Biomass (energy) (English Wikipedia)

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Brack, D. (2017) Woody Biomass for Power and Heat Impacts on the Global Climate. Research Paper - Environment, Energy and Resources Department.

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Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; et al. (2019). "Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 107: 250–263. Bibcode:2019RSERv.107..250C. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005.
Gasparatos et al. 2017. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Camia et al. 2021, pp. 20–21. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Eggers, Jeannette; Melin, Ylva; Lundström, Johanna; Bergström, Dan; Öhman, Karin (16 May 2020). "Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services". Sustainability. 12 (10): 4089. Bibcode:2020Sust...12.4089E. doi:10.3390/su12104089.
JRC 2014, p. 75. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 7. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 6. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Cowie, Annette L.; Berndes, Göran; Bentsen, Niclas Scott; Brandão, Miguel; Cherubini, Francesco; Egnell, Gustaf; George, Brendan; Gustavsson, Leif; Hanewinkel, Marc; Harris, Zoe M.; Johnsson, Filip; Junginger, Martin; Kline, Keith L.; Koponen, Kati; Koppejan, Jaap (2021). "Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 13 (8): 1210–1231. Bibcode:2021GCBBi..13.1210C. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12844. hdl:10044/1/89123.
Basu et al. 2013, pp. 171–176. Basu, P; Dhungana, A; Rao, S; Acharya, B (1 August 2013). "Effect of oxygen presence in torrefier". Journal of the Energy Institute. 86 (3): 171–176. doi:10.1179/1743967113z.00000000060.
Renewable Energy 2021, pp. 473–483. Aragón-Briceño, C.I.; Ross, A.B.; Camargo-Valero, M.A. (April 2021). "Mass and energy integration study of hydrothermal carbonization with anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge". Renewable Energy. 167: 473–483. Bibcode:2021REne..167..473A. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.103.
Akhtar, Krepl & Ivanova 2018. Akhtar, Ali; Krepl, Vladimir; Ivanova, Tatiana (19 July 2018). "A Combined Overview of Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Biomass". Energy & Fuels. 32 (7): 7294–7318. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01678.
Liu et al. 2011. Liu, Guangjian; Larson, Eric D.; Williams, Robert H.; Kreutz, Thomas G.; Guo, Xiangbo (20 January 2011). "Making Fischer−Tropsch Fuels and Electricity from Coal and Biomass: Performance and Cost Analysis". Energy & Fuels. 25 (1): 415–437. doi:10.1021/ef101184e.
Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Thomas-Hall, Skye R.; Schenk, Peer M. (June 2019). "Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 107: 250–263. Bibcode:2019RSERv.107..250C. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005.
Ayompe, Lacour M.; Schaafsma, M.; Egoh, Benis N. (January 2021). "Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing". Journal of Cleaner Production. 278: 123914. Bibcode:2021JCPro.27823914A. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 83. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 100. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Arets, Eric J.M.M.; Schelhaas, Mart-Jan (2017). "European forests show no carbon debt, only a long parity effect". Forest Policy and Economics. 75: 120–125. Bibcode:2017ForPE..75..120N. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.10.009.
JRC 2014, p. 41, table 2. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
Lamers & Junginger 2013, p. 380. Lamers, Patrick; Junginger, Martin (July 2013). "The 'debt' is in the detail: A synthesis of recent temporal forest carbon analyses on woody biomass for energy". Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 7 (4): 373–385. doi:10.1002/bbb.1407.
JRC 2014, p. 41. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
Hanssen, Steef V.; Duden, Anna S.; Junginger, Martin; Dale, Virginia H.; Hilst, Floor (2017). "Wood pellets, what else? Greenhouse gas parity times of European electricity from wood pellets produced in the south-eastern United States using different softwood feedstocks". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (9): 1406–1422. Bibcode:2017GCBBi...9.1406H. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12426. hdl:2066/168913.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 105. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Whitaker, Jeanette; Field, John L.; Bernacchi, Carl J.; Cerri, Carlos E. P.; Ceulemans, Reinhart; Davies, Christian A.; DeLucia, Evan H.; Donnison, Iain S.; McCalmont, Jon P.; Paustian, Keith; Rowe, Rebecca L.; Smith, Pete; Thornley, Patricia; McNamara, Niall P. (March 2018). "Consensus, uncertainties and challenges for perennial bioenergy crops and land use". GCB Bioenergy. 10 (3): 150–164. Bibcode:2018GCBBi..10..150W. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12488. PMC 5815384. PMID 29497458.
Zhao, Kaiguang; Jackson, Robert B (2014). "Biophysical forcings of land-use changes from potential forestry activities in North America" (PDF). Ecological Monographs. 84 (2): 329–353. Bibcode:2014EcoM...84..329Z. doi:10.1890/12-1705.1. S2CID 56059160.
Camia et al. 2021, pp. 32–33. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Stephenson et al. 2014, pp. 2–3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (March 2014). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490): 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. PMID 24429523.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 29, 32, 34, 45. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 107. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 146. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 166. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Spehn, Eva M.; Joshi, Jasmin; Schmid, Bernhard; Alphei, Jörn; Körner, Christian (2000). "Plant diversity effects on soil heterotrophic activity in experimental grassland ecosystems". Plant and Soil. 224 (2): 217–230. Bibcode:2000PlSoi.224..217S. doi:10.1023/A:1004891807664.
Camia et al. 2021, pp. 8–149. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 168. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Camia et al. 2021, pp. 125–147. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Camia et al. 2021, pp. 8–147. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 172. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 167. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Springsteen et al. 2011. Springsteen, Bruce; Christofk, Tom; Eubanks, Steve; Mason, Tad; Clavin, Chris; Storey, Brett (January 2011). "Emission Reductions from Woody Biomass Waste for Energy as an Alternative to Open Burning". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 61 (1): 63–68. Bibcode:2011JAWMA..61...63S. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.61.1.63. PMID 21305889.
Roy, Rajarshi; Schooff, Brian; Li, Xiaolong; Montgomery, Scott; Tuttle, Jacob; Wendt, Jost O. L.; Dickson, Kingsley; Iverson, Brian; Fry, Andrew (1 May 2023). "Ash aerosol particle size distribution, composition, and deposition behavior while co-firing coal and steam-exploded biomass in a 1.5 MWth combustor". Fuel Processing Technology. 243: 107674. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2023.107674.
JRC 2014, pp. 42–43, table 3. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
Pokharel et al. 2019, p. 543. Pokharel, Raju; Grala, Robert K; Latta, Gregory S; Grebner, Donald L; Grado, Stephen C; Poudel, Jagdish (25 October 2019). "Availability of Logging Residues and Likelihood of Their Utilization for Electricity Production in the US South". Journal of Forestry. 117 (6): 543–559. doi:10.1093/jofore/fvz047.
Dahlberg et al. 2011, p. 1220 Dahlberg, Anders; Thor, Göran; Allmér, Johan; Jonsell, Mats; Jonsson, Mattias; Ranius, Thomas (June 2011). "Modelled impact of Norway spruce logging residue extraction on biodiversity in Sweden". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 41 (6): 1220–1232. Bibcode:2011CaJFR..41.1220D. doi:10.1139/x11-034.
Smith et al. 2018, pp. 547, 556. Smith, Aidan Mark; Whittaker, Carly; Shield, Ian; Ross, Andrew Barry (May 2018). "The potential for production of high quality bio-coal from early harvested Miscanthus by hydrothermal carbonisation". Fuel. 220: 546–557. Bibcode:2018Fuel..220..546S. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.143.
JRC 2014, p. 45. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 89. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2018, pp. 89–91. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
See Bird et al. 2010, p. 5, and also Searchinger et al. 2008, pp. 1238–1240 for the original research article. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1. Searchinger, Timothy; Heimlich, Ralph; Houghton, R. A.; Dong, Fengxia; Elobeid, Amani; Fabiosa, Jacinto; Tokgoz, Simla; Hayes, Dermot; Yu, Tun-Hsiang (29 February 2008). "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change". Science. 319 (5867): 1238–1240. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1238S. doi:10.1126/science.1151861. PMID 18258860.
JRC 2014, pp. 23, 51–52. Note that the JRC use the term "payback time" in the sense of "parity time" as defined in Carbon accounting principles above. See JRC 2014, p. 16. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
JRC 2014, p. 69. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
See for instance Camia et al. 2021, pp. 86, 100. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2.
Jonker, Junginger & Faaij 2014, pp. 371–387. Jonker, Jan Gerrit Geurt; Junginger, Martin; Faaij, Andre (July 2014). "Carbon payback period and carbon offset parity point of wood pellet production in the South-eastern United States". GCB Bioenergy. 6 (4): 371–389. Bibcode:2014GCBBi...6..371J. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12056. hdl:1874/308693.
Madsen & Bentsen 2018, p. 1. Madsen, Kristian; Bentsen, Niclas (31 March 2018). "Carbon Debt Payback Time for a Biomass Fired CHP Plant—A Case Study from Northern Europe". Energies. 11 (4): 807. doi:10.3390/en11040807.
Bentsen 2017, p. 1211. Bentsen, Niclas Scott (June 2017). "Carbon debt and payback time – Lost in the forest?". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 73: 1211–1217. Bibcode:2017RSERv..73.1211B. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.004.
JRC 2014, p. 75. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 93. Mubareka, Giuntoli & Grassi 2021, pp. 8–9. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2. Mubareka, Sarah; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Grassi, Giacomo (2021). JRC report on forest bioenergy (PDF). European Commission.
Hektor, Backéus & Andersson 2016, p. 4. See also OECD/IEA 2004, p. 20. Hektor, Bo; Backéus, Sofia; Andersson, Kjell (October 2016). "Carbon balance for wood production from sustainably managed forests". Biomass and Bioenergy. 93: 1–5. Bibcode:2016BmBe...93....1H. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.05.025. OECD/IEA (2004). "Energy Statistics Manual" (PDF).
JRC 2014, p. 75. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
Camia et al. 2021, p. 143. See also JRC 2014, pp. 16–17, 43–44. Camia, Andrea; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Jonsson, Ragnar; Robert, Nicolas; Cazzaniga, Noemi E; Jasinevičius, Gedimas; Avitabile, Valerio; Grassi, Giacomo; Barredo, José I; Mubareka, Sarah (2021). The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU. Publications Office. doi:10.2760/831621. ISBN 978-92-76-27867-2. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
Lamers & Junginger 2013, p. 379. Lamers, Patrick; Junginger, Martin (July 2013). "The 'debt' is in the detail: A synthesis of recent temporal forest carbon analyses on woody biomass for energy". Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 7 (4): 373–385. doi:10.1002/bbb.1407.
JRC 2014, p. 17. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
JRC 2014, p. 34. Note that the JRC use the term "payback time" in the sense of "parity time" as defined in Carbon accounting principles above. See JRC 2014, p. 16. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9. Agostini, Alessandro; Giuntoli, Jacopo; Boulamanti, Aikaterini (2014). Marelli, Luisa (ed.). Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy: Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. Publications Office. doi:10.2788/29442. ISBN 978-92-79-25100-9.
"Any soil disturbance, such as ploughing and cultivation, is likely to result in short-term respiration losses of soil organic carbon, decomposed by stimulated soil microbe populations (Cheng, 2009; Kuzyakov, 2010). Annual disturbance under arable cropping repeats this year after year resulting in reduced SOC levels. Perennial agricultural systems, such as grassland, have time to replace their infrequent disturbance losses which can result in higher steady-state soil carbon contents (Gelfand et al., 2011; Zenone et al., 2013)." McCalmont et al. 2017, p. 493. McCalmont, Jon P.; Hastings, Astley; McNamara, Niall P.; Richter, Goetz M.; Robson, Paul; Donnison, Iain S.; Clifton-Brown, John (March 2017). "Environmental costs and benefits of growing Miscanthus for bioenergy in the UK". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (3): 489–507. Bibcode:2017GCBBi...9..489M. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12294. PMC 5340280. PMID 28331551.
Stephenson et al. 2014, p. 3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (March 2014). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490): 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. PMID 24429523.

easac.eu

EASAC 2017, p. 23, 26, 35. EASAC (2017). "Multi-functionality and sustainability in the European Union's forests" (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council.
EASAC 2017, p. 34. EASAC (2017). "Multi-functionality and sustainability in the European Union's forests" (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council.
A simplified curve, complete with carbon payback and parity times, is available here: EASAC 2017, p. 23. EASAC (2017). "Multi-functionality and sustainability in the European Union's forests" (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council.

eia.gov

"Biomass explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
"Biomass explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
EIA 2022. EIA (2022). "Biomass and the environment". U.S. Energy Information Administration.
EIA 2021. EIA (2021). "Biomass explained". U.S. Energy Information Administration.
"Biofuels explained: Ethanol". US Energy Information Administration. 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
EIA 2021b. EIA (2021b). "Biofuels explained". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2021-11-02.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Arets, Eric J.M.M.; Schelhaas, Mart-Jan (2017). "European forests show no carbon debt, only a long parity effect". Forest Policy and Economics. 75: 120–125. Bibcode:2017ForPE..75..120N. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.10.009.

energy.gov

"Bioenergy Basics". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-13.

etipbioenergy.eu

ETIP Bioenergy 2022. ETIP Bioenergy (2022). "Agriculture".
ETIP Bioenergy 2020. ETIP Bioenergy (2020). "Wood chips".

europa.eu

op.europa.eu

JRC 2019, p. 3. JRC (2019-01-22). Brief on biomass for energy in the European Union. Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 9789279772351. Retrieved 2022-01-16. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Camia et al. 2018, p. 6. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 105. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 29, 32, 34, 45. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2018, p. 89. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.
Camia et al. 2018, pp. 89–91. Camia, A.; Robert, N.; Jonsson, R.; Pilli, R.; García-Condado, S E.; López-Lozano, R.; van der Velde, M; Ronzon, T; Gurría, P I.; M'Barek, R.; Tamosiunas, S.; Fiore, G.; Araujo, R.; Hoepffner, N.; Marelli, L.; Giuntoli, J. (2018). Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union - first results from an integrated assessment. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/539520. ISBN 978-92-79-77237-5.

eur-lex.europa.eu

European Parliament, Council of the European Union 2018, p. Annex VI. European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2018). "Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance.)".
See for instance the European Union's official emission savings percentages for different fuels here: European Parliament, Council of the European Union 2018, p. ANNEX VI. Note that these estimates do not include the average net emissions which results from an eventual land use change prior to planting. European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2018). "Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance.)".
European Parliament, Council of the European Union 2018, p. Annex VI. European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2018). "Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance.)".

knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu

In EU legislation, biofuel is defined as: "Liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass." See European Commission 2018a. European Commission (2018a). "Biofuel". European Commission Glossary.

fao.org

Recalculated from a total production of 43678925 tonnes wood pellets (FAO 2020), with 17 GJ/t energy content.
Recalculated from a total production of 265212933 m³ wood chips (FAO 2020), with 3.1 GJ/m³ energy content.

forestresearch.gov.uk

Forest Research 2022c. Forest Research (2022c). "Short rotation coppice".
Forest Research 2022a. Forest Research (2022a). "Short rotation forestry".
Recalculated from a total production of 43678925 tonnes wood pellets (FAO 2020), with 17 GJ/t energy content.
Recalculated from a total production of 265212933 m³ wood chips (FAO 2020), with 3.1 GJ/m³ energy content.

gwdg.de

webdoc.sub.gwdg.de

Bird et al. 2010, p. 26. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1.
See Bird et al. 2010, p. 5, and also Searchinger et al. 2008, pp. 1238–1240 for the original research article. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1. Searchinger, Timothy; Heimlich, Ralph; Houghton, R. A.; Dong, Fengxia; Elobeid, Amani; Fabiosa, Jacinto; Tokgoz, Simla; Hayes, Dermot; Yu, Tun-Hsiang (29 February 2008). "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change". Science. 319 (5867): 1238–1240. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1238S. doi:10.1126/science.1151861. PMID 18258860.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Cowie, Annette L.; Berndes, Göran; Bentsen, Niclas Scott; Brandão, Miguel; Cherubini, Francesco; Egnell, Gustaf; George, Brendan; Gustavsson, Leif; Hanewinkel, Marc; Harris, Zoe M.; Johnsson, Filip; Junginger, Martin; Kline, Keith L.; Koponen, Kati; Koppejan, Jaap (2021). "Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 13 (8): 1210–1231. Bibcode:2021GCBBi..13.1210C. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12844. hdl:10044/1/89123.
World Health Organization 2016, p. 73. Burning opportunity: clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children. World Health Organization. 2016. hdl:10665/204717. ISBN 978-92-4-156523-3.
Hanssen, Steef V.; Duden, Anna S.; Junginger, Martin; Dale, Virginia H.; Hilst, Floor (2017). "Wood pellets, what else? Greenhouse gas parity times of European electricity from wood pellets produced in the south-eastern United States using different softwood feedstocks". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (9): 1406–1422. Bibcode:2017GCBBi...9.1406H. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12426. hdl:2066/168913.
Stephenson et al. 2014, pp. 2–3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (March 2014). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490): 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. PMID 24429523.
Jonker, Junginger & Faaij 2014, pp. 371–387. Jonker, Jan Gerrit Geurt; Junginger, Martin; Faaij, Andre (July 2014). "Carbon payback period and carbon offset parity point of wood pellet production in the South-eastern United States". GCB Bioenergy. 6 (4): 371–389. Bibcode:2014GCBBi...6..371J. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12056. hdl:1874/308693.
Stephenson et al. 2014, p. 3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (March 2014). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490): 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. PMID 24429523.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; et al. (2019). "Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 107: 250–263. Bibcode:2019RSERv.107..250C. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005.
Gasparatos et al. 2017. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Eggers, Jeannette; Melin, Ylva; Lundström, Johanna; Bergström, Dan; Öhman, Karin (16 May 2020). "Management Strategies for Wood Fuel Harvesting—Trade-Offs with Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystem Services". Sustainability. 12 (10): 4089. Bibcode:2020Sust...12.4089E. doi:10.3390/su12104089.
Cowie, Annette L.; Berndes, Göran; Bentsen, Niclas Scott; Brandão, Miguel; Cherubini, Francesco; Egnell, Gustaf; George, Brendan; Gustavsson, Leif; Hanewinkel, Marc; Harris, Zoe M.; Johnsson, Filip; Junginger, Martin; Kline, Keith L.; Koponen, Kati; Koppejan, Jaap (2021). "Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy". GCB Bioenergy. 13 (8): 1210–1231. Bibcode:2021GCBBi..13.1210C. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12844. hdl:10044/1/89123.
Renewable Energy 2021, pp. 473–483. Aragón-Briceño, C.I.; Ross, A.B.; Camargo-Valero, M.A. (April 2021). "Mass and energy integration study of hydrothermal carbonization with anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge". Renewable Energy. 167: 473–483. Bibcode:2021REne..167..473A. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.103.
Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Thomas-Hall, Skye R.; Schenk, Peer M. (June 2019). "Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 107: 250–263. Bibcode:2019RSERv.107..250C. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005.
Ayompe, Lacour M.; Schaafsma, M.; Egoh, Benis N. (January 2021). "Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing". Journal of Cleaner Production. 278: 123914. Bibcode:2021JCPro.27823914A. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914.
Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Arets, Eric J.M.M.; Schelhaas, Mart-Jan (2017). "European forests show no carbon debt, only a long parity effect". Forest Policy and Economics. 75: 120–125. Bibcode:2017ForPE..75..120N. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.10.009.
Hanssen, Steef V.; Duden, Anna S.; Junginger, Martin; Dale, Virginia H.; Hilst, Floor (2017). "Wood pellets, what else? Greenhouse gas parity times of European electricity from wood pellets produced in the south-eastern United States using different softwood feedstocks". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (9): 1406–1422. Bibcode:2017GCBBi...9.1406H. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12426. hdl:2066/168913.
Whitaker, Jeanette; Field, John L.; Bernacchi, Carl J.; Cerri, Carlos E. P.; Ceulemans, Reinhart; Davies, Christian A.; DeLucia, Evan H.; Donnison, Iain S.; McCalmont, Jon P.; Paustian, Keith; Rowe, Rebecca L.; Smith, Pete; Thornley, Patricia; McNamara, Niall P. (March 2018). "Consensus, uncertainties and challenges for perennial bioenergy crops and land use". GCB Bioenergy. 10 (3): 150–164. Bibcode:2018GCBBi..10..150W. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12488. PMC 5815384. PMID 29497458.
Zhao, Kaiguang; Jackson, Robert B (2014). "Biophysical forcings of land-use changes from potential forestry activities in North America" (PDF). Ecological Monographs. 84 (2): 329–353. Bibcode:2014EcoM...84..329Z. doi:10.1890/12-1705.1. S2CID 56059160.
Stephenson et al. 2014, pp. 2–3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (March 2014). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490): 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. PMID 24429523.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 166. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Spehn, Eva M.; Joshi, Jasmin; Schmid, Bernhard; Alphei, Jörn; Körner, Christian (2000). "Plant diversity effects on soil heterotrophic activity in experimental grassland ecosystems". Plant and Soil. 224 (2): 217–230. Bibcode:2000PlSoi.224..217S. doi:10.1023/A:1004891807664.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 168. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 172. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Gasparatos et al. 2017, p. 167. Gasparatos, Alexandros; Doll, Christopher N.H.; Esteban, Miguel; Ahmed, Abubakari; Olang, Tabitha A. (2017). "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 70. Elsevier BV: 161–184. Bibcode:2017RSERv..70..161G. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030.
Springsteen et al. 2011. Springsteen, Bruce; Christofk, Tom; Eubanks, Steve; Mason, Tad; Clavin, Chris; Storey, Brett (January 2011). "Emission Reductions from Woody Biomass Waste for Energy as an Alternative to Open Burning". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 61 (1): 63–68. Bibcode:2011JAWMA..61...63S. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.61.1.63. PMID 21305889.
Dahlberg et al. 2011, p. 1220 Dahlberg, Anders; Thor, Göran; Allmér, Johan; Jonsell, Mats; Jonsson, Mattias; Ranius, Thomas (June 2011). "Modelled impact of Norway spruce logging residue extraction on biodiversity in Sweden". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 41 (6): 1220–1232. Bibcode:2011CaJFR..41.1220D. doi:10.1139/x11-034.
Smith et al. 2018, pp. 547, 556. Smith, Aidan Mark; Whittaker, Carly; Shield, Ian; Ross, Andrew Barry (May 2018). "The potential for production of high quality bio-coal from early harvested Miscanthus by hydrothermal carbonisation". Fuel. 220: 546–557. Bibcode:2018Fuel..220..546S. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.143.
See Bird et al. 2010, p. 5, and also Searchinger et al. 2008, pp. 1238–1240 for the original research article. Bird, David Neil; Pena, Naomi; Schwaiger, Hannes; Zanchi, Giuliana (2010). Review of existing methods for carbon accounting (PDF). Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-602-8693-27-1. Searchinger, Timothy; Heimlich, Ralph; Houghton, R. A.; Dong, Fengxia; Elobeid, Amani; Fabiosa, Jacinto; Tokgoz, Simla; Hayes, Dermot; Yu, Tun-Hsiang (29 February 2008). "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change". Science. 319 (5867): 1238–1240. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1238S. doi:10.1126/science.1151861. PMID 18258860.
Jonker, Junginger & Faaij 2014, pp. 371–387. Jonker, Jan Gerrit Geurt; Junginger, Martin; Faaij, Andre (July 2014). "Carbon payback period and carbon offset parity point of wood pellet production in the South-eastern United States". GCB Bioenergy. 6 (4): 371–389. Bibcode:2014GCBBi...6..371J. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12056. hdl:1874/308693.
Bentsen 2017, p. 1211. Bentsen, Niclas Scott (June 2017). "Carbon debt and payback time – Lost in the forest?". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 73: 1211–1217. Bibcode:2017RSERv..73.1211B. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.004.
Hektor, Backéus & Andersson 2016, p. 4. See also OECD/IEA 2004, p. 20. Hektor, Bo; Backéus, Sofia; Andersson, Kjell (October 2016). "Carbon balance for wood production from sustainably managed forests". Biomass and Bioenergy. 93: 1–5. Bibcode:2016BmBe...93....1H. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.05.025. OECD/IEA (2004). "Energy Statistics Manual" (PDF).
"Any soil disturbance, such as ploughing and cultivation, is likely to result in short-term respiration losses of soil organic carbon, decomposed by stimulated soil microbe populations (Cheng, 2009; Kuzyakov, 2010). Annual disturbance under arable cropping repeats this year after year resulting in reduced SOC levels. Perennial agricultural systems, such as grassland, have time to replace their infrequent disturbance losses which can result in higher steady-state soil carbon contents (Gelfand et al., 2011; Zenone et al., 2013)." McCalmont et al. 2017, p. 493. McCalmont, Jon P.; Hastings, Astley; McNamara, Niall P.; Richter, Goetz M.; Robson, Paul; Donnison, Iain S.; Clifton-Brown, John (March 2017). "Environmental costs and benefits of growing Miscanthus for bioenergy in the UK". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (3): 489–507. Bibcode:2017GCBBi...9..489M. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12294. PMC 5340280. PMID 28331551.
Stephenson et al. 2014, p. 3. Stephenson, N. L.; Das, A. J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S. E.; Baker, P. J.; Beckman, N. G.; Coomes, D. A.; Lines, E. R.; Morris, W. K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S. J.; Duque, á.; Ewango, C. N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J. F.; Grau, H. R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M. E.; Hubbell, S. P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L. R.; Pabst, R. J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P. J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S. K.; Zavala, M. A. (March 2014). "Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size". Nature. 507 (7490): 90–93. Bibcode:2014Natur.507...90S. doi:10.1038/nature12914. hdl:11336/12757. PMID 24429523.

iea.org

"Bioenergy – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
IEA 2021d. IEA (2021d). "Global bioenergy supply in the Net-Zero by 2050 Scenario, 2010-2050".
IEA 2021c. IEA (2021c). "Liquid biofuel production, 2020, and in the Net Zero Scenario, 2030 – Charts – Data & Statistics". Retrieved 2022-02-03.
IEA 2019. IEA (2019). "Data tables – Data & Statistics". Retrieved 2022-02-03.
"What does net-zero emissions by 2050 mean for bioenergy and land use? – Analysis". IEA. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
"Going carbon negative: What are the technology options? – Analysis". IEA. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
"Bioenergy – Energy system overview". September 2022.

ieabioenergy.com

IEA Bioenergy (2019) The use of forest biomass for climate change mitigation: response to statements of EASAC
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