Blepharospasm (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Blepharospasm" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

73doi.org

2^nd place

68nih.gov

4^th place

45worldcat.org

5^th place

6lww.com

2,769^th place

3,314^th place

3wiley.com

222^nd place

297^th place

2neurology.org

9,919^th place

low place

2harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

2tandfonline.com

507^th place

429^th place

1sagepub.com

731^st place

638^th place

1bmj.com

1,226^th place

1,421^st place

1semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

bmj.com

jnnp.bmj.com

Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S.; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B.; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (1 April 2016). "Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (4): 420–424. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 25904812.

doi.org

Hallett, Mark (12 November 2002). "Blepharospasm: Recent advances". Neurology. 59 (9): 1306–1312. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000027361.73814.0E. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 12434791.
Hallett, Mark; Evinger, Craig; Jankovic, Joseph; Stacy, Mark (14 October 2008). "Update on blepharospasm". Neurology. 71 (16): 1275–1282. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 2676990. PMID 18852443.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Conte, Antonella; Berardelli, Alfredo (10 February 2017). "Blepharospasm 40 years later". Movement Disorders. 32 (4): 498–509. doi:10.1002/mds.26934. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 5941939. PMID 28186662.
Scorr, Laura M.; Cho, Hyun Joo; Kilic-Berkmen, Gamze; McKay, J. Lucas; Hallett, Mark; Klein, Christine; Baumer, Tobias; Berman, Brian D.; Feuerstein, Jeanne S.; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Ferrazzano, Gina; Wagle-Shukla, Aparna; Malaty, Irene A.; Jankovic, Joseph (16 May 2022). "Clinical Features and Evolution of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter International Cohort and Systematic Literature Review". Dystonia. 1. doi:10.3389/dyst.2022.10359. ISSN 2813-2106. PMC 9557246. PMID 36248010.
Steeves, Thomas D.; Day, Lundy; Dykeman, Jonathan; Jette, Nathalie; Pringsheim, Tamara (31 October 2012). "The prevalence of primary dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Movement Disorders. 27 (14): 1789–1796. doi:10.1002/mds.25244. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 23114997.
Simon, Guy J. Ben; McCann, John D. (Summer 2005). "Benign Essential Blepharospasm". International Ophthalmology Clinics. 45 (3): 49–75. doi:10.1097/01.iio.0000167238.26526.a8. ISSN 0020-8167. PMID 15970766.
Byrd, Erica; Albers, Kathleen; Goldman, Samuel; Klingman, Jeffrey; Lo, Raymond; Marras, Connie; Leimpeter, Amethyst; Fross, Robin; Comyns, Kathleen; Gu, Zhuqin; Katz, Maya; Ozelius, Laurie; Bressman, Susan; Saunders-Pullman, Rachel; Comella, Cynthia (5 April 2016). "Blepharospasm in a Multiethnic Population (P3.348)". Neurology. 86 (16_supplement). doi:10.1212/wnl.86.16_supplement.p3.348. ISSN 0028-3878.
Sun, Yng; Tsai, Pei-Jhen; Chu, Chin-Liang; Huang, Wei-Chun; Bee, Youn-Shen (26 December 2018). "Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209558. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309558S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209558. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6306223. PMID 30586395.
Bradley, Elizabeth A.; Hodge, David O.; Bartley, George B. (May 2003). "Benign Essential Blepharospasm Among Residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1995: An Epidemiologic Study". Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 19 (3): 177–181. doi:10.1097/01.IOP.0000065203.88182.CF. ISSN 0740-9303. PMID 12918550.
Defazio, G.; Livrea, P.; De Salvia, R.; Manobianca, G.; Coviello, V.; Anaclerio, D.; Guerra, V.; Martino, D.; Valluzzi, F.; Liguori, R.; Logroscino, G. (12 June 2001). "Prevalence of primary blepharospasm in a community of Puglia region, Southern Italy". Neurology. 56 (11): 1579–1581. doi:10.1212/wnl.56.11.1579. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 11402121.
Grandas, F; Elston, J; Quinn, N; Marsden, C D (1 June 1988). "Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 51 (6): 767–772. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.767. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1033145. PMID 3404184.
Martino, Davide; Livrea, Paolo; Giorelli, Maurizio; Masi, Gianluca; Aniello, Maria Stella; Defazio, Giovanni (2002). "Menopause and Menarche in Patients with Primary Blepharospasm: An Exploratory Case-Control Study". European Neurology. 47 (3): 161–164. doi:10.1159/000047975. ISSN 0014-3022. PMID 11914554.
Liesegang, Thomas J (March 2002). "Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome. Schaumberg DA,∗∗Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave E, Boston, MA 02215. USA E-mail: schaumberg@rics.bwh.harvard.edu Buring JE, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. JAMA 2001;286:2114–2119". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 133 (3): 435–436. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01368-5. ISSN 0002-9394.
Adams WH, Digre KB, Patel BC, Anderson RL, Warner JE, Katz BJ (July 2006). "The evaluation of light sensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 142 (1): 82–87. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.020. PMID 16815254.
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (22 April 2015). "Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (4): 420–424. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 25904812.
Elsron, J S; Marsden, C D; Grandas, F; Quinn, N P (July 1988). "The significance of ophthalmological symptoms in idiopathic blepharospasm". Eye. 2 (4): 435–439. doi:10.1038/eye.1988.79. ISSN 0950-222X. PMID 3253136.
Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Stella Aniello, Maria; Di Fede, Roberta; Esposito, Marcello; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Liguori, Rocco; Marinelli, Lucio; Martino, Davide; Morgante, Francesca; Santoro, Lucio; Tinazzi, Michele; Berardelli, Alfredo (15 December 2011). "Eye symptoms in relatives of patients with primary adult-onset dystonia". Movement Disorders. 27 (2): 305–307. doi:10.1002/mds.24026. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 22173654.
Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (2004). "Primary Blepharospasm". Drugs. 64 (3): 237–244. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 14871168.
Martino, Davide; Liuzzi, Daniele; Macerollo, Antonella; Aniello, Maria Stella; Livrea, Paolo; Defazio, Giovanni (15 March 2010). "The phenomenology of the geste antagoniste in primary blepharospasm and cervical dystonia". Movement Disorders. 25 (4): 407–412. doi:10.1002/mds.23011. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 20108367.
Peckham, E. L.; Lopez, G.; Shamim, E. A.; Richardson, S. Pirio; Sanku, S.; Malkani, R.; Stacy, M.; Mahant, P.; Crawley, A.; Singleton, A.; Hallett, M. (17 February 2011). "Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients". European Journal of Neurology. 18 (3): 382–386. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x. ISSN 1351-5101. PMC 3934127. PMID 20649903.
Coscarelli, Jandira Mourão (May 2010). "Essential Blepharospasm". Seminars in Ophthalmology. 25 (3): 104–108. doi:10.3109/08820538.2010.488564. ISSN 0882-0538. PMID 20590421.
Marsden, C D (1 December 1976). "Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia?". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 39 (12): 1204–1209. doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1204. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 492566. PMID 1011031.
Evinger, Craig; Bao, Jian-Bin; Powers, Alice S.; Kassem, Iris S.; Schicatano, Edward J.; Henriquez, Victor M.; Peshori, Kavita R. (31 January 2002). "Dry eye, blinking, and blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 17 (S2): S75–S78. doi:10.1002/mds.10065. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 3327285. PMID 11836761.
Conte, Antonella; Ferrazzano, Gina; Defazio, Giovanni; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Berardelli, Alfredo (2 June 2017). "Increased Blinking May Be a Precursor of Blepharospasm: A Longitudinal Study". Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 4 (5): 733–736. doi:10.1002/mdc3.12499. ISSN 2330-1619. PMC 5654574. PMID 29082270.
Lu, Rong; Huang, Ruisheng; Li, Kang; Zhang, Xinchun; Yang, Hui; Quan, Yadan; Li, Qian (March 2014). "The Influence of Benign Essential Blepharospasm on Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Inflammation". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 157 (3): 591–597.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.11.014. ISSN 0002-9394. PMID 24269849.
Jankovic, Joseph; Ford, Janet (April 1983). "Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients". Annals of Neurology. 13 (4): 402–411. doi:10.1002/ana.410130406. ISSN 0364-5134. PMID 6838174.
Abbruzzese, G; Berardelli, A; Girlanda, P; Marchese, R; Martino, D; Morgante, F; Avanzino, L; Colosimo, C; Defazio, G (1 April 2008). "Long-term assessment of the risk of spread in primary late-onset focal dystonia". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 79 (4): 392–396. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.124594. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 17635969.
Micheli, Federico; Scorticati, María Clara; Folgar, Silvia; Gatto, Emilia (September 2004). "Development of Parkinson's disease in patients with blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 19 (9): 1069–1072. doi:10.1002/mds.20084. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 15372598.
Rana, Abdul-Qayyum; Kabir, Ashish; Dogu, Okan; Patel, Ami; Khondker, Sumaiya (11 October 2012). "Prevalence of Blepharospasm and Apraxia of Eyelid Opening in Patients with Parkinsonism, Cervical Dystonia and Essential Tremor". European Neurology. 68 (5): 318–321. doi:10.1159/000341621. ISSN 0014-3022. PMID 23075668.
Nociti, V; Bentivoglio, Ar; Frisullo, G; Fasano, A; Soleti, F; Iorio, R; Loria, G; Patanella, Ak; Marti, A; Tartaglione, T; Tonali, Pa; Batocchi, Ap (November 2008). "Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis: causal or coincidental association?". Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 14 (9): 1284–1287. doi:10.1177/1352458508094883. ISSN 1352-4585. PMID 18768580.
Edechi, Chidalu A.; Micieli, Jonathan A. (28 April 2022). "Blepharospasm and Sixth Nerve Palsy as the Presenting Sign of Multiple Sclerosis". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 37389956.
Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 75 (3): 506–507. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869. PMC 1738986. PMID 14966178.
Wakakura, M.; Yamagami, A.; Iwasa, M. (3 September 2018). "Blepharospasm in Japan: A Clinical Observational Study From a Large Referral Hospital in Tokyo". Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42 (5): 275–283. doi:10.1080/01658107.2017.1409770. ISSN 0165-8107. PMC 6152494. PMID 30258472.
Mauriello, Joseph A.; Carbonaro, Paul; Dhillon, Shamina; Leone, Tina; Franklin, Mark (June 1998). "Drug-Associated Facial Dyskinesias—A Study of 238 Patients". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 18 (2): 153–157. doi:10.1097/00041327-199806000-00016. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 9621275.
Martino, Davide; Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Tinazzi, Michele; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Aniello, Maria Stella; Avanzino, Laura; Colosimo, Carlo; Majorana, Giuseppe; Trompetto, Carlo (March 2007). "Head trauma in primary cranial dystonias: a multicentre case–control study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 78 (3): 260–263. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.103713. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 2117628. PMID 17056625.
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S.; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B.; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (1 April 2016). "Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (4): 420–424. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 25904812.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo (16 July 2013). "Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm". Neurology. 81 (3): 236–240. doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829bfdf6. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 3770163. PMID 23771487.
Defazio, Giovanni; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berkmen, Gamze Kilic; Berman, Brian D.; Jankovic, Joseph; Bäumer, Tobias; Comella, Cynthia; Cotton, Adam C.; Ercoli, Tommaso; Ferrazzano, Gina; Fox, Susan; Kim, Han-Joon; Moukheiber, Emile Sami (October 2021). "Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: A multicenter international study". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 91: 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004. ISSN 1353-8020. PMC 9048224. PMID 34583301.
Murakami, David K.; Blackie, Caroline A.; Korb, Donald R. (September 2015). "All Warm Compresses Are Not Equally Efficacious". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (9): e327. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000675. ISSN 1538-9235. PMID 26164316.
Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (1 February 2004). "Primary Blepharospasm". Drugs. 64 (3): 237–244. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002. ISSN 1179-1950. PMID 14871168.
Arita, Reiko; Morishige, Naoyuki; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Imai, Natsuko; Shimada, Yuko; Igaki, Michihito; Suzuki, Atsushi; Itoh, Kouzo; Tsubota, Kazuo (5 April 2017). "Effects of a warm compress containing menthol on the tear film in healthy subjects and dry eye patients". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 45848. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745848A. doi:10.1038/srep45848. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5381094. PMID 28378793.
Vijayakumar, Dhanya; Jankovic, Joseph (4 July 2018). "Medical treatment of blepharospasm". Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 13 (4): 233–243. doi:10.1080/17469899.2018.1503535. ISSN 1746-9899.
Nutt, John G.; Hammerstad, John P.; de Garmo, Pat; Carter, Julie (February 1984). "Cranial dystonia: Double-blind crossover study of anticholinergics". Neurology. 34 (2): 215–217. doi:10.1212/WNL.34.2.215. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 6363970.
Piyasena INAP; Jayasinghe JAC (March 2014). "Mosapride (5HT4 agonist) in the treatment of blepharospasm". Ceylon Med J. 59 (1): 26–27. doi:10.4038/cmj.v59i1.5527. PMID 24682196.
Duarte, Gonçalo S; Rodrigues, Filipe B; Marques, Raquel E; Castelão, Mafalda; Ferreira, Joaquim; Sampaio, Cristina; Moore, Austen P; Costa, João (19 November 2020). Cochrane Movement Disorders Group (ed.). "Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (11): CD004900. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004900.pub3. PMC 8094161. PMID 33211907.
Simpson, D. M.; Hallett, M.; Ashman, E. J.; Comella, C. L.; Green, M. W.; Gronseth, G. S.; Armstrong, M. J.; Gloss, D.; Potrebic, S.; Jankovic, J.; Karp, B. P.; Naumann, M.; So, Y. T.; Yablon, S. A. (18 April 2016). "Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 86 (19): 1818–1826. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002560. PMC 4862245. PMID 27164716.
Ababneh, Osama H; Cetinkaya, Altug; Kulwin, Dwight R (April 2014). "Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 42 (3): 254–261. doi:10.1111/ceo.12165. ISSN 1442-6404. PMID 23844601.
Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR (September 1998). "Blepharospasm: past, present, and future". Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 14 (5): 305–317. doi:10.1097/00002341-199809000-00002. PMID 9783280. S2CID 13678666.
Monterastelli, Anna N.; Bailey, Lucy A.; Cockerham, Kimberly (June 2022). "Intense Pulsed Light: A Therapeutic Option for Patients With Rosacea-Related Dry Eye and Blepharospasm". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42 (2): e494–e496. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001290. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 34270518.
Fantato, Alexina; Parulekar, Manoj; Elston, John (2 July 2019). "A trial of a mechanical device for the treatment of blepharospasm". Eye. 33 (11): 1803–1808. doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0495-y. ISSN 0950-222X. PMC 7002569. PMID 31267089.
Uchida, Kazuko; Kiyosawa, Motohiro; Wakakura, Masato (2020). "Efficacy of a Non-invasive Cosmetic Forcible Trick Treatment for Blepharospasm: Increase in Quality of Life Due to Use of Ultra-thin Adhesive Tape". NeuroOphthalmology Japan. 37 (2): 237–243. doi:10.11476/shinkeiganka.37.237 – via JStage.

dx.doi.org

Hallett, Mark; Evinger, Craig; Jankovic, Joseph; Stacy, Mark (14 October 2008). "Update on blepharospasm". Neurology. 71 (16): 1275–1282. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 2676990. PMID 18852443.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Conte, Antonella; Berardelli, Alfredo (10 February 2017). "Blepharospasm 40 years later". Movement Disorders. 32 (4): 498–509. doi:10.1002/mds.26934. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 5941939. PMID 28186662.
Steeves, Thomas D.; Day, Lundy; Dykeman, Jonathan; Jette, Nathalie; Pringsheim, Tamara (31 October 2012). "The prevalence of primary dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Movement Disorders. 27 (14): 1789–1796. doi:10.1002/mds.25244. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 23114997.
Byrd, Erica; Albers, Kathleen; Goldman, Samuel; Klingman, Jeffrey; Lo, Raymond; Marras, Connie; Leimpeter, Amethyst; Fross, Robin; Comyns, Kathleen; Gu, Zhuqin; Katz, Maya; Ozelius, Laurie; Bressman, Susan; Saunders-Pullman, Rachel; Comella, Cynthia (5 April 2016). "Blepharospasm in a Multiethnic Population (P3.348)". Neurology. 86 (16_supplement). doi:10.1212/wnl.86.16_supplement.p3.348. ISSN 0028-3878.
Defazio, G.; Livrea, P.; De Salvia, R.; Manobianca, G.; Coviello, V.; Anaclerio, D.; Guerra, V.; Martino, D.; Valluzzi, F.; Liguori, R.; Logroscino, G. (12 June 2001). "Prevalence of primary blepharospasm in a community of Puglia region, Southern Italy". Neurology. 56 (11): 1579–1581. doi:10.1212/wnl.56.11.1579. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 11402121.
Grandas, F; Elston, J; Quinn, N; Marsden, C D (1 June 1988). "Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 51 (6): 767–772. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.767. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1033145. PMID 3404184.
Martino, Davide; Livrea, Paolo; Giorelli, Maurizio; Masi, Gianluca; Aniello, Maria Stella; Defazio, Giovanni (2002). "Menopause and Menarche in Patients with Primary Blepharospasm: An Exploratory Case-Control Study". European Neurology. 47 (3): 161–164. doi:10.1159/000047975. ISSN 0014-3022. PMID 11914554.
Liesegang, Thomas J (March 2002). "Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome. Schaumberg DA,∗∗Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave E, Boston, MA 02215. USA E-mail: schaumberg@rics.bwh.harvard.edu Buring JE, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. JAMA 2001;286:2114–2119". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 133 (3): 435–436. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01368-5. ISSN 0002-9394.
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (22 April 2015). "Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (4): 420–424. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 25904812.
Elsron, J S; Marsden, C D; Grandas, F; Quinn, N P (July 1988). "The significance of ophthalmological symptoms in idiopathic blepharospasm". Eye. 2 (4): 435–439. doi:10.1038/eye.1988.79. ISSN 0950-222X. PMID 3253136.
Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Stella Aniello, Maria; Di Fede, Roberta; Esposito, Marcello; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Liguori, Rocco; Marinelli, Lucio; Martino, Davide; Morgante, Francesca; Santoro, Lucio; Tinazzi, Michele; Berardelli, Alfredo (15 December 2011). "Eye symptoms in relatives of patients with primary adult-onset dystonia". Movement Disorders. 27 (2): 305–307. doi:10.1002/mds.24026. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 22173654.
Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (2004). "Primary Blepharospasm". Drugs. 64 (3): 237–244. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 14871168.
Martino, Davide; Liuzzi, Daniele; Macerollo, Antonella; Aniello, Maria Stella; Livrea, Paolo; Defazio, Giovanni (15 March 2010). "The phenomenology of the geste antagoniste in primary blepharospasm and cervical dystonia". Movement Disorders. 25 (4): 407–412. doi:10.1002/mds.23011. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 20108367.
Peckham, E. L.; Lopez, G.; Shamim, E. A.; Richardson, S. Pirio; Sanku, S.; Malkani, R.; Stacy, M.; Mahant, P.; Crawley, A.; Singleton, A.; Hallett, M. (17 February 2011). "Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients". European Journal of Neurology. 18 (3): 382–386. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x. ISSN 1351-5101. PMC 3934127. PMID 20649903.
Marsden, C D (1 December 1976). "Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia?". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 39 (12): 1204–1209. doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1204. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 492566. PMID 1011031.
Evinger, Craig; Bao, Jian-Bin; Powers, Alice S.; Kassem, Iris S.; Schicatano, Edward J.; Henriquez, Victor M.; Peshori, Kavita R. (31 January 2002). "Dry eye, blinking, and blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 17 (S2): S75–S78. doi:10.1002/mds.10065. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 3327285. PMID 11836761.
Conte, Antonella; Ferrazzano, Gina; Defazio, Giovanni; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Berardelli, Alfredo (2 June 2017). "Increased Blinking May Be a Precursor of Blepharospasm: A Longitudinal Study". Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 4 (5): 733–736. doi:10.1002/mdc3.12499. ISSN 2330-1619. PMC 5654574. PMID 29082270.
Lu, Rong; Huang, Ruisheng; Li, Kang; Zhang, Xinchun; Yang, Hui; Quan, Yadan; Li, Qian (March 2014). "The Influence of Benign Essential Blepharospasm on Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Inflammation". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 157 (3): 591–597.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.11.014. ISSN 0002-9394. PMID 24269849.
Abbruzzese, G; Berardelli, A; Girlanda, P; Marchese, R; Martino, D; Morgante, F; Avanzino, L; Colosimo, C; Defazio, G (1 April 2008). "Long-term assessment of the risk of spread in primary late-onset focal dystonia". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 79 (4): 392–396. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.124594. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 17635969.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo (16 July 2013). "Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm". Neurology. 81 (3): 236–240. doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829bfdf6. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 3770163. PMID 23771487.
Defazio, Giovanni; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berkmen, Gamze Kilic; Berman, Brian D.; Jankovic, Joseph; Bäumer, Tobias; Comella, Cynthia; Cotton, Adam C.; Ercoli, Tommaso; Ferrazzano, Gina; Fox, Susan; Kim, Han-Joon; Moukheiber, Emile Sami (October 2021). "Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: A multicenter international study". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 91: 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004. ISSN 1353-8020. PMC 9048224. PMID 34583301.
Fantato, Alexina; Parulekar, Manoj; Elston, John (2 July 2019). "A trial of a mechanical device for the treatment of blepharospasm". Eye. 33 (11): 1803–1808. doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0495-y. ISSN 0950-222X. PMC 7002569. PMID 31267089.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Sun, Yng; Tsai, Pei-Jhen; Chu, Chin-Liang; Huang, Wei-Chun; Bee, Youn-Shen (26 December 2018). "Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209558. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309558S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209558. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6306223. PMID 30586395.
Arita, Reiko; Morishige, Naoyuki; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Imai, Natsuko; Shimada, Yuko; Igaki, Michihito; Suzuki, Atsushi; Itoh, Kouzo; Tsubota, Kazuo (5 April 2017). "Effects of a warm compress containing menthol on the tear film in healthy subjects and dry eye patients". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 45848. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745848A. doi:10.1038/srep45848. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5381094. PMID 28378793.

lww.com

journals.lww.com

Simon, Guy J. Ben; McCann, John D. (Summer 2005). "Benign Essential Blepharospasm". International Ophthalmology Clinics. 45 (3): 49–75. doi:10.1097/01.iio.0000167238.26526.a8. ISSN 0020-8167. PMID 15970766.
Bradley, Elizabeth A.; Hodge, David O.; Bartley, George B. (May 2003). "Benign Essential Blepharospasm Among Residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1995: An Epidemiologic Study". Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 19 (3): 177–181. doi:10.1097/01.IOP.0000065203.88182.CF. ISSN 0740-9303. PMID 12918550.
Edechi, Chidalu A.; Micieli, Jonathan A. (28 April 2022). "Blepharospasm and Sixth Nerve Palsy as the Presenting Sign of Multiple Sclerosis". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 37389956.
Mauriello, Joseph A.; Carbonaro, Paul; Dhillon, Shamina; Leone, Tina; Franklin, Mark (June 1998). "Drug-Associated Facial Dyskinesias—A Study of 238 Patients". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 18 (2): 153–157. doi:10.1097/00041327-199806000-00016. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 9621275.
Murakami, David K.; Blackie, Caroline A.; Korb, Donald R. (September 2015). "All Warm Compresses Are Not Equally Efficacious". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (9): e327. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000675. ISSN 1538-9235. PMID 26164316.
Monterastelli, Anna N.; Bailey, Lucy A.; Cockerham, Kimberly (June 2022). "Intense Pulsed Light: A Therapeutic Option for Patients With Rosacea-Related Dry Eye and Blepharospasm". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42 (2): e494–e496. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001290. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 34270518.

neurology.org

Hallett, Mark (12 November 2002). "Blepharospasm: Recent advances". Neurology. 59 (9): 1306–1312. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000027361.73814.0E. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 12434791.
Nutt, John G.; Hammerstad, John P.; de Garmo, Pat; Carter, Julie (February 1984). "Cranial dystonia: Double-blind crossover study of anticholinergics". Neurology. 34 (2): 215–217. doi:10.1212/WNL.34.2.215. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 6363970.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hallett, Mark (12 November 2002). "Blepharospasm: Recent advances". Neurology. 59 (9): 1306–1312. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000027361.73814.0E. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 12434791.
Hallett, Mark; Evinger, Craig; Jankovic, Joseph; Stacy, Mark (14 October 2008). "Update on blepharospasm". Neurology. 71 (16): 1275–1282. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 2676990. PMID 18852443.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Conte, Antonella; Berardelli, Alfredo (10 February 2017). "Blepharospasm 40 years later". Movement Disorders. 32 (4): 498–509. doi:10.1002/mds.26934. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 5941939. PMID 28186662.
Scorr, Laura M.; Cho, Hyun Joo; Kilic-Berkmen, Gamze; McKay, J. Lucas; Hallett, Mark; Klein, Christine; Baumer, Tobias; Berman, Brian D.; Feuerstein, Jeanne S.; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Ferrazzano, Gina; Wagle-Shukla, Aparna; Malaty, Irene A.; Jankovic, Joseph (16 May 2022). "Clinical Features and Evolution of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter International Cohort and Systematic Literature Review". Dystonia. 1. doi:10.3389/dyst.2022.10359. ISSN 2813-2106. PMC 9557246. PMID 36248010.
Steeves, Thomas D.; Day, Lundy; Dykeman, Jonathan; Jette, Nathalie; Pringsheim, Tamara (31 October 2012). "The prevalence of primary dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Movement Disorders. 27 (14): 1789–1796. doi:10.1002/mds.25244. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 23114997.
Simon, Guy J. Ben; McCann, John D. (Summer 2005). "Benign Essential Blepharospasm". International Ophthalmology Clinics. 45 (3): 49–75. doi:10.1097/01.iio.0000167238.26526.a8. ISSN 0020-8167. PMID 15970766.
Sun, Yng; Tsai, Pei-Jhen; Chu, Chin-Liang; Huang, Wei-Chun; Bee, Youn-Shen (26 December 2018). "Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209558. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309558S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209558. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6306223. PMID 30586395.
Bradley, Elizabeth A.; Hodge, David O.; Bartley, George B. (May 2003). "Benign Essential Blepharospasm Among Residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1995: An Epidemiologic Study". Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 19 (3): 177–181. doi:10.1097/01.IOP.0000065203.88182.CF. ISSN 0740-9303. PMID 12918550.
Defazio, G.; Livrea, P.; De Salvia, R.; Manobianca, G.; Coviello, V.; Anaclerio, D.; Guerra, V.; Martino, D.; Valluzzi, F.; Liguori, R.; Logroscino, G. (12 June 2001). "Prevalence of primary blepharospasm in a community of Puglia region, Southern Italy". Neurology. 56 (11): 1579–1581. doi:10.1212/wnl.56.11.1579. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 11402121.
Grandas, F; Elston, J; Quinn, N; Marsden, C D (1 June 1988). "Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 51 (6): 767–772. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.767. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1033145. PMID 3404184.
Martino, Davide; Livrea, Paolo; Giorelli, Maurizio; Masi, Gianluca; Aniello, Maria Stella; Defazio, Giovanni (2002). "Menopause and Menarche in Patients with Primary Blepharospasm: An Exploratory Case-Control Study". European Neurology. 47 (3): 161–164. doi:10.1159/000047975. ISSN 0014-3022. PMID 11914554.
Adams WH, Digre KB, Patel BC, Anderson RL, Warner JE, Katz BJ (July 2006). "The evaluation of light sensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 142 (1): 82–87. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.020. PMID 16815254.
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (22 April 2015). "Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (4): 420–424. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 25904812.
Elsron, J S; Marsden, C D; Grandas, F; Quinn, N P (July 1988). "The significance of ophthalmological symptoms in idiopathic blepharospasm". Eye. 2 (4): 435–439. doi:10.1038/eye.1988.79. ISSN 0950-222X. PMID 3253136.
Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Stella Aniello, Maria; Di Fede, Roberta; Esposito, Marcello; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Liguori, Rocco; Marinelli, Lucio; Martino, Davide; Morgante, Francesca; Santoro, Lucio; Tinazzi, Michele; Berardelli, Alfredo (15 December 2011). "Eye symptoms in relatives of patients with primary adult-onset dystonia". Movement Disorders. 27 (2): 305–307. doi:10.1002/mds.24026. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 22173654.
Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (2004). "Primary Blepharospasm". Drugs. 64 (3): 237–244. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 14871168.
Martino, Davide; Liuzzi, Daniele; Macerollo, Antonella; Aniello, Maria Stella; Livrea, Paolo; Defazio, Giovanni (15 March 2010). "The phenomenology of the geste antagoniste in primary blepharospasm and cervical dystonia". Movement Disorders. 25 (4): 407–412. doi:10.1002/mds.23011. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 20108367.
Peckham, E. L.; Lopez, G.; Shamim, E. A.; Richardson, S. Pirio; Sanku, S.; Malkani, R.; Stacy, M.; Mahant, P.; Crawley, A.; Singleton, A.; Hallett, M. (17 February 2011). "Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients". European Journal of Neurology. 18 (3): 382–386. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x. ISSN 1351-5101. PMC 3934127. PMID 20649903.
Coscarelli, Jandira Mourão (May 2010). "Essential Blepharospasm". Seminars in Ophthalmology. 25 (3): 104–108. doi:10.3109/08820538.2010.488564. ISSN 0882-0538. PMID 20590421.
Hwang, WJ (2012). "Demographic and Clinical Features of Patients with Blepharospasm in Southern Taiwan: a university Hospital-Based Study". Acta Neurol Taiwan. 21 (3): 108–114. PMID 23196730.
Marsden, C D (1 December 1976). "Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia?". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 39 (12): 1204–1209. doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1204. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 492566. PMID 1011031.
Evinger, Craig; Bao, Jian-Bin; Powers, Alice S.; Kassem, Iris S.; Schicatano, Edward J.; Henriquez, Victor M.; Peshori, Kavita R. (31 January 2002). "Dry eye, blinking, and blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 17 (S2): S75–S78. doi:10.1002/mds.10065. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 3327285. PMID 11836761.
Conte, Antonella; Ferrazzano, Gina; Defazio, Giovanni; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Berardelli, Alfredo (2 June 2017). "Increased Blinking May Be a Precursor of Blepharospasm: A Longitudinal Study". Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 4 (5): 733–736. doi:10.1002/mdc3.12499. ISSN 2330-1619. PMC 5654574. PMID 29082270.
Lu, Rong; Huang, Ruisheng; Li, Kang; Zhang, Xinchun; Yang, Hui; Quan, Yadan; Li, Qian (March 2014). "The Influence of Benign Essential Blepharospasm on Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Inflammation". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 157 (3): 591–597.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.11.014. ISSN 0002-9394. PMID 24269849.
Jankovic, Joseph; Ford, Janet (April 1983). "Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients". Annals of Neurology. 13 (4): 402–411. doi:10.1002/ana.410130406. ISSN 0364-5134. PMID 6838174.
Abbruzzese, G; Berardelli, A; Girlanda, P; Marchese, R; Martino, D; Morgante, F; Avanzino, L; Colosimo, C; Defazio, G (1 April 2008). "Long-term assessment of the risk of spread in primary late-onset focal dystonia". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 79 (4): 392–396. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.124594. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 17635969.
Micheli, Federico; Scorticati, María Clara; Folgar, Silvia; Gatto, Emilia (September 2004). "Development of Parkinson's disease in patients with blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 19 (9): 1069–1072. doi:10.1002/mds.20084. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 15372598.
Rana, Abdul-Qayyum; Kabir, Ashish; Dogu, Okan; Patel, Ami; Khondker, Sumaiya (11 October 2012). "Prevalence of Blepharospasm and Apraxia of Eyelid Opening in Patients with Parkinsonism, Cervical Dystonia and Essential Tremor". European Neurology. 68 (5): 318–321. doi:10.1159/000341621. ISSN 0014-3022. PMID 23075668.
Nociti, V; Bentivoglio, Ar; Frisullo, G; Fasano, A; Soleti, F; Iorio, R; Loria, G; Patanella, Ak; Marti, A; Tartaglione, T; Tonali, Pa; Batocchi, Ap (November 2008). "Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis: causal or coincidental association?". Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 14 (9): 1284–1287. doi:10.1177/1352458508094883. ISSN 1352-4585. PMID 18768580.
Edechi, Chidalu A.; Micieli, Jonathan A. (28 April 2022). "Blepharospasm and Sixth Nerve Palsy as the Presenting Sign of Multiple Sclerosis". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 37389956.
Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 75 (3): 506–507. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869. PMC 1738986. PMID 14966178.
Wakakura, M.; Yamagami, A.; Iwasa, M. (3 September 2018). "Blepharospasm in Japan: A Clinical Observational Study From a Large Referral Hospital in Tokyo". Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42 (5): 275–283. doi:10.1080/01658107.2017.1409770. ISSN 0165-8107. PMC 6152494. PMID 30258472.
Mauriello, Joseph A.; Carbonaro, Paul; Dhillon, Shamina; Leone, Tina; Franklin, Mark (June 1998). "Drug-Associated Facial Dyskinesias—A Study of 238 Patients". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 18 (2): 153–157. doi:10.1097/00041327-199806000-00016. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 9621275.
Martino, Davide; Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Tinazzi, Michele; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Aniello, Maria Stella; Avanzino, Laura; Colosimo, Carlo; Majorana, Giuseppe; Trompetto, Carlo (March 2007). "Head trauma in primary cranial dystonias: a multicentre case–control study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 78 (3): 260–263. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.103713. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 2117628. PMID 17056625.
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S.; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B.; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (1 April 2016). "Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (4): 420–424. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 25904812.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo (16 July 2013). "Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm". Neurology. 81 (3): 236–240. doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829bfdf6. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 3770163. PMID 23771487.
Defazio, Giovanni; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berkmen, Gamze Kilic; Berman, Brian D.; Jankovic, Joseph; Bäumer, Tobias; Comella, Cynthia; Cotton, Adam C.; Ercoli, Tommaso; Ferrazzano, Gina; Fox, Susan; Kim, Han-Joon; Moukheiber, Emile Sami (October 2021). "Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: A multicenter international study". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 91: 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004. ISSN 1353-8020. PMC 9048224. PMID 34583301.
Murakami, David K.; Blackie, Caroline A.; Korb, Donald R. (September 2015). "All Warm Compresses Are Not Equally Efficacious". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (9): e327. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000675. ISSN 1538-9235. PMID 26164316.
Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (1 February 2004). "Primary Blepharospasm". Drugs. 64 (3): 237–244. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002. ISSN 1179-1950. PMID 14871168.
Arita, Reiko; Morishige, Naoyuki; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Imai, Natsuko; Shimada, Yuko; Igaki, Michihito; Suzuki, Atsushi; Itoh, Kouzo; Tsubota, Kazuo (5 April 2017). "Effects of a warm compress containing menthol on the tear film in healthy subjects and dry eye patients". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 45848. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745848A. doi:10.1038/srep45848. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5381094. PMID 28378793.
Nutt, John G.; Hammerstad, John P.; de Garmo, Pat; Carter, Julie (February 1984). "Cranial dystonia: Double-blind crossover study of anticholinergics". Neurology. 34 (2): 215–217. doi:10.1212/WNL.34.2.215. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 6363970.
Piyasena INAP; Jayasinghe JAC (March 2014). "Mosapride (5HT4 agonist) in the treatment of blepharospasm". Ceylon Med J. 59 (1): 26–27. doi:10.4038/cmj.v59i1.5527. PMID 24682196.
Duarte, Gonçalo S; Rodrigues, Filipe B; Marques, Raquel E; Castelão, Mafalda; Ferreira, Joaquim; Sampaio, Cristina; Moore, Austen P; Costa, João (19 November 2020). Cochrane Movement Disorders Group (ed.). "Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (11): CD004900. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004900.pub3. PMC 8094161. PMID 33211907.
Simpson, D. M.; Hallett, M.; Ashman, E. J.; Comella, C. L.; Green, M. W.; Gronseth, G. S.; Armstrong, M. J.; Gloss, D.; Potrebic, S.; Jankovic, J.; Karp, B. P.; Naumann, M.; So, Y. T.; Yablon, S. A. (18 April 2016). "Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 86 (19): 1818–1826. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002560. PMC 4862245. PMID 27164716.
Ababneh, Osama H; Cetinkaya, Altug; Kulwin, Dwight R (April 2014). "Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 42 (3): 254–261. doi:10.1111/ceo.12165. ISSN 1442-6404. PMID 23844601.
Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR (September 1998). "Blepharospasm: past, present, and future". Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 14 (5): 305–317. doi:10.1097/00002341-199809000-00002. PMID 9783280. S2CID 13678666.
Waller, R R; Kennedy, R H; Henderson, J W; Kesty, K R (1985). "Management of blepharospasm". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 83: 367–386. ISSN 0065-9533. PMC 1298706. PMID 3832534.
Monterastelli, Anna N.; Bailey, Lucy A.; Cockerham, Kimberly (June 2022). "Intense Pulsed Light: A Therapeutic Option for Patients With Rosacea-Related Dry Eye and Blepharospasm". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42 (2): e494–e496. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001290. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 34270518.
Fantato, Alexina; Parulekar, Manoj; Elston, John (2 July 2019). "A trial of a mechanical device for the treatment of blepharospasm". Eye. 33 (11): 1803–1808. doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0495-y. ISSN 0950-222X. PMC 7002569. PMID 31267089.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hallett, Mark; Evinger, Craig; Jankovic, Joseph; Stacy, Mark (14 October 2008). "Update on blepharospasm". Neurology. 71 (16): 1275–1282. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 2676990. PMID 18852443.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Conte, Antonella; Berardelli, Alfredo (10 February 2017). "Blepharospasm 40 years later". Movement Disorders. 32 (4): 498–509. doi:10.1002/mds.26934. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 5941939. PMID 28186662.
Scorr, Laura M.; Cho, Hyun Joo; Kilic-Berkmen, Gamze; McKay, J. Lucas; Hallett, Mark; Klein, Christine; Baumer, Tobias; Berman, Brian D.; Feuerstein, Jeanne S.; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Ferrazzano, Gina; Wagle-Shukla, Aparna; Malaty, Irene A.; Jankovic, Joseph (16 May 2022). "Clinical Features and Evolution of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter International Cohort and Systematic Literature Review". Dystonia. 1. doi:10.3389/dyst.2022.10359. ISSN 2813-2106. PMC 9557246. PMID 36248010.
Sun, Yng; Tsai, Pei-Jhen; Chu, Chin-Liang; Huang, Wei-Chun; Bee, Youn-Shen (26 December 2018). "Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209558. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309558S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209558. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6306223. PMID 30586395.
Grandas, F; Elston, J; Quinn, N; Marsden, C D (1 June 1988). "Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 51 (6): 767–772. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.767. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1033145. PMID 3404184.
Peckham, E. L.; Lopez, G.; Shamim, E. A.; Richardson, S. Pirio; Sanku, S.; Malkani, R.; Stacy, M.; Mahant, P.; Crawley, A.; Singleton, A.; Hallett, M. (17 February 2011). "Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients". European Journal of Neurology. 18 (3): 382–386. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x. ISSN 1351-5101. PMC 3934127. PMID 20649903.
Marsden, C D (1 December 1976). "Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia?". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 39 (12): 1204–1209. doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1204. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 492566. PMID 1011031.
Evinger, Craig; Bao, Jian-Bin; Powers, Alice S.; Kassem, Iris S.; Schicatano, Edward J.; Henriquez, Victor M.; Peshori, Kavita R. (31 January 2002). "Dry eye, blinking, and blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 17 (S2): S75–S78. doi:10.1002/mds.10065. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 3327285. PMID 11836761.
Conte, Antonella; Ferrazzano, Gina; Defazio, Giovanni; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Berardelli, Alfredo (2 June 2017). "Increased Blinking May Be a Precursor of Blepharospasm: A Longitudinal Study". Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 4 (5): 733–736. doi:10.1002/mdc3.12499. ISSN 2330-1619. PMC 5654574. PMID 29082270.
Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 75 (3): 506–507. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869. PMC 1738986. PMID 14966178.
Wakakura, M.; Yamagami, A.; Iwasa, M. (3 September 2018). "Blepharospasm in Japan: A Clinical Observational Study From a Large Referral Hospital in Tokyo". Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42 (5): 275–283. doi:10.1080/01658107.2017.1409770. ISSN 0165-8107. PMC 6152494. PMID 30258472.
Martino, Davide; Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Tinazzi, Michele; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Aniello, Maria Stella; Avanzino, Laura; Colosimo, Carlo; Majorana, Giuseppe; Trompetto, Carlo (March 2007). "Head trauma in primary cranial dystonias: a multicentre case–control study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 78 (3): 260–263. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.103713. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 2117628. PMID 17056625.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo (16 July 2013). "Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm". Neurology. 81 (3): 236–240. doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829bfdf6. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 3770163. PMID 23771487.
Defazio, Giovanni; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berkmen, Gamze Kilic; Berman, Brian D.; Jankovic, Joseph; Bäumer, Tobias; Comella, Cynthia; Cotton, Adam C.; Ercoli, Tommaso; Ferrazzano, Gina; Fox, Susan; Kim, Han-Joon; Moukheiber, Emile Sami (October 2021). "Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: A multicenter international study". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 91: 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004. ISSN 1353-8020. PMC 9048224. PMID 34583301.
Arita, Reiko; Morishige, Naoyuki; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Imai, Natsuko; Shimada, Yuko; Igaki, Michihito; Suzuki, Atsushi; Itoh, Kouzo; Tsubota, Kazuo (5 April 2017). "Effects of a warm compress containing menthol on the tear film in healthy subjects and dry eye patients". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 45848. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745848A. doi:10.1038/srep45848. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5381094. PMID 28378793.
Duarte, Gonçalo S; Rodrigues, Filipe B; Marques, Raquel E; Castelão, Mafalda; Ferreira, Joaquim; Sampaio, Cristina; Moore, Austen P; Costa, João (19 November 2020). Cochrane Movement Disorders Group (ed.). "Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (11): CD004900. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004900.pub3. PMC 8094161. PMID 33211907.
Simpson, D. M.; Hallett, M.; Ashman, E. J.; Comella, C. L.; Green, M. W.; Gronseth, G. S.; Armstrong, M. J.; Gloss, D.; Potrebic, S.; Jankovic, J.; Karp, B. P.; Naumann, M.; So, Y. T.; Yablon, S. A. (18 April 2016). "Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 86 (19): 1818–1826. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002560. PMC 4862245. PMID 27164716.
Waller, R R; Kennedy, R H; Henderson, J W; Kesty, K R (1985). "Management of blepharospasm". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 83: 367–386. ISSN 0065-9533. PMC 1298706. PMID 3832534.
Fantato, Alexina; Parulekar, Manoj; Elston, John (2 July 2019). "A trial of a mechanical device for the treatment of blepharospasm". Eye. 33 (11): 1803–1808. doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0495-y. ISSN 0950-222X. PMC 7002569. PMID 31267089.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Nociti, V; Bentivoglio, Ar; Frisullo, G; Fasano, A; Soleti, F; Iorio, R; Loria, G; Patanella, Ak; Marti, A; Tartaglione, T; Tonali, Pa; Batocchi, Ap (November 2008). "Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis: causal or coincidental association?". Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 14 (9): 1284–1287. doi:10.1177/1352458508094883. ISSN 1352-4585. PMID 18768580.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR (September 1998). "Blepharospasm: past, present, and future". Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 14 (5): 305–317. doi:10.1097/00002341-199809000-00002. PMID 9783280. S2CID 13678666.

tandfonline.com

Coscarelli, Jandira Mourão (May 2010). "Essential Blepharospasm". Seminars in Ophthalmology. 25 (3): 104–108. doi:10.3109/08820538.2010.488564. ISSN 0882-0538. PMID 20590421.
Vijayakumar, Dhanya; Jankovic, Joseph (4 July 2018). "Medical treatment of blepharospasm". Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 13 (4): 233–243. doi:10.1080/17469899.2018.1503535. ISSN 1746-9899.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Jankovic, Joseph; Ford, Janet (April 1983). "Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients". Annals of Neurology. 13 (4): 402–411. doi:10.1002/ana.410130406. ISSN 0364-5134. PMID 6838174.
Ababneh, Osama H; Cetinkaya, Altug; Kulwin, Dwight R (April 2014). "Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 42 (3): 254–261. doi:10.1111/ceo.12165. ISSN 1442-6404. PMID 23844601.

movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Micheli, Federico; Scorticati, María Clara; Folgar, Silvia; Gatto, Emilia (September 2004). "Development of Parkinson's disease in patients with blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 19 (9): 1069–1072. doi:10.1002/mds.20084. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 15372598.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Hallett, Mark (12 November 2002). "Blepharospasm: Recent advances". Neurology. 59 (9): 1306–1312. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000027361.73814.0E. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 12434791.
Hallett, Mark; Evinger, Craig; Jankovic, Joseph; Stacy, Mark (14 October 2008). "Update on blepharospasm". Neurology. 71 (16): 1275–1282. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 2676990. PMID 18852443.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Conte, Antonella; Berardelli, Alfredo (10 February 2017). "Blepharospasm 40 years later". Movement Disorders. 32 (4): 498–509. doi:10.1002/mds.26934. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 5941939. PMID 28186662.
Scorr, Laura M.; Cho, Hyun Joo; Kilic-Berkmen, Gamze; McKay, J. Lucas; Hallett, Mark; Klein, Christine; Baumer, Tobias; Berman, Brian D.; Feuerstein, Jeanne S.; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Ferrazzano, Gina; Wagle-Shukla, Aparna; Malaty, Irene A.; Jankovic, Joseph (16 May 2022). "Clinical Features and Evolution of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter International Cohort and Systematic Literature Review". Dystonia. 1. doi:10.3389/dyst.2022.10359. ISSN 2813-2106. PMC 9557246. PMID 36248010.
Steeves, Thomas D.; Day, Lundy; Dykeman, Jonathan; Jette, Nathalie; Pringsheim, Tamara (31 October 2012). "The prevalence of primary dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Movement Disorders. 27 (14): 1789–1796. doi:10.1002/mds.25244. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 23114997.
Simon, Guy J. Ben; McCann, John D. (Summer 2005). "Benign Essential Blepharospasm". International Ophthalmology Clinics. 45 (3): 49–75. doi:10.1097/01.iio.0000167238.26526.a8. ISSN 0020-8167. PMID 15970766.
Byrd, Erica; Albers, Kathleen; Goldman, Samuel; Klingman, Jeffrey; Lo, Raymond; Marras, Connie; Leimpeter, Amethyst; Fross, Robin; Comyns, Kathleen; Gu, Zhuqin; Katz, Maya; Ozelius, Laurie; Bressman, Susan; Saunders-Pullman, Rachel; Comella, Cynthia (5 April 2016). "Blepharospasm in a Multiethnic Population (P3.348)". Neurology. 86 (16_supplement). doi:10.1212/wnl.86.16_supplement.p3.348. ISSN 0028-3878.
Sun, Yng; Tsai, Pei-Jhen; Chu, Chin-Liang; Huang, Wei-Chun; Bee, Youn-Shen (26 December 2018). "Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209558. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309558S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209558. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6306223. PMID 30586395.
Bradley, Elizabeth A.; Hodge, David O.; Bartley, George B. (May 2003). "Benign Essential Blepharospasm Among Residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1995: An Epidemiologic Study". Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 19 (3): 177–181. doi:10.1097/01.IOP.0000065203.88182.CF. ISSN 0740-9303. PMID 12918550.
Defazio, G.; Livrea, P.; De Salvia, R.; Manobianca, G.; Coviello, V.; Anaclerio, D.; Guerra, V.; Martino, D.; Valluzzi, F.; Liguori, R.; Logroscino, G. (12 June 2001). "Prevalence of primary blepharospasm in a community of Puglia region, Southern Italy". Neurology. 56 (11): 1579–1581. doi:10.1212/wnl.56.11.1579. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 11402121.
Grandas, F; Elston, J; Quinn, N; Marsden, C D (1 June 1988). "Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 51 (6): 767–772. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.767. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1033145. PMID 3404184.
Martino, Davide; Livrea, Paolo; Giorelli, Maurizio; Masi, Gianluca; Aniello, Maria Stella; Defazio, Giovanni (2002). "Menopause and Menarche in Patients with Primary Blepharospasm: An Exploratory Case-Control Study". European Neurology. 47 (3): 161–164. doi:10.1159/000047975. ISSN 0014-3022. PMID 11914554.
Liesegang, Thomas J (March 2002). "Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome. Schaumberg DA,∗∗Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave E, Boston, MA 02215. USA E-mail: schaumberg@rics.bwh.harvard.edu Buring JE, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. JAMA 2001;286:2114–2119". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 133 (3): 435–436. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01368-5. ISSN 0002-9394.
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (22 April 2015). "Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (4): 420–424. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 25904812.
Elsron, J S; Marsden, C D; Grandas, F; Quinn, N P (July 1988). "The significance of ophthalmological symptoms in idiopathic blepharospasm". Eye. 2 (4): 435–439. doi:10.1038/eye.1988.79. ISSN 0950-222X. PMID 3253136.
Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Stella Aniello, Maria; Di Fede, Roberta; Esposito, Marcello; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Liguori, Rocco; Marinelli, Lucio; Martino, Davide; Morgante, Francesca; Santoro, Lucio; Tinazzi, Michele; Berardelli, Alfredo (15 December 2011). "Eye symptoms in relatives of patients with primary adult-onset dystonia". Movement Disorders. 27 (2): 305–307. doi:10.1002/mds.24026. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 22173654.
Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (2004). "Primary Blepharospasm". Drugs. 64 (3): 237–244. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 14871168.
Martino, Davide; Liuzzi, Daniele; Macerollo, Antonella; Aniello, Maria Stella; Livrea, Paolo; Defazio, Giovanni (15 March 2010). "The phenomenology of the geste antagoniste in primary blepharospasm and cervical dystonia". Movement Disorders. 25 (4): 407–412. doi:10.1002/mds.23011. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 20108367.
Peckham, E. L.; Lopez, G.; Shamim, E. A.; Richardson, S. Pirio; Sanku, S.; Malkani, R.; Stacy, M.; Mahant, P.; Crawley, A.; Singleton, A.; Hallett, M. (17 February 2011). "Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients". European Journal of Neurology. 18 (3): 382–386. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x. ISSN 1351-5101. PMC 3934127. PMID 20649903.
Coscarelli, Jandira Mourão (May 2010). "Essential Blepharospasm". Seminars in Ophthalmology. 25 (3): 104–108. doi:10.3109/08820538.2010.488564. ISSN 0882-0538. PMID 20590421.
Marsden, C D (1 December 1976). "Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia?". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 39 (12): 1204–1209. doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1204. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 492566. PMID 1011031.
Evinger, Craig; Bao, Jian-Bin; Powers, Alice S.; Kassem, Iris S.; Schicatano, Edward J.; Henriquez, Victor M.; Peshori, Kavita R. (31 January 2002). "Dry eye, blinking, and blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 17 (S2): S75–S78. doi:10.1002/mds.10065. ISSN 0885-3185. PMC 3327285. PMID 11836761.
Conte, Antonella; Ferrazzano, Gina; Defazio, Giovanni; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Berardelli, Alfredo (2 June 2017). "Increased Blinking May Be a Precursor of Blepharospasm: A Longitudinal Study". Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 4 (5): 733–736. doi:10.1002/mdc3.12499. ISSN 2330-1619. PMC 5654574. PMID 29082270.
Lu, Rong; Huang, Ruisheng; Li, Kang; Zhang, Xinchun; Yang, Hui; Quan, Yadan; Li, Qian (March 2014). "The Influence of Benign Essential Blepharospasm on Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Inflammation". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 157 (3): 591–597.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.11.014. ISSN 0002-9394. PMID 24269849.
Jankovic, Joseph; Ford, Janet (April 1983). "Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients". Annals of Neurology. 13 (4): 402–411. doi:10.1002/ana.410130406. ISSN 0364-5134. PMID 6838174.
Abbruzzese, G; Berardelli, A; Girlanda, P; Marchese, R; Martino, D; Morgante, F; Avanzino, L; Colosimo, C; Defazio, G (1 April 2008). "Long-term assessment of the risk of spread in primary late-onset focal dystonia". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 79 (4): 392–396. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.124594. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 17635969.
Micheli, Federico; Scorticati, María Clara; Folgar, Silvia; Gatto, Emilia (September 2004). "Development of Parkinson's disease in patients with blepharospasm". Movement Disorders. 19 (9): 1069–1072. doi:10.1002/mds.20084. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 15372598.
Rana, Abdul-Qayyum; Kabir, Ashish; Dogu, Okan; Patel, Ami; Khondker, Sumaiya (11 October 2012). "Prevalence of Blepharospasm and Apraxia of Eyelid Opening in Patients with Parkinsonism, Cervical Dystonia and Essential Tremor". European Neurology. 68 (5): 318–321. doi:10.1159/000341621. ISSN 0014-3022. PMID 23075668.
Nociti, V; Bentivoglio, Ar; Frisullo, G; Fasano, A; Soleti, F; Iorio, R; Loria, G; Patanella, Ak; Marti, A; Tartaglione, T; Tonali, Pa; Batocchi, Ap (November 2008). "Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis: causal or coincidental association?". Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 14 (9): 1284–1287. doi:10.1177/1352458508094883. ISSN 1352-4585. PMID 18768580.
Edechi, Chidalu A.; Micieli, Jonathan A. (28 April 2022). "Blepharospasm and Sixth Nerve Palsy as the Presenting Sign of Multiple Sclerosis". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 37389956.
Wakakura, M.; Yamagami, A.; Iwasa, M. (3 September 2018). "Blepharospasm in Japan: A Clinical Observational Study From a Large Referral Hospital in Tokyo". Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42 (5): 275–283. doi:10.1080/01658107.2017.1409770. ISSN 0165-8107. PMC 6152494. PMID 30258472.
Mauriello, Joseph A.; Carbonaro, Paul; Dhillon, Shamina; Leone, Tina; Franklin, Mark (June 1998). "Drug-Associated Facial Dyskinesias—A Study of 238 Patients". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 18 (2): 153–157. doi:10.1097/00041327-199806000-00016. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 9621275.
Martino, Davide; Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Tinazzi, Michele; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Aniello, Maria Stella; Avanzino, Laura; Colosimo, Carlo; Majorana, Giuseppe; Trompetto, Carlo (March 2007). "Head trauma in primary cranial dystonias: a multicentre case–control study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 78 (3): 260–263. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.103713. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 2117628. PMID 17056625.
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S.; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B.; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (1 April 2016). "Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (4): 420–424. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 25904812.
Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo (16 July 2013). "Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm". Neurology. 81 (3): 236–240. doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829bfdf6. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 3770163. PMID 23771487.
Defazio, Giovanni; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berkmen, Gamze Kilic; Berman, Brian D.; Jankovic, Joseph; Bäumer, Tobias; Comella, Cynthia; Cotton, Adam C.; Ercoli, Tommaso; Ferrazzano, Gina; Fox, Susan; Kim, Han-Joon; Moukheiber, Emile Sami (October 2021). "Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: A multicenter international study". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 91: 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004. ISSN 1353-8020. PMC 9048224. PMID 34583301.
Murakami, David K.; Blackie, Caroline A.; Korb, Donald R. (September 2015). "All Warm Compresses Are Not Equally Efficacious". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (9): e327. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000675. ISSN 1538-9235. PMID 26164316.
Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (1 February 2004). "Primary Blepharospasm". Drugs. 64 (3): 237–244. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002. ISSN 1179-1950. PMID 14871168.
Arita, Reiko; Morishige, Naoyuki; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Imai, Natsuko; Shimada, Yuko; Igaki, Michihito; Suzuki, Atsushi; Itoh, Kouzo; Tsubota, Kazuo (5 April 2017). "Effects of a warm compress containing menthol on the tear film in healthy subjects and dry eye patients". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 45848. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745848A. doi:10.1038/srep45848. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5381094. PMID 28378793.
Vijayakumar, Dhanya; Jankovic, Joseph (4 July 2018). "Medical treatment of blepharospasm". Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 13 (4): 233–243. doi:10.1080/17469899.2018.1503535. ISSN 1746-9899.
Nutt, John G.; Hammerstad, John P.; de Garmo, Pat; Carter, Julie (February 1984). "Cranial dystonia: Double-blind crossover study of anticholinergics". Neurology. 34 (2): 215–217. doi:10.1212/WNL.34.2.215. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 6363970.
Ababneh, Osama H; Cetinkaya, Altug; Kulwin, Dwight R (April 2014). "Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 42 (3): 254–261. doi:10.1111/ceo.12165. ISSN 1442-6404. PMID 23844601.
Waller, R R; Kennedy, R H; Henderson, J W; Kesty, K R (1985). "Management of blepharospasm". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 83: 367–386. ISSN 0065-9533. PMC 1298706. PMID 3832534.
Monterastelli, Anna N.; Bailey, Lucy A.; Cockerham, Kimberly (June 2022). "Intense Pulsed Light: A Therapeutic Option for Patients With Rosacea-Related Dry Eye and Blepharospasm". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42 (2): e494–e496. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001290. ISSN 1070-8022. PMID 34270518.
Fantato, Alexina; Parulekar, Manoj; Elston, John (2 July 2019). "A trial of a mechanical device for the treatment of blepharospasm". Eye. 33 (11): 1803–1808. doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0495-y. ISSN 0950-222X. PMC 7002569. PMID 31267089.