Black Seminoles (English Wikipedia)

Kevin Mulroy (2007). The Seminole Freedmen: A History. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8061-3865-7.
John Reed Swanton (1922). Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 398. The name, as is well known, is applied by the Creeks to people who remove from populous towns and live by themselves, and it is commonly stated that the Seminole consisted of "runaways" and outlaws from the Creek Nation proper. A careful study of their history, however, shows this to be only a partial statement of the case.
Kevin Mulroy (2007). The Seminole Freedmen: A History. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8061-3865-7.
Appendix: "Brigs Encomium and Enterprise", Register of Debates in Congress, Gales & Seaton, 1837, p. 251-253. Note: In trying to retrieve African slaves off the Encomium from Bahamian officials (who freed them), the US consul in February 1834 was told by the Lieutenant Governor that "he was acting in regard to the slaves under an opinion of 1818 by Sir Christopher Robinson and Lord Gifford to the British Secretary of State."

archive.today

"The USF Africana Heritage Project: Black Seminoles, Maroons and Freedom Seekers in Florida, Part 1". Africanaheritage.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
Monica Keen, "Seminole Outcome May Affect Cherokee Freedmen", Sequoyah County Times, November 4, 2003, accessed April 10, 2013.

blackpast.org

Alexander, Otis. "The Black Maroons of Florida (1693-1850)". Blackpast.org. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

books.google.com

William C. Sturtevant (1 November 1987). A Seminole sourcebook. Garland. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8240-5885-2. The ethnonym is of Muskogee origin: simanoli (earlier simaloni, surviving in some dialects) means "wild, runaway," as applied to animals and plants. It was originally borrowed by Muskogee from the Spanish word cimarrón, which has the same meaning.
Joy Sheffield Harris (7 October 2014). A Culinary History of Florida: Prickly Pears, Datil Peppers & Key Limes. The History Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-1-62585-187-1.
Watson W. Jennison (18 January 2012). Cultivating Race: The Expansion of Slavery in Georgia, 1750-1860. University Press of Kentucky. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8131-4021-6.
McCall, George A. (1868). Letters from the Frontiers. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. p. 160. ISBN 9781429021586.
Kevin Mulroy (18 January 2016). The Seminole Freedmen: A History. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8061-5588-3.
Philip Deloria; Neal Salisbury (15 April 2008). A Companion to American Indian History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 348–349. ISBN 978-1-4051-4378-3.
Bruce G. Trigger; Wilcomb E. Washburn (13 October 1996). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Cambridge University Press. p. 525. ISBN 978-0-521-57392-4.
Wolfgang Binder (1987). Westward Expansion in America (1803-1860). Palm & Enke. p. 147. ISBN 978-3-7896-0171-2.
James Shannon Buchanan (1955). Chronicles of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Historical Society. p. 522.
Delle, James A. (2015). The Limits of Tyranny. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-62190-087-0.
Fischer, David Hackett (2022). African Founders: How Enslaved People Expanded American Ideals. Simon and Schuster. pp. 699–700. ISBN 978-1-9821-4509-5.
Gerald Horne, Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation, New York University (NYU) Press, 2012, p. 103.

casetext.com

"DAVIS v. UNITED STATES (1999)". FindLaw. September 21, 1999. Retrieved February 25, 2024.

constantcontact.com

origin.library.constantcontact.com

Uzi Baram. "Many Histories by the Manatee Mineral Spring" (PDF). Origin.library.constantcontact.com. Retrieved 26 October 2017.

doi.org

Leo Spitzer (1938). "Spanish cimarrón". Language. 14 (2). Linguistic Society of America": 145–147. doi:10.2307/408879. JSTOR 408879. The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. cimarron, wild, untamed'. But Eng.maroon is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. marron 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetiere). If there is a connection between Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, and Sp. cimarron, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).
Amos, Alcione M. (2011). "Black Seminoles: The Gullah Connections". The Black Scholar. 41 (1): 33–34, 35, 38–44. doi:10.5816/blackscholar.41.1.0032. JSTOR 10.5816/blackscholar.41.1.0032. S2CID 219319625.

indianz.com

"Race part of Seminole dispute" Archived November 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Indianz.com, January 29, 2001, accessed April 11, 2013.

jpanafrican.org

Robertson, Ray Von (2008). "Estelusti Marginality: A Qualitative Examination of the Black Seminole" (PDF). The Journal of Pan African Studies. 2 (4): 70. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
Robertson, Ray Von (2008). "Estelusti Marginality: A Qualitative Examination of the Black Seminole" (PDF). The Journal of Pan African Studies. 2 (4): 60, 65–69. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
Robertson, Ray Von (2011). "A Pan-Africanist Analysis of Black Seminole Perceptions of Racism, Discrimination, and Exclusion" (PDF). The Journal of Pan African Studies. 4 (5): 102–121. Retrieved 6 April 2024.

jstor.org

Robertson, Ray Van (2008). "Prejudice and the Estelusti: A Qualitative Examination of Contemporary Status". Journal of African American Studies. 12 (3): 266–282. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
Leo Spitzer (1938). "Spanish cimarrón". Language. 14 (2). Linguistic Society of America": 145–147. doi:10.2307/408879. JSTOR 408879. The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. cimarron, wild, untamed'. But Eng.maroon is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. marron 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetiere). If there is a connection between Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, and Sp. cimarron, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).
Amos, Alcione M. (2011). "Black Seminoles: The Gullah Connections". The Black Scholar. 41 (1): 33–34, 35, 38–44. doi:10.5816/blackscholar.41.1.0032. JSTOR 10.5816/blackscholar.41.1.0032. S2CID 219319625.
Dixon, Anthony (2020). "Black Seminole Ethnogenisis: Origins, Cultural Characteristics, and Alliances". Phylon. 57 (1): 11–12. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

daily.jstor.org

Gershon, Livia. "The History of the Black Seminoles The community's resilient history speaks of repeated invasions and resistance to enslavement". JSTOR Daily. JSTOR. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

lookingforangola.org

"Looking for Angola". Looking for Angola. Archived from the original on 2010-08-15. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

news.google.com

Bill Drummond, "Indian Land Claims Unsettled 150 Years After Jackson Wars", LA Times/Washington Post News Service, printed in Sarasota Herald-Tribune, October 20, 1978, accessed April 13, 2013.

nondoc.com

"The long fight for Freedmen citizenship continues in Oklahoma tribal nations", NonDoc, 4 March 2022

nps.gov

"Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park", Network to Freedom, National Park Service, 2010, accessed April 10, 2013.
"Adam Paine". National Park Service. Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument. Retrieved 12 April 2024.

nytimes.com

William Glaberson, "Who Is a Seminole, and Who Gets to Decide?", New York Times, January 29, 2001, April 11, 2013.

oxfordaasc.com

Garrison, Timothy Alan; Haefeli, Evan. "Native Americans and African Americans". Oxford African American Studies Center. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

sagepub.com

jbs.sagepub.com

Howard, Rosalyn. (2006) "The 'Wild Indians' of Andros Island: Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas" Archived 2015-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 275–298.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Amos, Alcione M. (2011). "Black Seminoles: The Gullah Connections". The Black Scholar. 41 (1): 33–34, 35, 38–44. doi:10.5816/blackscholar.41.1.0032. JSTOR 10.5816/blackscholar.41.1.0032. S2CID 219319625.

slaveryinamerica.org

Tony Seybert (13 May 2008). "Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865". slaveryinamerica.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Seminole" Archived August 4, 2004, at the Wayback Machine, Slavery in America.
"Slavery in America". Archived from the original on 2004-08-04. Retrieved 2011-06-14.

sptimes.com

"Excavators seeking freedom pioneers". St. Pete Times. Archived from the original on 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

sun-sentinel.com

Mike Clary (November 26, 2007). "On Fort Pierce Reservation, black Seminoles complain of isolation". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.

tshaonline.org

Tracé Etienne-Gray. "Black Seminole Indians". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 2009-08-04.

umass.edu

scholarworks.umass.edu

Howard, Rosalyn; Hahn, Steven (2005). "Black Seminoles in the Bahamas". African Diaspora Archeology Newsletter. 8 (4): 1–6. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

web.archive.org

Joseph A. Opala. "Black Seminoles – Gullahs Who Escaped From Slavery". The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection – Website. Yale University, Gilder Lehrman Center. Archived from the original on 2009-08-29. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
Tony Seybert (13 May 2008). "Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865". slaveryinamerica.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Seminole" Archived August 4, 2004, at the Wayback Machine, Slavery in America.
"Excavators seeking freedom pioneers". St. Pete Times. Archived from the original on 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
"Looking for Angola". Looking for Angola. Archived from the original on 2010-08-15. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
Howard, Rosalyn. (2006) "The 'Wild Indians' of Andros Island: Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas" Archived 2015-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 275–298.
"Slavery in America". Archived from the original on 2004-08-04. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
Mike Clary (November 26, 2007). "On Fort Pierce Reservation, black Seminoles complain of isolation". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
"Race part of Seminole dispute" Archived November 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Indianz.com, January 29, 2001, accessed April 11, 2013.

wired.com

"Blood Feud", Wired Magazine, Vol. 13.09, August 2005.

yale.edu

glc.yale.edu

Opala, Joseph. "Black Seminoles—Gullahs Who Escaped From Slavery" (PDF). The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierre Leone Connection. Yale University. Retrieved 26 August 2022.

yale.edu

Joseph A. Opala. "Black Seminoles – Gullahs Who Escaped From Slavery". The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection – Website. Yale University, Gilder Lehrman Center. Archived from the original on 2009-08-29. Retrieved 2009-08-04.