi:10.1139/x11-034. ISSN 0045-5067.

chathamhouse.org

Brack, D. (2017) Woody Biomass for Power and Heat Impacts on the Global Climate. Research Paper - Environment, Energy and Resources Department.

doi.org

Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; et al. (2019). "Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 107: 250–263. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005. ISSN 1364-0321. S2CID 117472901. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
European Commission. Joint Research Centre. (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. LU: Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621.
Eggers, Jeannette; Melin, Ylva; Lundström, Johanna; Bergström, Dan; Öhman, Karin (2020-05-16). "Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services". Sustainability. 12 (10): 4089. doi:10.3390/su12104089. ISSN 2071-1050.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 7. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 6. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Cowie, Annette L.; Berndes, Göran; Bentsen, Niclas Scott; Brandão, Miguel; Cherubini, Francesco; Egnell, Gustaf; George, Brendan; Gustavsson, Leif; Hanewinkel, Marc; Harris, Zoe M.; Johnsson, Filip; Junginger, Martin; Kline, Keith L.; Koponen, Kati; Koppejan, Jaap (2021). "Applying a science‐based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 13 (8): 1210–1231. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12844. hdl:10044/1/89123. ISSN 1757-1693. S2CID 235792241.
Basu et al. 2013, pp. 171–176. Basu, P; Dhungana, A; Rao, S; Acharya, B (2013-08-01). "Effect of oxygen presence in torrefier". Journal of the Energy Institute. 86 (3). Informa UK Limited: 171–176. doi:10.1179/1743967113z.00000000060. ISSN 1743-9671.
Renewable Energy 2021, pp. 473–483. Renewable Energy (2021-04-01). "Mass and energy integration study of hydrothermal carbonization with anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge". Renewable Energy. 167: 473–483. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.103. ISSN 0960-1481. S2CID 229475748. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
Akhtar, Krepl & Ivanova 2018. Akhtar, Ali; Krepl, Vladimir; Ivanova, Tatiana (2018-07-05). "A Combined Overview of Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Biomass". Energy & Fuels. 32 (7). American Chemical Society (ACS): 7294–7318. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01678. ISSN 0887-0624. S2CID 105089787.
Liu et al. 2011. Liu, Guangjian; Larson, Eric D.; Williams, Robert H.; Kreutz, Thomas G.; Guo, Xiangbo (2011-01-20). "Making Fischer−Tropsch Fuels and Electricity from Coal and Biomass: Performance and Cost Analysis". Energy & Fuels. 25 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 415–437. doi:10.1021/ef101184e. ISSN 0887-0624.
Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; et al. (2019). "Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 107: 250–263. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005. ISSN 1364-0321. S2CID 117472901. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Ayompe, Lacour M.; Schaafsma, M.; Egoh, Benis N. (1 January 2021). "Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing". Journal of Cleaner Production. 278: 123914. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 224853908.
Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Arets, Eric J.M.M.; Schelhaas, Mart-Jan (2017). "European forests show no carbon debt, only a long parity effect". Forest Policy and Economics. 75: 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.10.009.
Lamers & Junginger 2013, p. 380. Lamers, Patrick; Junginger, Martin (2013-04-12). "The 'debt' is in the detail: A synthesis of recent temporal forest carbon analyses on woody biomass for energy". Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 7 (4). Wiley: 373–385. doi:10.1002/bbb.1407. ISSN 1932-104X. S2CID 86683620.
Hanssen, Steef V.; Duden, Anna S.; Junginger, Martin; Dale, Virginia H.; Hilst, Floor (2017). "Wood pellets, what else? Greenhouse gas parity times of European electricity from wood pellets produced in the south‐eastern United States using different softwood feedstocks". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (9): 1406–1422. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12426. hdl:2066/168913. ISSN 1757-1693. S2CID 7463665.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 105. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Whitaker, Jeanette; Field, John L.; Bernacchi, Carl J.; Cerri, Carlos E. P.; Ceulemans, Reinhart; Davies, Christian A.; DeLucia, Evan H.; Donnison, Iain S.; McCalmont, Jon P.; Paustian, Keith; Rowe, Rebecca L.; Smith, Pete; Thornley, Patricia; McNamara, Niall P. (March 2018). "Consensus, uncertainties and challenges for perennial bioenergy crops and land use". GCB Bioenergy. 10 (3): 150–164. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12488. ISSN 1757-1693. PMC 5815384. PMID 29497458.
Zhao, Kaiguang; Jackson, Robert B (2014). "Biophysical forcings of land-use changes from potential forestry activities in North America" (PDF). Ecological Monographs. 84 (2): 329–353. Bibcode:2014EcoM...84..329Z. doi:10.1890/12-1705.1. S2CID 56059160.
Camia et al. 2021, pp. 32–33. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Stephenson et al. 2014, pp. 2–3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 29, 32, 34, 45. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Gasparatos et al. 2017. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030. ISSN 1364-0321.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 166. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030. ISSN 1364-0321.
Spehn, Eva M.; Joshi, Jasmin; Schmid, Bernhard; Alphei, Jörn; Körner, Christian (2000). "Plant diversity effects on soil heterotrophic activity in experimental grassland ecosystems". Plant and Soil. 224 (2): 217–230. doi:10.1023/A:1004891807664. S2CID 25639544.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 168. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030. ISSN 1364-0321.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 172. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030. ISSN 1364-0321.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 167. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030. ISSN 1364-0321.
Springsteen et al. 2011. Springsteen, Bruce; Christofk, Tom; Eubanks, Steve; Mason, Tad; Clavin, Chris; Storey, Brett (January 2011). "Emission Reductions from Woody Biomass Waste for Energy as an Alternative to Open Burning". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 61 (1): 63–68. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.61.1.63. PMID 21305889.
Roy, Rajarshi; Schooff, Brian; Li, Xiaolong; Montgomery, Scott; Tuttle, Jacob; Wendt, Jost O. L.; Dickson, Kingsley; Iverson, Brian; Fry, Andrew (1 May 2023). "Ash aerosol particle size distribution, composition, and deposition behavior while co-firing coal and steam-exploded biomass in a 1.5 MWth combustor". Fuel Processing Technology. 243: 107674. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2023.107674. S2CID 256529257.
Pokharel et al. 2019, p. 543. Pokharel, Raju; Grala, Robert K; Latta, Gregory S; Grebner, Donald L; Grado, Stephen C; Poudel, Jagdish (2019-08-30). "Availability of Logging Residues and Likelihood of Their Utilization for Electricity Production in the US South". Journal of Forestry. 117 (6): 543–559. doi:10.1093/jofore/fvz047. ISSN 0022-1201. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
Dahlberg et al. 2011, p. 1220 Dahlberg, Anders; Thor, Göran; Allmér, Johan; Jonsell, Mats; Jonsson, Mattias; Ranius, Thomas (2011). "Modelled impact of Norway spruce logging residue extraction on biodiversity in Sweden". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 41 (6). Canadian Science Publishing: 1220–1232. doi:10.1139/x11-034. ISSN 0045-5067.
Smith et al. 2018, pp. 547, 556. Smith, Aidan Mark; Whittaker, Carly; Shield, Ian; Ross, Andrew Barry (May 2018). "The potential for production of high quality bio-coal from early harvested Miscanthus by hydrothermal carbonisation". Fuel. 220: 546–557. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.143.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 89. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2018, pp. 89–91. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
See Bird et al. 2010, p. 5, and also Searchinger et al. 2008, pp. 1238–1240 for the original research article. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1. Searchinger, Timothy; Heimlich, Ralph; Houghton, R. A.; Dong, Fengxia; Elobeid, Amani; Fabiosa, Jacinto; Tokgoz, Simla; Hayes, Dermot; Yu, Tun-Hsiang (2008-02-29). "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change". Science. 319 (5867). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1238–1240. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1238S. doi:10.1126/science.1151861. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18258860. S2CID 52810681.
See for instance Camia et al. 2021, pp. 86, 100. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Jonker, Junginger & Faaij 2013, pp. 371–387. Jonker, Jan Gerrit Geurt; Junginger, Martin; Faaij, Andre (2013-04-11). "Carbon payback period and carbon offset parity point of wood pellet production in the South-eastern United States". GCB Bioenergy. 6 (4). Wiley: 371–389. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12056. hdl:1874/308693. ISSN 1757-1693. S2CID 85946751.
Madsen & Bentsen 2018, p. 1. Madsen, Kristian; Bentsen, Niclas (2018-03-31). "Carbon Debt Payback Time for a Biomass Fired CHP Plant—A Case Study from Northern Europe". Energies. 11 (4). MDPI AG: 807. doi:10.3390/en11040807. ISSN 1996-1073.
Bentsen 2017, p. 1211. Bentsen, Niclas Scott (2017). "Carbon debt and payback time – Lost in the forest?". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 73. Elsevier BV: 1211–1217. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.004. ISSN 1364-0321.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 93. Mubareka, Giuntoli & Grassi 2021, pp. 8–9. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2. Mubareka, Sarah; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Grassi, Giacomo (2021). JRC report on forest bioenergy (PDF). European Commission.
Hektor, Backéus & Andersson 2016, p. 4. See also OECD/IEA 2004, p. 20. Hektor, Bo; Backéus, Sofia; Andersson, Kjell (2016). "Carbon balance for wood production from sustainably managed forests". Biomass and Bioenergy. 93. Elsevier BV: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.05.025. ISSN 0961-9534. OECD/IEA (2004). "Energy Statistics Manual" (PDF).
Camia et al. 2021, p. 143. See also JRC 2014, pp. 16–17, 43–44. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Lamers & Junginger 2013, p. 379. Lamers, Patrick; Junginger, Martin (2013-04-12). "The 'debt' is in the detail: A synthesis of recent temporal forest carbon analyses on woody biomass for energy". Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 7 (4). Wiley: 373–385. doi:10.1002/bbb.1407. ISSN 1932-104X. S2CID 86683620.
"Any soil disturbance, such as ploughing and cultivation, is likely to result in short-term respiration losses of soil organic carbon, decomposed by stimulated soil microbe populations (Cheng, 2009; Kuzyakov, 2010). Annual disturbance under arable cropping repeats this year after year resulting in reduced SOC levels. Perennial agricultural systems, such as grassland, have time to replace their infrequent disturbance losses which can result in higher steady-state soil carbon contents (Gelfand et al., 2011; Zenone et al., 2013)." McCalmont et al. 2017, p. 493. McCalmont, Jon P.; Hastings, Astley; McNamara, Niall P.; Richter, Goetz M.; Robson, Paul; Donnison, Iain S.; Clifton-Brown, John (March 2017). "Environmental costs and benefits of growing Miscanthus for bioenergy in the UK". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (3): 489–507. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12294. PMC 5340280. PMID 28331551.
Stephenson et al. 2014, p. 3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.

easac.eu

EASAC 2017, p. 23, 26, 35. EASAC (2017). "Multi-functionality and sustainability in the European Union's forests" (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council.
EASAC 2017, p. 34. EASAC (2017). "Multi-functionality and sustainability in the European Union's forests" (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council.
A simplified curve, complete with carbon payback and parity times, is available here: EASAC 2017, p. 23. EASAC (2017). "Multi-functionality and sustainability in the European Union's forests" (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council.

eia.gov

"Biomass explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
"Biomass explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
EIA 2022. EIA (2022). "Biomass and the environment". U.S. Energy Information Administration.
EIA 2021. EIA (2021). "Biomass explained". U.S. Energy Information Administration.
"Biofuels explained: Ethanol". US Energy Information Administration. 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
EIA 2021b. EIA (2021b). "Biofuels explained". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2021-11-02.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Arets, Eric J.M.M.; Schelhaas, Mart-Jan (2017). "European forests show no carbon debt, only a long parity effect". Forest Policy and Economics. 75: 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.10.009.

energy.gov

"Bioenergy Basics". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-13.

etipbioenergy.eu

ETIP Bioenergy 2022. ETIP Bioenergy (2022). "Agriculture".
ETIP Bioenergy 2020. ETIP Bioenergy (2020). "Wood chips".

europa.eu

op.europa.eu

JRC 2019, p. 3. JRC (2019-01-22). Brief on biomass for energy in the European Union. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279772351. Retrieved 2022-01-16. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
JRC 2014, p. 75. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Camia et al. 2021, p. 7. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 6. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
JRC 2014, p. 41, table 2. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
JRC 2014, p. 41. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Camia et al. 2018, p. 105. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2021, pp. 32–33. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 29, 32, 34, 45. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
JRC 2014, pp. 42–43, table 3. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
JRC 2014, p. 45. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Camia et al. 2018, p. 89. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2018, pp. 89–91. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
JRC 2014, pp. 23, 51–52. Note that the JRC use the term "payback time" in the sense of "parity time" as defined in Carbon accounting principles above. See JRC 2014, p. 16. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
JRC 2014, p. 69. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
See for instance Camia et al. 2021, pp. 86, 100. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
JRC 2014, p. 75. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Camia et al. 2021, p. 93. Mubareka, Giuntoli & Grassi 2021, pp. 8–9. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2. Mubareka, Sarah; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Grassi, Giacomo (2021). JRC report on forest bioenergy (PDF). European Commission.
JRC 2014, p. 75. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Camia et al. 2021, p. 143. See also JRC 2014, pp. 16–17, 43–44. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
JRC 2014, p. 17. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
JRC 2014, p. 34. Note that the JRC use the term "payback time" in the sense of "parity time" as defined in Carbon accounting principles above. See JRC 2014, p. 16. JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) JRC (2014). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy - conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279251009. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

eur-lex.europa.eu

European Parliament, Council of the European Union 2018, p. Annex VI. European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2018). "Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance.)".
See for instance the European Union's official emission savings percentages for different fuels here: European Parliament, Council of the European Union 2018, p. ANNEX VI. Note that these estimates do not include the average net emissions which results from an eventual land use change prior to planting. European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2018). "Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance.)".
European Parliament, Council of the European Union 2018, p. Annex VI. European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2018). "Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance.)".

data.europa.eu

European Commission. Joint Research Centre. (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. LU: Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621.

knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu

In EU legislation, biofuel is defined as: "Liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass." See European Commission 2018a. European Commission (2018a). "Biofuel". European Commission Glossary.

fao.org

Recalculated from a total production of 43678925 tonnes wood pellets (FAO 2020), with 17 GJ/t energy content.
Recalculated from a total production of 265212933 m³ wood chips (FAO 2020), with 3.1 GJ/m³ energy content.

forestresearch.gov.uk

Forest Research 2022c. Forest Research (2022c). "Short rotation coppice".
Forest Research 2022a. Forest Research (2022a). "Short rotation forestry".
Recalculated from a total production of 43678925 tonnes wood pellets (FAO 2020), with 17 GJ/t energy content.
Recalculated from a total production of 265212933 m³ wood chips (FAO 2020), with 3.1 GJ/m³ energy content.

gwdg.de

webdoc.sub.gwdg.de

Bird et al. 2010, p. 26. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1.
See Bird et al. 2010, p. 5, and also Searchinger et al. 2008, pp. 1238–1240 for the original research article. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1. Searchinger, Timothy; Heimlich, Ralph; Houghton, R. A.; Dong, Fengxia; Elobeid, Amani; Fabiosa, Jacinto; Tokgoz, Simla; Hayes, Dermot; Yu, Tun-Hsiang (2008-02-29). "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change". Science. 319 (5867). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1238–1240. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1238S. doi:10.1126/science.1151861. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18258860. S2CID 52810681.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Cowie, Annette L.; Berndes, Göran; Bentsen, Niclas Scott; Brandão, Miguel; Cherubini, Francesco; Egnell, Gustaf; George, Brendan; Gustavsson, Leif; Hanewinkel, Marc; Harris, Zoe M.; Johnsson, Filip; Junginger, Martin; Kline, Keith L.; Koponen, Kati; Koppejan, Jaap (2021). "Applying a science‐based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 13 (8): 1210–1231. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12844. hdl:10044/1/89123. ISSN 1757-1693. S2CID 235792241.
Hanssen, Steef V.; Duden, Anna S.; Junginger, Martin; Dale, Virginia H.; Hilst, Floor (2017). "Wood pellets, what else? Greenhouse gas parity times of European electricity from wood pellets produced in the south‐eastern United States using different softwood feedstocks". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (9): 1406–1422. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12426. hdl:2066/168913. ISSN 1757-1693. S2CID 7463665.
Stephenson et al. 2014, pp. 2–3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.
Jonker, Junginger & Faaij 2013, pp. 371–387. Jonker, Jan Gerrit Geurt; Junginger, Martin; Faaij, Andre (2013-04-11). "Carbon payback period and carbon offset parity point of wood pellet production in the South-eastern United States". GCB Bioenergy. 6 (4). Wiley: 371–389. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12056. hdl:1874/308693. ISSN 1757-1693. S2CID 85946751.
Stephenson et al. 2014, p. 3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Zhao, Kaiguang; Jackson, Robert B (2014). "Biophysical forcings of land-use changes from potential forestry activities in North America" (PDF). Ecological Monographs. 84 (2): 329–353. Bibcode:2014EcoM...84..329Z. doi:10.1890/12-1705.1. S2CID 56059160.
Stephenson et al. 2014, pp. 2–3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.
See Bird et al. 2010, p. 5, and also Searchinger et al. 2008, pp. 1238–1240 for the original research article. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1. Searchinger, Timothy; Heimlich, Ralph; Houghton, R. A.; Dong, Fengxia; Elobeid, Amani; Fabiosa, Jacinto; Tokgoz, Simla; Hayes, Dermot; Yu, Tun-Hsiang (2008-02-29). "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change". Science. 319 (5867). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1238–1240. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1238S. doi:10.1126/science.1151861. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18258860. S2CID 52810681.
Stephenson et al. 2014, p. 3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.

iea.org

"Bioenergy – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
IEA 2021d. IEA (2021d). "Global bioenergy supply in the Net-Zero by 2050 Scenario, 2010-2050".
IEA 2021c. IEA (2021c). "Liquid biofuel production, 2020, and in the Net Zero Scenario, 2030 – Charts – Data & Statistics". Retrieved 2022-02-03.
IEA 2019. IEA (2019). "Data tables – Data & Statistics". Retrieved 2022-02-03.
"What does net-zero emissions by 2050 mean for bioenergy and land use? – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
"Going carbon negative: What are the technology options? – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
"Bioenergy – Energy system overview". September 2022.

ieabioenergy.com

IEA Bioenergy (2019) The use of forest biomass for climate change mitigation: response to statements of EASAC
IEA Bioenergy 2019, p. 4–5. IEA Bioenergy (2019). "The use of forest biomass for climate change mitigation: response to statements of EASAC" (PDF).
IEA Bioenergy 2019, p. 4. IEA Bioenergy (2019). "The use of forest biomass for climate change mitigation: response to statements of EASAC" (PDF).
Camia et al. 2021, p. 93. Mubareka, Giuntoli & Grassi 2021, pp. 8–9. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E.; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I.; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2. Mubareka, Sarah; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Grassi, Giacomo (2021). JRC report on forest bioenergy (PDF). European Commission.

iges.or.jp

ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp

IPCC (2019) Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter 2: Generic Methodologies Applicable to Multiple Land-Use Categories. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
See IPCC 2006b, p. 1.5. IPCC (2006b). "2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Chapter 1: Introduction" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

internationalforestindustries.com

Wood Resources International 2022. Wood Resources International (2022). "The forecasted growth in wood pellet production in Europe will increase competition for wood fiber & require new feedstock sources".

ipcc.ch

"Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-12.
IPCC 2014, p. 616. IPCC (2014). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05821-7. OCLC 892580682. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017.
IPCC 2019d, p. 194. IPCC (2019d). "Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Chapter 6. Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options" (PDF).
IPCC 2019b, p. B 7.4. IPCC (2019b). "Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Summary for Policymakers". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC 2007, p. 549. IPCC (2007). "Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Chapter 9. Forestry" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Olsson, L., H. Barbosa, S. Bhadwal, A. Cowie, K. Delusca, D. Flores-Renteria, K. Hermans, E. Jobbagy, W. Kurz, D. Li, D.J. Sonwa, L. Stringer, 2019: Chapter 4: Land Degradation. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. In press.
IPCC 2019h, p. 628. IPCC (2019h). "Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Chapter 6. Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC 2019c, p. 193. IPCC (2019c). "Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Chapter 2. Land climate interactions" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC 2019e, p. 637. IPCC (2019e). "Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Chapter 6. Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC 2019e, p. 638. IPCC (2019e). "Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Chapter 6. Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC 2019i, p. 194. IPCC (2019i). "Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Chapter 2. Land climate interactions" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

irena.org

IRENA (2014). "Global bioenergy supply and demand projections – a working paper for REmap 2030" International Renewable Energy Agency.
IRENA 2014, p. 20-21. IRENA (2014). "Global bioenergy supply and demand projections – a working paper for REmap 2030" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency.
IRENA 2014, pp. 57–58. IRENA (2014). "Global bioenergy supply and demand projections – a working paper for REmap 2030" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency.
IRENA 2019, p. 21. IRENA (2019-03-01). "Bioenergy from boreal forests: Swedish approach to sustainable wood use". IRENA – International Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
IRENA 2014, p. 45. IRENA (2014). "Global bioenergy supply and demand projections – a working paper for REmap 2030" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency.
IRENA 2021. IRENA (2021-06-30). "Global Bioenergy Supply and Demand Projections – A working paper for REmap 2030". International Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
IRENA 2014, p. 47. IRENA (2014). "Global bioenergy supply and demand projections – a working paper for REmap 2030" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Whitaker, Jeanette; Field, John L.; Bernacchi, Carl J.; Cerri, Carlos E. P.; Ceulemans, Reinhart; Davies, Christian A.; DeLucia, Evan H.; Donnison, Iain S.; McCalmont, Jon P.; Paustian, Keith; Rowe, Rebecca L.; Smith, Pete; Thornley, Patricia; McNamara, Niall P. (March 2018). "Consensus, uncertainties and challenges for perennial bioenergy crops and land use". GCB Bioenergy. 10 (3): 150–164. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12488. ISSN 1757-1693. PMC 5815384. PMID 29497458.
Stephenson et al. 2014, pp. 2–3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.
Springsteen et al. 2011. Springsteen, Bruce; Christofk, Tom; Eubanks, Steve; Mason, Tad; Clavin, Chris; Storey, Brett (January 2011). "Emission Reductions from Woody Biomass Waste for Energy as an Alternative to Open Burning". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 61 (1): 63–68. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.61.1.63. PMID 21305889.
See Bird et al. 2010, p. 5, and also Searchinger et al. 2008, pp. 1238–1240 for the original research article. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1. Searchinger, Timothy; Heimlich, Ralph; Houghton, R. A.; Dong, Fengxia; Elobeid, Amani; Fabiosa, Jacinto; Tokgoz, Simla; Hayes, Dermot; Yu, Tun-Hsiang (2008-02-29). "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change". Science. 319 (5867). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1238–1240. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1238S. doi:10.1126/science.1151861. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18258860. S2CID 52810681.
"Any soil disturbance, such as ploughing and cultivation, is likely to result in short-term respiration losses of soil organic carbon, decomposed by stimulated soil microbe populations (Cheng, 2009; Kuzyakov, 2010). Annual disturbance under arable cropping repeats this year after year resulting in reduced SOC levels. Perennial agricultural systems, such as grassland, have time to replace their infrequent disturbance losses which can result in higher steady-state soil carbon contents (Gelfand et al., 2011; Zenone et al., 2013)." McCalmont et al. 2017, p. 493. McCalmont, Jon P.; Hastings, Astley; McNamara, Niall P.; Richter, Goetz M.; Robson, Paul; Donnison, Iain S.; Clifton-Brown, John (March 2017). "Environmental costs and benefits of growing Miscanthus for bioenergy in the UK". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (3): 489–507. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12294. PMC 5340280. PMID 28331551.
Stephenson et al. 2014, p. 3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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Stephenson et al. 2014, p. 3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (2014-01-15). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24429523. S2CID 4387375.