Black Death (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Black Death" in English language version.

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"Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

about.com

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Snell M (2006). "The Great Mortality". Historymedren.about.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2009.

archive.org

Pontoppidan E (1755). The Natural History of Norway: …. London: A. Linde. p. 24. From p. 24: "Norway, indeed, cannot be said to be entirely exempt from pestilential distempers, for the Black-death, known all over Europe by its terrible ravages, from the years 1348 to 50, was felt here as in other parts, and to the great diminution of the number of the inhabitants."
The German physician Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker (1795–1850) cited the phrase in Icelandic (Svarti Dauði), Danish (den sorte Dod), etc. See: Hecker, J. F. C. (1832). Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert [The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century] (in German). Berlin, (Germany): Friedr. Aug. Herbig. p. 3, footnote 1. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
de Corbeil G (1907) [1200]. Valentin R (ed.). Egidii Corboliensis Viaticus: De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium (in Latin). Harvard University: In aedibus B.G. Teubneri.
de Corbeil G (1907) [1200]. Valentin R (ed.). Egidii Corboliensis Viaticus: De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium (in Latin). Harvard University: In aedibus B.G. Teubneri.
Gasquet 1908, p. 7. Gasquet FA (1908) [1893]. The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 (second ed.). London: George Bell and Sons.
al-Asqalani IH. Badhl aI-md'On fi fadi at-ld'an. Cairo.
Hecker 1859, p. 21 cited by Ziegler, p. 15. Hecker JF (1859). B. G. Babington (trans) (ed.). Epidemics of the Middle Ages. London: Trübner.
Baker G (1847) [1350]. Gilles AJ (ed.). Galfridi Le Baker de Swinbroke, Chronicon Angliae temporibus Edwardi II et Edwardi III (in Latin and English). Londini: apud Jacobum Bohn. LCCN 08014593. OL 6996785M. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 – via Internet Archive.
Byrne JP (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: N–Z. ABC-CLIO. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-313-34103-8.

archive.today

Cheng M (28 January 2014). "Plague DNA found in ancient teeth shows medieval Black Death, 1,500-year pandemic caused by same disease". National Post. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
Guarino B (16 January 2018). "The classic explanation for the Black Death plague is wrong, scientists say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2020.

arizona.edu

u.arizona.edu

Plague readings Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine from P. M. Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, Prentice Hall, 2000, pp. 353–65.

avma.org

"Plague Backgrounder". Avma.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

bbc.co.uk

Morgan J (30 March 2014). "Black Death skeletons unearthed by Crossrail project". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
"Black Death: The lasting impact". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.

news.bbc.co.uk

"De-coding the Black Death". BBC News. 3 October 2001. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Ravilious, Kate (27 February 2006). "Europe's chill linked to disease". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2006.

biodiversitylibrary.org

Simond, P.-L. (October 1898). "La propagation de la peste" [The spread of the plague]. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (in French). 12 (10): 625–687. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. From p. 674: "Nous avon pratiqué un certain nombre de fois l'examen microscopique du contenu intestinal des puces recueillies sur les rats spontanément pestiférés, et dans plusieurs cas nous avons constaté la présence d'un bacille morphologiquement semblable à celui de la peste." ("We carried out a number of times microscopic examinations of the intestinal contents of fleas [which were] collected from rats [which had become] infected with plague, and in several cases we noted the presence of a bacillus [which was] morphologically similar to that of the plague.")

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Yersin A (1894). "La peste bubonique a Hong-Kong". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur: Journal de microbiologie. 8 (9): 662–67. ISSN 0020-2444. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via Gallica.

books.google.com

Johan Isaksson Pontanus, Rerum Danicarum Historia ... (Amsterdam (Netherlands): Johann Jansson, 1631), p. 476. Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History. Boydell Press. 2006. ISBN 9781843832140. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
The Complete History of the Black Death. Boydell & Brewer. 2021. ISBN 9781783275168. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
Byrne 2004, pp. 21–29 Byrne JP (2004). The Black Death. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32492-5. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Kohn GC (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Benedictow 2004, pp. 48–49. Benedictow OJ (2004). Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-214-0. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Benedictow 2004, pp. 50–51. Benedictow OJ (2004). Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-214-0. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Byrne JP (2012). "Caffa (Kaffa, Fyodosia), Ukraine". Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-59884-253-1. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
Byrne, Joseph P. (16 January 2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-59884-254-8.
Belich, James (25 June 2024). The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe. Princeton University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-691-21916-5. Northern Russia was hit in 1352, beginning in towns close to the Baltic, Novgorod, and Pskov, and reaching Moscow in 1353.
Stefan Kroll^{[permanent dead link‍]}, Kersten Krüger (2004). LIT Verlag Berlin. ISBN 3-8258-8778-2
Byrne JP (2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-59884-253-1. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
Sadek N (2006). "Rasulids". In Meri J (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia – Volume II: L–Z. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-66813-2. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
Byrne 2004, p. 8. Byrne JP (2004). The Black Death. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32492-5. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Byrne JP (2012). "Vinario, Raimundo Chalmel de (Magister Raimundus; Chalmelli; Chalin; d. after 1382)". Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-59884-253-1. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.

britannica.com

"Black Death | Causes, Facts, and Consequences". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"Black Death | Causes, Facts, and Consequences". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
"Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2023.

cambridge.org

Ayalon, Yaron, ed. (2014), "The Black Death and the Rise of the Ottomans", Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire: Plague, Famine, and Other Misfortunes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–60, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139680943.004, ISBN 978-1-107-07297-8, retrieved 2 March 2024

cdc.gov

"Maps and Statistics: Plague in the United States". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (24 September 2015). "FAQ: Plague". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2017.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

Sources for origins
- "Black Death in China: A history of plagues, from ancient times to now". CNN. 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
cnn.com
- Hunt, Katie (15 June 2022). "DNA analysis reveals source of Black Death". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.

countrystudies.us

Egypt – Major Cities Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Library of Congress

cuny.edu

academicworks.cuny.edu

Sussman 2011, p. 354. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Sussman 2011. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Sussman 2011, p. 328. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.

doi.org

Haensch et al. 2010. Haensch S, Bianucci R, Signoli M, Rajerison M, Schultz M, Kacki S, et al. (October 2010). "Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death". PLOS Pathogens. 6 (10): e1001134. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134. PMC 2951374. PMID 20949072.
Susat, Julian; et al. (29 June 2021). "A 5,000-year-old hunter-gatherer already plagued by Yersinia pestis". Cell Reports. 35 (13). doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109278. PMID 34192537.
Spyrou, Maria A; et al. (2018). "Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 2234. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2234S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04550-9. PMC 5993720. PMID 29884871.
Sussman 2011, p. 354. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Spyrou, Maria A.; Musralina, Lyazzat; Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido A.; Kocher, Arthur; Borbone, Pier-Giorgio; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Djansugurova, Leyla; Bos, Kirsten I.; Kühnert, Denise; Haak, Wolfgang (15 June 2022). "The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia". Nature. 606 (7915): 718–724. Bibcode:2022Natur.606..718S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9217749. PMID 35705810. S2CID 249709693.
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Andrades Valtueña et al. 2017. Andrades Valtueña A, Mittnik A, Key FM, Haak W, Allmäe R, Belinskij A, et al. (December 2017). "The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia". Current Biology. 27 (23): 3683–3691.e8. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3683A. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.025. hdl:21.11116/0000-0006-ADCA-4. PMID 29174893.
Rascovan et al. 2019. Rascovan N, Sjögren KG, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Desnues C, Rasmussen S (January 2019). "Emergence and Spread of Basal Lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic Decline". Cell. 176 (1–2): 295–305.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.005. PMID 30528431.
Spyrou et al. 2018. Spyrou MA, Tukhbatova RI, Wang CC, Valtueña AA, Lankapalli AK, Kondrashin VV, et al. (June 2018). "Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 2234. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2234S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04550-9. PMC 5993720. PMID 29884871.
Green 2015, pp. 31ff. Green M (2015). "Taking 'Pandemic' Seriously: Making the Black Death Global". The Medieval Globe. 1 (1): 27–61. doi:10.17302/TMG.1-1.3.
Drancourt M, Aboudharam G, Signoli M, Dutour O, Raoult D (October 1998). "Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (21): 12637–12640. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9512637D. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.21.12637. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 22883. PMID 9770538.
Gilbert et al. 2004. Gilbert MT, Cuccui J, White W, Lynnerup N, Titball RW, Cooper A, Prentice MB (February 2004). "Absence of Yersinia pestis-specific DNA in human teeth from five European excavations of putative plague victims". Microbiology. 150 (Pt 2): 341–354. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26594-0. PMID 14766912.
Bos 2011. Bos KI, Schuenemann VJ, Golding GB, Burbano HA, Waglechner N, Coombes BK, et al. (October 2011). "A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death". Nature. 478 (7370): 506–510. Bibcode:2011Natur.478..506B. doi:10.1038/nature10549. PMC 3690193. PMID 21993626.
Spyrou et al. 2019. Spyrou MA, Keller M, Tukhbatova RI, Scheib CL, Nelson EA, Andrades Valtueña A, et al. (October 2019). "Phylogeography of the second plague pandemic revealed through analysis of historical Yersinia pestis genomes". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4470. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.4470S. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12154-0. PMC 6775055. PMID 31578321.
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Rasmussen et al. 2015. Rasmussen S, Allentoft ME, Nielsen K, Orlando L, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, et al. (October 2015). "Early divergent strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago". Cell. 163 (3): 571–582. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009. PMC 4644222. PMID 26496604.
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Dean et al. 2018. Dean KR, Krauer F, Walløe L, Lingjærde OC, Bramanti B, Stenseth NC, Schmid BV (February 2018). "Human ectoparasites and the spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (6): 1304–1309. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1304D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715640115. PMC 5819418. PMID 29339508.
"Erratum to: The Path to Pistoia: Urban Hygiene Before the Black Death". Past & Present (251): e2. 14 November 2019. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtz060. ISSN 0031-2746.
Morelli et al. 2010. Morelli G, Song Y, Mazzoni CJ, Eppinger M, Roumagnac P, Wagner DM, et al. (December 2010). "Yersinia pestis genome sequencing identifies patterns of global phylogenetic diversity". Nature Genetics. 42 (12): 1140–1143. doi:10.1038/ng.705. PMC 2999892. PMID 21037571.
Eroshenko GA, Nosov NY, Krasnov YM, Oglodin YG, Kukleva LM, Guseva NP, et al. (2017). "Yersinia pestis strains of ancient phylogenetic branch 0.ANT are widely spread in the high-mountain plague foci of Kyrgyzstan". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0187230. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287230E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187230. PMC 5658180. PMID 29073248.
Slavin 2019. Slavin P (Summer 2019). "Death by the Lake: Mortality Crisis in Early Fourteenth-Century Central Asia". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 50 (1): 59–90. doi:10.1162/jinh_a_01376. hdl:1893/29711. S2CID 162183994.
Spyrou MA, Tukhbatova RI, Feldman M, Drath J, Kacki S, Beltrán de Heredia J, et al. (June 2016). "Historical Y. pestis Genomes Reveal the European Black Death as the Source of Ancient and Modern Plague Pandemics". Cell Host & Microbe. 19 (6): 874–881. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.05.012. PMID 27281573.
Sussman 2011. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Sussman 2011, p. 328. Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–355. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. S2CID 41772477. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
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Wheelis 2002. Wheelis M (September 2002). "Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (9): 971–975. doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536. PMC 2732530. PMID 12194776.
Barras & Greub 2014"In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. In 1346, the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague. The Italian chronicler Gabriele de' Mussi, in his Istoria de Morbo sive Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Domini 1348, describes quite plausibly how plague was transmitted by the Mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city, and how ships transporting Genovese soldiers, fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the Mediterranean ports. Given the highly complex epidemiology of plague, this interpretation of the Black Death (which might have killed >25 million people in the following years throughout Europe) as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the Black Death remains controversial. Similarly, it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city." Barras V, Greub G (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): 497–502. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID 24894605.
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Cohn 2008. Cohn SK (2008). "Epidemiology of the Black Death and successive waves of plague". Medical History. Supplement. 52 (27): 74–100. doi:10.1017/S0025727300072100. PMC 2630035. PMID 18575083.
Schmid et al. 2015. Schmid BV, Büntgen U, Easterday WR, Ginzler C, Walløe L, Bramanti B, Stenseth NC (March 2015). "Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (10): 3020–3025. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.3020S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1412887112. PMC 4364181. PMID 25713390.
Baten J, Koepke N (2005). "The Biological Standard of Living in Europe during the Last Two Millennia". European Review of Economic History. 9 (1): 61–95. doi:10.1017/S1361491604001388. hdl:10419/47594. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2020 – via EBSCO.
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