Book of Esther (English Wikipedia)

Church of England, Articles of Religion Archived 2019-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 31 December 2022: they are included in the section headed: "And the other Books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine; such are these following:..."

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). "Ahasuerus". A Dictionary of the Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 7. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-954398-4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2020-04-17. The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim.
Bellmann, Simon; Portier-Young, Anathea (2019-08-21). "The Old Latin book of Esther: An English translation". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. 28 (4): 267–289. doi:10.1177/0951820719860628. S2CID 202163709. Archived from the original on 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). "Ahasuerus". A Dictionary of the Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-954398-4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2020-04-17. The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.
Sarbanani, Morteza Arabzadeh (2023). "Revisiting the Book of Esther: Assessing the Historical Significance of the Masoretic Version for the Achaemenid History". Persica Antiqua. 3 (4): 19–32. doi:10.22034/pa.2022.344449.1009.
Noss, Philip A. (1993). "A Footnote on Time: the book of Esther". The Bible Translator. 44 (3): 309–320. doi:10.1177/026009359304400302. ISSN 2051-6770.
Hubbard, Robert L. (2007). "Vashti, Amestris and Esther 1,9". Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 119 (2): 259–271. doi:10.1515/ZAW.2007.020. S2CID 170144015.
Angiolillo, Patrick (2019). "Lysimachus". Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception. 17: 273. doi:10.1515/ebr.lysimachus.
Bush, Frederic W. (1998). "The Book of Esther: Opus non gratum in the Christian Canon" (PDF). Bulletin for Biblical Research. 8: 39–54. doi:10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0039. JSTOR 26422154. S2CID 64672092. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2008.

earthling.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Internet Antique Shop – The Web's largest antiques & collectibles mall serving collectors since 1995". Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2007-05-31.

emory.edu (Global: 4,285^th place; English: 2,560^th place)

js.emory.edu

Blumenthal, David R. "Where God is Not: The Book of Esther and Song of Songs". Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2016.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

"The Maccabeats – Purim Song". YouTube. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2011-08-09.

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

Suit, Kenneth (2018). James Friedrich and Cathedral Films The Independent Religious Cinema of the Evangelist of Hollywood, 1939-1966. Lexington Books. pp. 86–87. ISBN 9798216299189.

internationalstandardbible.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Urquhart, John (1939). Orr, James (ed.). "Esther, Book of". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2025-04-13.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. (1975). "The "Third Targum" on Esther and Ms. Neofiti 1". Biblica. 56 (3): 301–329. ISSN 0006-0887. JSTOR 42610736. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
Bush, Frederic W. (1998). "The Book of Esther: Opus non gratum in the Christian Canon" (PDF). Bulletin for Biblical Research. 8: 39–54. doi:10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0039. JSTOR 26422154. S2CID 64672092. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2008.

jwa.org (Global: 2,686^th place; English: 1,824^th place)

"Esther: Bible | Jewish Women's Archive". Archived from the original on 2023-06-26. Retrieved 2018-10-20.

la.wikisource.org (Global: 4,644^th place; English: low place)

"Historia Scholastica/Esther – Wikisource". Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2017-12-17.

osu.edu (Global: 2,360^th place; English: 1,459^th place)

kb.osu.edu

Lacocque, André (1987). "HAMAN IN THE BOOK OF ESTHER". The Ohio State of University. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024.

otzar.org (Global: 8,780^th place; English: low place)

tablet.otzar.org

Margolies, Reuben (1964). המקרא והמסורה [The Scripture and the Tradition] (in Hebrew). Israel: Mossad Harav Kook. p. 27. Retrieved November 4, 2025.

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

academic.oup.com

Silverstein, Adam J. (2018). Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–63. ISBN 978-0198797227.

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809^th place; English: 542^nd place)

Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). "Ahasuerus". A Dictionary of the Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 7. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-954398-4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2020-04-17. The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim.
Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). "Ahasuerus". A Dictionary of the Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-954398-4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2020-04-17. The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.

papalencyclicals.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fathers, Council (2024-01-31). "Council of Basel 1431-45 A.D. Council Fathers". Papal Encyclicals. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
Fathers, Council (2024-01-31). "General Council of Trent: Fourth Session". Papal Encyclicals. Retrieved 2024-08-12.

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)

journals.sagepub.com

Bellmann, Simon; Portier-Young, Anathea (2019-08-21). "The Old Latin book of Esther: An English translation". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. 28 (4): 267–289. doi:10.1177/0951820719860628. S2CID 202163709. Archived from the original on 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
Noss, Philip A. (1993). "A Footnote on Time: the book of Esther". The Bible Translator. 44 (3): 309–320. doi:10.1177/026009359304400302. ISSN 2051-6770.

sefaria.org (Global: 2,827^th place; English: 1,494^th place)

"Esther Rabbah 1:3 | Sefaria Library". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2026-04-06.
"Sanhedrin 61b". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2021-02-17.

sefaria.org.il (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Tractate Megillah 16a". www.sefaria.org.il. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2018.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Bellmann, Simon; Portier-Young, Anathea (2019-08-21). "The Old Latin book of Esther: An English translation". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. 28 (4): 267–289. doi:10.1177/0951820719860628. S2CID 202163709. Archived from the original on 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
Hubbard, Robert L. (2007). "Vashti, Amestris and Esther 1,9". Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 119 (2): 259–271. doi:10.1515/ZAW.2007.020. S2CID 170144015.
Bush, Frederic W. (1998). "The Book of Esther: Opus non gratum in the Christian Canon" (PDF). Bulletin for Biblical Research. 8: 39–54. doi:10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0039. JSTOR 26422154. S2CID 64672092. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2008.

sight-sound.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sight & Sound Theatres | Bible Stories Live on Stage". www.sight-sound.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2022-10-13.

therain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Name of Jehovah in the Book of Esther. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, appendix 60, Companion Bible.

timesofisrael.com (Global: 268^th place; English: 208^th place)

French bestseller unravels Nazi propagandist's cryptic last words about Purim Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Times of Israel 28 December 2012

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

"Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI". penelope.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2021-02-17.

upenn.edu (Global: 784^th place; English: 498^th place)

ccat.sas.upenn.edu

"Esther" (PDF). A New English Translation of the Septuagint. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-27. Note on two Greek versions of the book of Esther.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Blumenthal, David R. "Where God is Not: The Book of Esther and Song of Songs". Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). "Ahasuerus". A Dictionary of the Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 7. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-954398-4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2020-04-17. The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim.
"Historia Scholastica/Esther – Wikisource". Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
Clines 1984, p. 9. Clines, David J.A. (1984). The Esther Scroll. A&C Black. ISBN 9780567157133. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jobes 2011, pp. 40–41. Jobes, Karen H. (2011). Esther. Zondervan. ISBN 9780310872146. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
"Esther – Chapter 8". Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2018-10-20.
"Esther: Bible | Jewish Women's Archive". Archived from the original on 2023-06-26. Retrieved 2018-10-20.
Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 428. ISBN 978-0802824004. Archived from the original on 2023-06-23. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
Bellmann, Simon; Portier-Young, Anathea (2019-08-21). "The Old Latin book of Esther: An English translation". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. 28 (4): 267–289. doi:10.1177/0951820719860628. S2CID 202163709. Archived from the original on 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. (1975). "The "Third Targum" on Esther and Ms. Neofiti 1". Biblica. 56 (3): 301–329. ISSN 0006-0887. JSTOR 42610736. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
Meyers, Carol (2007). "16. Esther". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. p. 325. ISBN 9780199277186. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 2019-03-24. Genre and Purpose
David J. A. Clines, The Esther Scroll: The Story of the Story, Archived 2023-11-11 at the Wayback Machine A&C Black, 1984 ISBN 978-0-905-77466-4 pp. 26, 50, 155ff.
Tsaurayi Kudakwashe Mapfeka, Esther in Diaspora: Toward an Alternative Interpretive Framework, Archived 2023-11-11 at the Wayback Machine Brill, 2019 ISBN 978-9-004-40656-8 pp. 2, 15, 28ff
Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). "Ahasuerus". A Dictionary of the Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-954398-4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2020-04-17. The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.
New King James Version, translation of Esther 2:6 Archived 2019-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
"Esther" (PDF). A New English Translation of the Septuagint. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-27. Note on two Greek versions of the book of Esther.
"Sanhedrin 61b". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
"Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI". penelope.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
Matassa, Lidia D.; Silverman, Jason M. (2011). Text, Theology, and Trowel: New Investigations in the Biblical World. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60899-942-2. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten. Brill. 1991. ISBN 978-90-04-09271-6. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1914). Zoroastrian Theology: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. s.l. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11.
The Name of Jehovah in the Book of Esther. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, appendix 60, Companion Bible.
Hayes, Christine (2006). "Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible): Lecture 24 – Alternative Visions: Esther, Ruth, and Jonah". Open Yale Courses. Yale University. Archived from the original on 2023-08-09. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
Lacocque, André (1987). "HAMAN IN THE BOOK OF ESTHER". The Ohio State of University. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024.
Yehuda Shurpin: How Could Esther Marry a Non-Jewish King? Archived 2020-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, Chabad.org.
"Esther 3 Barnes' Notes". Biblehub.com. 2024. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024.
"Esther 9 Barnes' Notes". TheTorah.com. 2024. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024.
"Esther 9 Gill's Exposition". Biblehub.com. 2024. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024.
"Esther 9 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary". Biblehub.com. 2024. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024.
"Esther 9 Matthew Poole's Commentary". Biblehub.com. 2024. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021.
"Esther 8 Gill's Exposition". Biblehub.com. 2024. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024.
"Esther 9 Gill's Exposition". Biblehub.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2024.
"Tractate Megillah 16a". www.sefaria.org.il. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
French bestseller unravels Nazi propagandist's cryptic last words about Purim Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Times of Israel 28 December 2012
The Holy Bible – Knox Translation: The Book of Esther, Chapter 16 Archived 2022-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 31 December 2022
See the NRSV online Archived 2022-04-29 at the Wayback Machine for the additions
"Bougaean – Encyclopedia of The Bible – Bible Gateway". www.biblegateway.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
Bush, Frederic W. (1998). "The Book of Esther: Opus non gratum in the Christian Canon" (PDF). Bulletin for Biblical Research. 8: 39–54. doi:10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0039. JSTOR 26422154. S2CID 64672092. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2008.
Church of England, Articles of Religion Archived 2019-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 31 December 2022: they are included in the section headed: "And the other Books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine; such are these following:..."
Books of the Bible Christian Bookstore. "I Have A Song – Shannon Wexelberg". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
"The Internet Antique Shop – The Web's largest antiques & collectibles mall serving collectors since 1995". Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
"First Ever Live Broadcast of a Sight & Sound Theater Show to Air Labor Day Weekend - Live!". CBN.com - The Christian Broadcasting Network. 2020-07-29. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
"Sight & Sound Theatres | Bible Stories Live on Stage". www.sight-sound.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2022-10-13.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. (1975). "The "Third Targum" on Esther and Ms. Neofiti 1". Biblica. 56 (3): 301–329. ISSN 0006-0887. JSTOR 42610736. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
Carruthers, Jo (14 January 2008). Esther Through the Centuries. Malden, MA; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-4051-3213-8. OCLC 123539343. Retrieved 13 April 2025. Some recent scholars seek to maintain a fruitful tension between fiction and truth in their claims for Esther. Clines asserts the 'current consensus of opinion' that Esther is a 'historical novel' (1984a: 256; also Moore [1971] 1984: lii). Levenson claims that it is 'best seen as a historical novella set within the Persian empire', endorsing Fox's claim that Esther's frame of historical reference may be different to a modern reader's: 'How exactly an ancient religious community – or a modern one – understands "actual historical events" is a complicated epistemological and hermeneutical issue' (1997: 26).
Noss, Philip A. (1993). "A Footnote on Time: the book of Esther". The Bible Translator. 44 (3): 309–320. doi:10.1177/026009359304400302. ISSN 2051-6770.

worldcat.org

Carruthers, Jo (14 January 2008). Esther Through the Centuries. Malden, MA; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-4051-3213-8. OCLC 123539343. Retrieved 13 April 2025. Some recent scholars seek to maintain a fruitful tension between fiction and truth in their claims for Esther. Clines asserts the 'current consensus of opinion' that Esther is a 'historical novel' (1984a: 256; also Moore [1971] 1984: lii). Levenson claims that it is 'best seen as a historical novella set within the Persian empire', endorsing Fox's claim that Esther's frame of historical reference may be different to a modern reader's: 'How exactly an ancient religious community – or a modern one – understands "actual historical events" is a complicated epistemological and hermeneutical issue' (1997: 26).

yale.edu (Global: 559^th place; English: 389^th place)

oyc.yale.edu

Hayes, Christine (2006). "Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible): Lecture 24 – Alternative Visions: Esther, Ruth, and Jonah". Open Yale Courses. Yale University. Archived from the original on 2023-08-09. Retrieved 2016-01-05.

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)

"The Maccabeats – Purim Song". YouTube. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2011-08-09.

Book of Esther (English Wikipedia)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

biblegateway.com (Global: 888th place; English: 1,110th place)

biblehub.com (Global: 2,477th place; English: 1,570th place)

biblicalstudies.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,477th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

booksofthebible.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

catholic-resources.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

catholicbible.online (Global: low place; English: low place)

cbn.com (Global: 4,800th place; English: 2,887th place)

www1.cbn.com

chabad.org (Global: 3,183rd place; English: 2,296th place)

churchofengland.org (Global: 5,737th place; English: 3,437th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

earthling.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

emory.edu (Global: 4,285th place; English: 2,560th place)

js.emory.edu

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64th place; English: 28th place)

google.com (Global: 109th place; English: 87th place)

internationalstandardbible.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

jwa.org (Global: 2,686th place; English: 1,824th place)

la.wikisource.org (Global: 4,644th place; English: low place)

osu.edu (Global: 2,360th place; English: 1,459th place)

kb.osu.edu

otzar.org (Global: 8,780th place; English: low place)

tablet.otzar.org

oup.com (Global: 292nd place; English: 233rd place)

academic.oup.com

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809th place; English: 542nd place)

papalencyclicals.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609th place; English: 451st place)

journals.sagepub.com

sefaria.org (Global: 2,827th place; English: 1,494th place)

sefaria.org.il (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sight-sound.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

therain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

timesofisrael.com (Global: 268th place; English: 208th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226th place; English: 199th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

upenn.edu (Global: 784th place; English: 498th place)

ccat.sas.upenn.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

worldcat.org

yale.edu (Global: 559th place; English: 389th place)

oyc.yale.edu

youtube.com (Global: 13th place; English: 14th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

biblegateway.com (Global: 888^th place; English: 1,110^th place)

biblehub.com (Global: 2,477^th place; English: 1,570^th place)

biblicalstudies.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,477^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cbn.com (Global: 4,800^th place; English: 2,887^th place)

chabad.org (Global: 3,183^rd place; English: 2,296^th place)

churchofengland.org (Global: 5,737^th place; English: 3,437^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

emory.edu (Global: 4,285^th place; English: 2,560^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

jwa.org (Global: 2,686^th place; English: 1,824^th place)

la.wikisource.org (Global: 4,644^th place; English: low place)

osu.edu (Global: 2,360^th place; English: 1,459^th place)

otzar.org (Global: 8,780^th place; English: low place)

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809^th place; English: 542^nd place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)

sefaria.org (Global: 2,827^th place; English: 1,494^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

timesofisrael.com (Global: 268^th place; English: 208^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

upenn.edu (Global: 784^th place; English: 498^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

yale.edu (Global: 559^th place; English: 389^th place)

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)