Bloodstain pattern analysis (English Wikipedia)

Hicklin, R. Austin; Winer, Kevin R.; Kish, Paul E.; Parks, Connie L.; Chapman, William; Dunagan, Kensley; Richetelli, Nicole; Epstein, Eric G.; Ausdemore, Madeline A.; Busey, Thomas A. (1 August 2021). "Accuracy and reproducibility of conclusions by forensic bloodstain pattern analysts". Forensic Science International. 325: 110856. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110856. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 34116402. S2CID 235411921. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

doi.org

Brodbeck, Silke (2012). "Introduction to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis". SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice: 51–57. doi:10.7396/IE_2012_E. ISSN 1813-3495.
Brodbeck, Silke (2012). "Introduction to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis". SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice. 2: 51–57. doi:10.7396/IE_2012_E. ISSN 1813-3495.
Arthur, Ravishka M.; Cockerton, Sarah L.; de Bruin, Karla G.; Taylor, Michael C. (2015). "A novel, element-based approach for the objective classification of bloodstain patterns". Forensic Science International. 257: 220–228. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.028. PMID 26386338.
Hicklin, R. Austin; Winer, Kevin R.; Kish, Paul E.; Parks, Connie L.; Chapman, William; Dunagan, Kensley; Richetelli, Nicole; Epstein, Eric G.; Ausdemore, Madeline A.; Busey, Thomas A. (1 August 2021). "Accuracy and reproducibility of conclusions by forensic bloodstain pattern analysts". Forensic Science International. 325: 110856. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110856. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 34116402. S2CID 235411921. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Brodbeck, Silke (2012). "Introduction to bloodstain pattern analysis" (PDF). Journal for Police Science and Practice. 2: 51–57. doi:10.7396/IE_2012_E.
Brodbeck, Silke (2012). "Introduction to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis". SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice: 51–57. doi:10.7396/IE_2012_E. ISSN 1813-3495.
Brodbeck, Silke (2012). "Introduction to bloodstain pattern analysis" (PDF). Journal for Police Science and Practice. 2: 51–57. doi:10.7396/IE_2012_E.
Attinger, Daniel; Moore, Craig; Donaldson, Adam; Jafari, Arian; Stone, Howard A. (2013-09-10). "Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities". Forensic Science International. 231 (1): 375–396. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23830178.
Baieth, H. E. Abdel (December 2008). "Physical Parameters of Blood as a Non - Newtonian Fluid". International Journal of Biomedical Science. 4 (4): 323–329. doi:10.59566/IJBS.2008.4323. ISSN 1550-9702. PMC 3614720. PMID 23675105.
Yadav, Siddharth Singh; Sikarwar, Basant Singh; Ranjan, Priya; Janardhanan, Rajiv; Goyal, Ayush (2020-07-03). "Surface tension measurement of normal human blood samples by pendant drop method". Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 44 (5): 227–236. doi:10.1080/03091902.2020.1770348. ISSN 0309-1902. PMID 32589070. S2CID 220079708.
"Swipe Pattern", Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009-04-17, doi:10.1002/9780470061589.fsd185, ISBN 978-0-470-01826-2, retrieved 2021-02-26
Camana, Francesco (September 2013). "Determining the area of convergence in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: A probabilistic approach". Forensic Science International. 231 (1–3): 131–136. arXiv:1210.6106. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23890627. S2CID 18601439.
Buck, Ursula; Kneubuehl, Beat; Näther, Silvio; Albertini, Nicola; Schmidt, Lars; Thali, Michael (2011). "3D bloodstain pattern analysis: Ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains". Forensic Science International. 206 (1–3): 22–28. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.010. PMID 20598820.
Laan, Nick; de Bruin, Karla G.; Slenter, Denise; Wilhelm, Julie; Jermy, Mark; Bonn, Daniel (September 2015). "Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model for position determination of victims". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 11461. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511461L. doi:10.1038/srep11461. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4476491. PMID 26099070.
Wonder, Anita Y. (2007), "Section II: Case Applications", Bloodstain Pattern Evidence, Elsevier, p. 48, doi:10.1016/b978-012370482-5/50059-8, ISBN 978-0-12-370482-5, retrieved 2021-03-04
Arthur, R.M.; Hoogenboom, J.; Baiker, M.; Taylor, M.C.; de Bruin, K.G. (August 2018). "An automated approach to the classification of impact spatter and cast-off bloodstain patterns". Forensic Science International. 289: 310–319. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 29933203. S2CID 49413435.
Comiskey, P. M.; Yarin, A. L.; Kim, S.; Attinger, D. (2016-08-02). "Prediction of blood back spatter from a gunshot in bloodstain pattern analysis". Physical Review Fluids. 1 (4): 043201. Bibcode:2016PhRvF...1d3201C. doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.1.043201. ISSN 2469-990X.
"Introduction", Ethics in Forensic Science, CRC Press, pp. 17–24, 2001-06-27, doi:10.1201/9781420041620-5, ISBN 978-0-429-24804-7, retrieved 2021-03-04
Williams, Elisabeth M. P.; Graham, Emma S.; Jermy, Mark C.; Kieser, David C.; Taylor, Michael C. (March 2019). "The Dynamics of Blood Drop Release from Swinging Objects in the Creation of Cast-off Bloodstain Patterns". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 64 (2): 413–421. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13855. ISSN 0022-1198. PMID 29975993. S2CID 49711195.
De Forest, Peter R.; Pizzola, Peter A.; Kammrath, Brooke W. (2021-07-22). Blood Traces: Interpretation of Deposition and Distribution (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119764724. ISBN 978-1-119-76453-3.
Bell, Suzanne (2013-04-18), "void pattern", A Dictionary of Forensic Science, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199594009.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-959400-9, retrieved 2023-04-03

dx.doi.org

"Swipe Pattern", Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009-04-17, doi:10.1002/9780470061589.fsd185, ISBN 978-0-470-01826-2, retrieved 2021-02-26
Camana, Francesco (September 2013). "Determining the area of convergence in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: A probabilistic approach". Forensic Science International. 231 (1–3): 131–136. arXiv:1210.6106. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23890627. S2CID 18601439.
Wonder, Anita Y. (2007), "Section II: Case Applications", Bloodstain Pattern Evidence, Elsevier, p. 48, doi:10.1016/b978-012370482-5/50059-8, ISBN 978-0-12-370482-5, retrieved 2021-03-04
Arthur, R.M.; Hoogenboom, J.; Baiker, M.; Taylor, M.C.; de Bruin, K.G. (August 2018). "An automated approach to the classification of impact spatter and cast-off bloodstain patterns". Forensic Science International. 289: 310–319. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 29933203. S2CID 49413435.
"Introduction", Ethics in Forensic Science, CRC Press, pp. 17–24, 2001-06-27, doi:10.1201/9781420041620-5, ISBN 978-0-429-24804-7, retrieved 2021-03-04

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Arthur, Ravishka M.; Cockerton, Sarah L.; de Bruin, Karla G.; Taylor, Michael C. (2015). "A novel, element-based approach for the objective classification of bloodstain patterns". Forensic Science International. 257: 220–228. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.028. PMID 26386338.
Buck, Ursula; Kneubuehl, Beat; Näther, Silvio; Albertini, Nicola; Schmidt, Lars; Thali, Michael (2011). "3D bloodstain pattern analysis: Ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains". Forensic Science International. 206 (1–3): 22–28. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.010. PMID 20598820.

forensicsciencesimplified.org

A Simplified Guide To Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, The National Forensic Science Technology Center (NFSTC), Florida International University

grandforksherald.com

Archie Ingersoll. Travis Stay found not guilty, Grand Forks Herald, December 17, 2008

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Laan, Nick; de Bruin, Karla G.; Slenter, Denise; Wilhelm, Julie; Jermy, Mark; Bonn, Daniel (September 2015). "Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model for position determination of victims". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 11461. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511461L. doi:10.1038/srep11461. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4476491. PMID 26099070.
Comiskey, P. M.; Yarin, A. L.; Kim, S.; Attinger, D. (2016-08-02). "Prediction of blood back spatter from a gunshot in bloodstain pattern analysis". Physical Review Fluids. 1 (4): 043201. Bibcode:2016PhRvF...1d3201C. doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.1.043201. ISSN 2469-990X.

hema-quebec.qc.ca

"Blood components". Hema-Quebec. Retrieved 2023-04-03.

lawreader.com

news.lawreader.com

Kozarovich, Lisa Hurt. "Blood Spatter Evidence Not an exact Science". News and Tribune. Retrieved 8 February 2014.

ncjrs.gov

National Research Council. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009. Archived
Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (PDF). The National Academies Press. 2009. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-0-309-13135-3. Retrieved 8 September 2020.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Arthur, Ravishka M.; Cockerton, Sarah L.; de Bruin, Karla G.; Taylor, Michael C. (2015). "A novel, element-based approach for the objective classification of bloodstain patterns". Forensic Science International. 257: 220–228. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.028. PMID 26386338.
Hicklin, R. Austin; Winer, Kevin R.; Kish, Paul E.; Parks, Connie L.; Chapman, William; Dunagan, Kensley; Richetelli, Nicole; Epstein, Eric G.; Ausdemore, Madeline A.; Busey, Thomas A. (1 August 2021). "Accuracy and reproducibility of conclusions by forensic bloodstain pattern analysts". Forensic Science International. 325: 110856. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110856. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 34116402. S2CID 235411921. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Attinger, Daniel; Moore, Craig; Donaldson, Adam; Jafari, Arian; Stone, Howard A. (2013-09-10). "Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities". Forensic Science International. 231 (1): 375–396. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23830178.
Baieth, H. E. Abdel (December 2008). "Physical Parameters of Blood as a Non - Newtonian Fluid". International Journal of Biomedical Science. 4 (4): 323–329. doi:10.59566/IJBS.2008.4323. ISSN 1550-9702. PMC 3614720. PMID 23675105.
Yadav, Siddharth Singh; Sikarwar, Basant Singh; Ranjan, Priya; Janardhanan, Rajiv; Goyal, Ayush (2020-07-03). "Surface tension measurement of normal human blood samples by pendant drop method". Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 44 (5): 227–236. doi:10.1080/03091902.2020.1770348. ISSN 0309-1902. PMID 32589070. S2CID 220079708.
Camana, Francesco (September 2013). "Determining the area of convergence in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: A probabilistic approach". Forensic Science International. 231 (1–3): 131–136. arXiv:1210.6106. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23890627. S2CID 18601439.
Buck, Ursula; Kneubuehl, Beat; Näther, Silvio; Albertini, Nicola; Schmidt, Lars; Thali, Michael (2011). "3D bloodstain pattern analysis: Ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains". Forensic Science International. 206 (1–3): 22–28. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.010. PMID 20598820.
Laan, Nick; de Bruin, Karla G.; Slenter, Denise; Wilhelm, Julie; Jermy, Mark; Bonn, Daniel (September 2015). "Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model for position determination of victims". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 11461. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511461L. doi:10.1038/srep11461. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4476491. PMID 26099070.
Arthur, R.M.; Hoogenboom, J.; Baiker, M.; Taylor, M.C.; de Bruin, K.G. (August 2018). "An automated approach to the classification of impact spatter and cast-off bloodstain patterns". Forensic Science International. 289: 310–319. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 29933203. S2CID 49413435.
Williams, Elisabeth M. P.; Graham, Emma S.; Jermy, Mark C.; Kieser, David C.; Taylor, Michael C. (March 2019). "The Dynamics of Blood Drop Release from Swinging Objects in the Creation of Cast-off Bloodstain Patterns". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 64 (2): 413–421. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13855. ISSN 0022-1198. PMID 29975993. S2CID 49711195.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Baieth, H. E. Abdel (December 2008). "Physical Parameters of Blood as a Non - Newtonian Fluid". International Journal of Biomedical Science. 4 (4): 323–329. doi:10.59566/IJBS.2008.4323. ISSN 1550-9702. PMC 3614720. PMID 23675105.
Laan, Nick; de Bruin, Karla G.; Slenter, Denise; Wilhelm, Julie; Jermy, Mark; Bonn, Daniel (September 2015). "Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model for position determination of victims". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 11461. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511461L. doi:10.1038/srep11461. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4476491. PMID 26099070.

nytimes.com

Moore, Solomon (February 4, 2009). "Science found wanting in nation's crime labs". New York Times.

oxfordreference.com

Bell, Suzanne (2013-04-18), "void pattern", A Dictionary of Forensic Science, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199594009.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-959400-9, retrieved 2023-04-03

propublica.org

features.propublica.org

Smith, Leora (13 December 2018). "How a Dubious Forensic Science Spread Like a Virus". ProPublica. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
Smith, Leora (13 December 2018). "How a Dubious Forensic Science Spread Like a Virus". ProPublica. Retrieved 19 December 2018.

reaveslegal.com

"Bloody Injustice – The Warren Horinek Case". Law Office of Walter M. Reaves, Jr., P.C.

sciencedirect.com

Attinger, Daniel; Moore, Craig; Donaldson, Adam; Jafari, Arian; Stone, Howard A. (2013-09-10). "Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities". Forensic Science International. 231 (1): 375–396. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23830178.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hicklin, R. Austin; Winer, Kevin R.; Kish, Paul E.; Parks, Connie L.; Chapman, William; Dunagan, Kensley; Richetelli, Nicole; Epstein, Eric G.; Ausdemore, Madeline A.; Busey, Thomas A. (1 August 2021). "Accuracy and reproducibility of conclusions by forensic bloodstain pattern analysts". Forensic Science International. 325: 110856. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110856. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 34116402. S2CID 235411921. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Yadav, Siddharth Singh; Sikarwar, Basant Singh; Ranjan, Priya; Janardhanan, Rajiv; Goyal, Ayush (2020-07-03). "Surface tension measurement of normal human blood samples by pendant drop method". Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 44 (5): 227–236. doi:10.1080/03091902.2020.1770348. ISSN 0309-1902. PMID 32589070. S2CID 220079708.
Camana, Francesco (September 2013). "Determining the area of convergence in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: A probabilistic approach". Forensic Science International. 231 (1–3): 131–136. arXiv:1210.6106. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23890627. S2CID 18601439.
Arthur, R.M.; Hoogenboom, J.; Baiker, M.; Taylor, M.C.; de Bruin, K.G. (August 2018). "An automated approach to the classification of impact spatter and cast-off bloodstain patterns". Forensic Science International. 289: 310–319. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 29933203. S2CID 49413435.
Williams, Elisabeth M. P.; Graham, Emma S.; Jermy, Mark C.; Kieser, David C.; Taylor, Michael C. (March 2019). "The Dynamics of Blood Drop Release from Swinging Objects in the Creation of Cast-off Bloodstain Patterns". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 64 (2): 413–421. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13855. ISSN 0022-1198. PMID 29975993. S2CID 49711195.

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"A Bloody Injustice". The Texas Observer. August 19, 2010.

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Kircher, Travis (3 October 2013). "David Camm blogsite: Our own little experiment". WDRB. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
Kircher, Travis (24 September 2013). "David Camm blogsite: Uncle Sam". WDRB. Retrieved January 1, 2014.

web.archive.org

National Research Council. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009. Archived

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Williams, Elisabeth M. P.; Graham, Emma S.; Jermy, Mark C.; Kieser, David C.; Taylor, Michael C. (March 2019). "The Dynamics of Blood Drop Release from Swinging Objects in the Creation of Cast-off Bloodstain Patterns". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 64 (2): 413–421. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13855. ISSN 0022-1198. PMID 29975993. S2CID 49711195.
De Forest, Peter R.; Pizzola, Peter A.; Kammrath, Brooke W. (2021-07-22). Blood Traces: Interpretation of Deposition and Distribution (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119764724. ISBN 978-1-119-76453-3.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Brodbeck, Silke (2012). "Introduction to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis". SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice: 51–57. doi:10.7396/IE_2012_E. ISSN 1813-3495.
Brodbeck, Silke (2012). "Introduction to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis". SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice. 2: 51–57. doi:10.7396/IE_2012_E. ISSN 1813-3495.
Hicklin, R. Austin; Winer, Kevin R.; Kish, Paul E.; Parks, Connie L.; Chapman, William; Dunagan, Kensley; Richetelli, Nicole; Epstein, Eric G.; Ausdemore, Madeline A.; Busey, Thomas A. (1 August 2021). "Accuracy and reproducibility of conclusions by forensic bloodstain pattern analysts". Forensic Science International. 325: 110856. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110856. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 34116402. S2CID 235411921. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Brodbeck, Silke (2012). "Introduction to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis". SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice: 51–57. doi:10.7396/IE_2012_E. ISSN 1813-3495.
Attinger, Daniel; Moore, Craig; Donaldson, Adam; Jafari, Arian; Stone, Howard A. (2013-09-10). "Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities". Forensic Science International. 231 (1): 375–396. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23830178.
Baieth, H. E. Abdel (December 2008). "Physical Parameters of Blood as a Non - Newtonian Fluid". International Journal of Biomedical Science. 4 (4): 323–329. doi:10.59566/IJBS.2008.4323. ISSN 1550-9702. PMC 3614720. PMID 23675105.
Yadav, Siddharth Singh; Sikarwar, Basant Singh; Ranjan, Priya; Janardhanan, Rajiv; Goyal, Ayush (2020-07-03). "Surface tension measurement of normal human blood samples by pendant drop method". Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 44 (5): 227–236. doi:10.1080/03091902.2020.1770348. ISSN 0309-1902. PMID 32589070. S2CID 220079708.
Camana, Francesco (September 2013). "Determining the area of convergence in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: A probabilistic approach". Forensic Science International. 231 (1–3): 131–136. arXiv:1210.6106. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 23890627. S2CID 18601439.
Laan, Nick; de Bruin, Karla G.; Slenter, Denise; Wilhelm, Julie; Jermy, Mark; Bonn, Daniel (September 2015). "Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model for position determination of victims". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 11461. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511461L. doi:10.1038/srep11461. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4476491. PMID 26099070.
Arthur, R.M.; Hoogenboom, J.; Baiker, M.; Taylor, M.C.; de Bruin, K.G. (August 2018). "An automated approach to the classification of impact spatter and cast-off bloodstain patterns". Forensic Science International. 289: 310–319. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.019. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 29933203. S2CID 49413435.
Comiskey, P. M.; Yarin, A. L.; Kim, S.; Attinger, D. (2016-08-02). "Prediction of blood back spatter from a gunshot in bloodstain pattern analysis". Physical Review Fluids. 1 (4): 043201. Bibcode:2016PhRvF...1d3201C. doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.1.043201. ISSN 2469-990X.
Williams, Elisabeth M. P.; Graham, Emma S.; Jermy, Mark C.; Kieser, David C.; Taylor, Michael C. (March 2019). "The Dynamics of Blood Drop Release from Swinging Objects in the Creation of Cast-off Bloodstain Patterns". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 64 (2): 413–421. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13855. ISSN 0022-1198. PMID 29975993. S2CID 49711195.

youtube.com

"Judging from the bloodstains found on the furniture and rug in the living room, and on the front steps of the cottage, Radford had first been shot while he was in the living room..." Quote starts at about 12 minutes and 17 seconds into the episode. "The Big Streetcar", April 3, 1952; no script writer identified.