Black Death (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Black Death" in English language version.

Last modified: 03:18:33, 31 August 2026 (UTC)

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"Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

about.com (Global: 419^th place; English: 335^th place)

historymedren.about.com

Snell M (2006). "The Great Mortality". Historymedren.about.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2009.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Andrades Valtueña et al. 2017. Andrades Valtueña A, Mittnik A, Key FM, Haak W, Allmäe R, Belinskij A, et al. (December 2017). "The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia". Current Biology. 27 (23): 3683–3691.e8. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3683A. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.025. hdl:21.11116/0000-0006-ADCA-4. PMID 29174893.
Rascovan et al. 2019. Rascovan N, Sjögren KG, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Desnues C, Rasmussen S (January 2019). "Emergence and Spread of Basal Lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic Decline". Cell. 176 (1–2): 295–305.e10. Bibcode:2019Cell..176..295R. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.005. PMID 30528431.
Spyrou et al. 2018. Spyrou MA, Tukhbatova RI, Wang CC, Valtueña AA, Lankapalli AK, Kondrashin VV, et al. (June 2018). "Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague". Nature Communications. 9 (1) 2234. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2234S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04550-9. PMC 5993720. PMID 29884871.
Spyrou, Maria A; et al. (2018). "Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 2234. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2234S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04550-9. PMC 5993720. PMID 29884871.
Spyrou, Maria A.; Musralina, Lyazzat; Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido A.; Kocher, Arthur; Borbone, Pier-Giorgio; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Djansugurova, Leyla; Bos, Kirsten I.; Kühnert, Denise; Haak, Wolfgang (15 June 2022). "The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia". Nature. 606 (7915): 718–724. Bibcode:2022Natur.606..718S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9217749. PMID 35705810. S2CID 249709693.
Drancourt M, Aboudharam G, Signoli M, Dutour O, Raoult D (October 1998). "Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (21): 12637–12640. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9512637D. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.21.12637. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 22883. PMID 9770538.
Bos 2011. Bos KI, Schuenemann VJ, Golding GB, Burbano HA, Waglechner N, Coombes BK, et al. (October 2011). "A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death". Nature. 478 (7370): 506–510. Bibcode:2011Natur.478..506B. doi:10.1038/nature10549. PMC 3690193. PMID 21993626.
Spyrou et al. 2019. Spyrou MA, Keller M, Tukhbatova RI, Scheib CL, Nelson EA, Andrades Valtueña A, et al. (October 2019). "Phylogeography of the second plague pandemic revealed through analysis of historical Yersinia pestis genomes". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4470. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.4470S. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12154-0. PMC 6775055. PMID 31578321.
Wagner et al. 2014. Wagner DM, Klunk J, Harbeck M, Devault A, Waglechner N, Sahl JW, et al. (April 2014). "Yersinia pestis and the plague of Justinian 541-543 AD: a genomic analysis". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 14 (4): 319–326. Bibcode:2014LanID..14..319W. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70323-2. PMID 24480148.
Dean et al. 2018. Dean KR, Krauer F, Walløe L, Lingjærde OC, Bramanti B, Stenseth NC, Schmid BV (February 2018). "Human ectoparasites and the spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (6): 1304–1309. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1304D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715640115. PMC 5819418. PMID 29339508.
Eroshenko GA, Nosov NY, Krasnov YM, Oglodin YG, Kukleva LM, Guseva NP, et al. (2017). "Yersinia pestis strains of ancient phylogenetic branch 0.ANT are widely spread in the high-mountain plague foci of Kyrgyzstan". PLOS ONE. 12 (10) e0187230. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287230E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187230. PMC 5658180. PMID 29073248.
Curtis DR, Roosen J (October 2017). "The sex-selective impact of the Black Death and recurring plagues in the Southern Netherlands, 1349-1450". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (2): 246–259. Bibcode:2017AJPA..164..246C. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23266. PMC 6667914. PMID 28617987.
Samia et al. 2011. Samia NI, Kausrud KL, Heesterbeek H, Ageyev V, Begon M, Chan KS, Stenseth NC (August 2011). "Dynamics of the plague-wildlife-human system in Central Asia are controlled by two epidemiological thresholds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (35): 14527–14532. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10814527S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015946108. PMC 3167548. PMID 21856946.
Schmid et al. 2015. Schmid BV, Büntgen U, Easterday WR, Ginzler C, Walløe L, Bramanti B, Stenseth NC (March 2015). "Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (10): 3020–3025. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.3020S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1412887112. PMC 4364181. PMID 25713390.
Izdebski, A.; Guzowski, P.; Poniat, R.; Masci, L.; Palli, J.; Vignola, C.; Bauch, M.; Cocozza, C.; Fernandes, R.; Ljungqvist, F. C.; Newfield, T. (10 February 2022). "Palaeoecological data indicates land-use changes across Europe linked to spatial heterogeneity in mortality during the Black Death pandemic". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (3): 297–306. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..297I. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01652-4. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 8913360. PMID 35145268. S2CID 246750095.
Dick et al. 2015. Dick HC, Pringle JK, Sloane B, Carver J, Wisniewski KD, Haffenden A, et al. (July 2015). "Detection and characterisation of Black Death burials by multi-proxy geophysical methods" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 59: 132–141. Bibcode:2015JArSc..59..132D. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.04.010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Pontoppidan, Erik (1755). The Natural History of Norway. London: A. Linde. p. 24. Norway, indeed, cannot be said to be entirely exempt from pestilential distempers, for the Black-death, known all over Europe by its terrible ravages, from the years 1348 to 50, was felt here as in other parts, and to the great diminution of the number of the inhabitants.
The German physician Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker (1795–1850) cited the phrase in Icelandic (Svarti Dauði), Danish (den sorte Dod), etc. See: Hecker, J. F. C. (1832). Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert [The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century] (in German). Berlin, Germany: Friedrich August Herbig. p. 3, footnote 1. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
de Corbeil, Gilles (1907) [first pub. 1200]. Rose, Valentin (ed.). Egidii Corboliensis Viaticus: De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium (in Latin). Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
Penrose, Elizabeth (1853). A History of England (new and revised ed.). London: John Murray. p. 152.
Gasquet 1908, p. 7. Gasquet FA (1908) [1893]. The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 (second ed.). London: George Bell and Sons.
al-Asqalani IH. Badhl aI-md'On fi fadi at-ld'an. Cairo.
Hecker 1859, p. 21 cited by Ziegler, p. 15. Hecker JF (1859). Epidemics of the Middle Ages. Translated by B. G. Babington. London: Trübner.
Baker G (1847) [1350]. Gilles AJ (ed.). Galfridi Le Baker de Swinbroke, Chronicon Angliae temporibus Edwardi II et Edwardi III (in Latin and English). Londini: apud Jacobum Bohn. LCCN 08014593. OL 6996785M. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 – via Internet Archive.
Byrne, J. P. (2008). "Plague in the Islamic world, 1500–1850". Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: N–Z. ABC-CLIO. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-313-34103-8.

arizona.edu (Global: 1,520^th place; English: 1,044^th place)

u.arizona.edu

Plague readings Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine from P. M. Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, Prentice Hall, 2000, pp. 353–65.

avma.org (Global: low place; English: 8,619^th place)

"Plague Backgrounder". American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.co.uk

Morgan J (30 March 2014). "Black Death skeletons unearthed by Crossrail project". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
"Black Death: The lasting impact". BBC History. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.

news.bbc.co.uk

"De-coding the Black Death". BBC News. 3 October 2001. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Ravilious, Kate (27 February 2006). "Europe's chill linked to disease". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2006.

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 168^th place; English: 136^th place)

Simond, P.-L. (October 1898). "La propagation de la peste" [The spread of the plague]. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (in French). 12 (10): 625–687. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. From p. 674: "Nous avon pratiqué un certain nombre de fois l'examen microscopique du contenu intestinal des puces recueillies sur les rats spontanément pestiférés, et dans plusieurs cas nous avons constaté la présence d'un bacille morphologiquement semblable à celui de la peste." ("We carried out a number of times microscopic examinations of the intestinal contents of fleas [which were] collected from rats [which had become] infected with plague, and in several cases we noted the presence of a bacillus [which was] morphologically similar to that of the plague.")

bnf.fr (Global: 61^st place; English: 357^th place)

gallica.bnf.fr

On page 22 of the manuscript in Gallica (Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine), Simon mentions the phrase mors nigra ('black death'): "Cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum / Mors nigra surrexit, et gentes reddidit illi" ('When the king ended the oracles of judgment / Black Death arose, and the nations surrendered to him').
- A more legible copy of the poem appears in: Littré, Emile (1841). "Opuscule relatif à la peste de 1348, composé par un contemporain" [Work concerning the plague of 1348, composed by a contemporary]. Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes (in French). 2 (2): 201–243, esp. p. 228. doi:10.3406/bec.1841.451584. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014.
- Yersin A (1894). "La peste bubonique a Hong-Kong". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur: Journal de microbiologie. 8 (9): 662–67. ISSN 0020-2444. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via Gallica.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Pontanus, Johan Isaksson (1631). Rerum Danicarum Historia. Amsterdam: Johann Jansson. p. 476. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016.
Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2006). The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-214-0. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
Byrne 2004, pp. 21–29 Byrne JP (2004). The Black Death. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32492-5. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Kohn GC (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Benedictow 2004, pp. 48–49. Benedictow OJ (2004). Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-214-0. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Benedictow 2004, pp. 50–51. Benedictow OJ (2004). Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-214-0. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Byrne JP (2012). "Caffa (Kaffa, Fyodosia), Ukraine". Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-59884-253-1. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
Byrne, Joseph P. (16 January 2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-59884-254-8.
Belich, James (25 June 2024). The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe. Princeton University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-691-21916-5. Northern Russia was hit in 1352, beginning in towns close to the Baltic, Novgorod, and Pskov, and reaching Moscow in 1353.
Stefan Kroll^{[permanent dead link]}, Kersten Krüger (2004). LIT Verlag Berlin. ISBN 3-8258-8778-2
Byrne JP (2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-59884-253-1. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
Sadek N (2006). "Rasulids". In Meri J (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia – Volume II: L–Z. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-66813-2. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
Byrne 2004, p. 8. Byrne JP (2004). The Black Death. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32492-5. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Byrne JP (2012). "Vinario, Raimundo Chalmel de (Magister Raimundus; Chalmelli; Chalin; d. after 1382)". Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-59884-253-1. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Black Death | Causes, Facts, and Consequences". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"Black Death | Causes, Facts, and Consequences". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
"Fall of Constantinople". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2023.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Ayalon, Yaron, ed. (2014), "The Black Death and the Rise of the Ottomans", Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire: Plague, Famine, and Other Misfortunes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–60, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139680943.004, ISBN 978-1-107-07297-8, retrieved 2 March 2024

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

"Maps and Statistics: Plague in the United States". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
"FAQ: Plague". United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 September 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2017.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

edition.cnn.com

Sources for origins
- "Black Death in China: A history of plagues, from ancient times to now". CNN. 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
cnn.com
- Hunt, Katie (15 June 2022). "DNA analysis reveals source of Black Death". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364^th place; English: 1,439^th place)

Egypt – Major Cities Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Library of Congress

cuny.edu (Global: 2,325^th place; English: 1,345^th place)

academicworks.cuny.edu

Sussman 2011, p. 354. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Sussman 2011. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Sussman 2011, p. 328. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Haensch et al. 2010. Haensch S, Bianucci R, Signoli M, Rajerison M, Schultz M, Kacki S, et al. (October 2010). "Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death". PLOS Pathogens. 6 (10) e1001134. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134. PMC 2951374. PMID 20949072.
d'Irsay S (1926). "Notes to the Origin of the Expression: « Atra Mors »". Isis. 8 (2): 328–32. doi:10.1086/358397. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 223649. S2CID 147317779.
On page 22 of the manuscript in Gallica (Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine), Simon mentions the phrase mors nigra ('black death'): "Cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum / Mors nigra surrexit, et gentes reddidit illi" ('When the king ended the oracles of judgment / Black Death arose, and the nations surrendered to him').
- A more legible copy of the poem appears in: Littré, Emile (1841). "Opuscule relatif à la peste de 1348, composé par un contemporain" [Work concerning the plague of 1348, composed by a contemporary]. Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes (in French). 2 (2): 201–243, esp. p. 228. doi:10.3406/bec.1841.451584. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014.
- Andrades Valtueña et al. 2017. Andrades Valtueña A, Mittnik A, Key FM, Haak W, Allmäe R, Belinskij A, et al. (December 2017). "The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia". Current Biology. 27 (23): 3683–3691.e8. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3683A. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.025. hdl:21.11116/0000-0006-ADCA-4. PMID 29174893.
- Rascovan et al. 2019. Rascovan N, Sjögren KG, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Desnues C, Rasmussen S (January 2019). "Emergence and Spread of Basal Lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic Decline". Cell. 176 (1–2): 295–305.e10. Bibcode:2019Cell..176..295R. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.005. PMID 30528431.
- Spyrou et al. 2018. Spyrou MA, Tukhbatova RI, Wang CC, Valtueña AA, Lankapalli AK, Kondrashin VV, et al. (June 2018). "Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague". Nature Communications. 9 (1) 2234. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2234S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04550-9. PMC 5993720. PMID 29884871.
- Green 2015, pp. 31ff. Green M (2015). "Taking 'Pandemic' Seriously: Making the Black Death Global". The Medieval Globe. 1 (1): 27–61. doi:10.17302/TMG.1-1.3.
- Susat, Julian; et al. (29 June 2021). "A 5,000-year-old hunter-gatherer already plagued by Yersinia pestis". Cell Reports. 35 (13) 109278. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109278. PMID 34192537.
- Spyrou, Maria A; et al. (2018). "Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 2234. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2234S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04550-9. PMC 5993720. PMID 29884871.
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- Spyrou, Maria A.; Musralina, Lyazzat; Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido A.; Kocher, Arthur; Borbone, Pier-Giorgio; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Djansugurova, Leyla; Bos, Kirsten I.; Kühnert, Denise; Haak, Wolfgang (15 June 2022). "The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia". Nature. 606 (7915): 718–724. Bibcode:2022Natur.606..718S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9217749. PMID 35705810. S2CID 249709693.
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On page 22 of the manuscript in Gallica (Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine), Simon mentions the phrase mors nigra ('black death'): "Cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum / Mors nigra surrexit, et gentes reddidit illi" ('When the king ended the oracles of judgment / Black Death arose, and the nations surrendered to him').
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