Botulism (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Botulism" in English language version.

Last modified: 10:01:29, 5 September 2026 (UTC)

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Tighe AP, Schiavo G (June 2013). "Botulinum neurotoxins: Mechanism of action". Toxicon. 67: 87–93. Bibcode:2013Txcn...67...87T. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.011. PMID 23201505.
Seward RA, Deibel RH, Lindsay RC (November 1982). "Effects of potassium sorbate and other antibotulinal agents on germination and outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum type E spores in microcultures". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 44 (5): 1212–1221. Bibcode:1982ApEnM..44.1212S. doi:10.1128/AEM.44.5.1212-1221.1982. PMC 242170. PMID 6758699.
Fu SW, Wang CH (August 2008). "An overview of type E botulism in China". Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. 21 (4): 353–6. Bibcode:2008BioES..21..353F. doi:10.1016/S0895-3988(08)60054-9. PMID 18837301.

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"Botox" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

"Infant botulism in 10 US states linked to formula being recalled". AP News. 9 November 2025. Retrieved 15 November 2025.

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"Allergan Inc. Settles Oklahoma Botox Case During Trial". 27 February 2013.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Emmeluth D (2010). Botulism. Infobase Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-60413-235-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017.
International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (1996). "Clostridium botulinum". Microorganisms in Foods 5: Characteristics of Microbial Pathogens. Springer. pp. 66–111. ISBN 978-0-412-47350-0. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. quoted in Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 2012). "Botulism from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol – Utah 2011". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 61 (39): 782–4. PMID 23034585. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017.

burlingtonfreepress.com (Global: low place; English: 5,550^th place)

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"Similarities Between Botox and Dysport". August 2021. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.

ca.gov (Global: 352^nd place; English: 167^th place)

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Botulism Factsheet,California Department of Health, updated March 2022, retrieved March 9, 2026. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/FAQs_English_Updated_March2022_ADA.pdf

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

cdc.gov

"About Botulism". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 April 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
"People at Increased Risk for Botulism". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 9 May 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
"National Botulism Surveillance Summary, 2021". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 21 May 2025. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
"Prevent Illness From C. perfringens". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
"About Botulism". CDC. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
"About Botulism | Botulism | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (1996). "Clostridium botulinum". Microorganisms in Foods 5: Characteristics of Microbial Pathogens. Springer. pp. 66–111. ISBN 978-0-412-47350-0. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. quoted in Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 2012). "Botulism from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol – Utah 2011". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 61 (39): 782–4. PMID 23034585. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017.
"Arctic Investigations Program – DPEI". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (January 2003). "Outbreak of botulism type E associated with eating a beached whale—Western Alaska, July 2002". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 52 (2): 24–6. PMID 12608715. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (October 1985). "Update: international outbreak of restaurant-associated botulism—Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 34 (41): 643. PMID 3930945. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017.
"Notice of CDC's Discontinuation of Investigational Pentavalent (ABCDE) Botulinum Toxoid Vaccine". CDC. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
"National Botulism Surveillance Summary, United States, 2021". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
"National Case Surveillance: National Botulism Surveillance | CDC National Surveillance". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (January 2003). "Outbreak of botulism type E associated with eating a beached whale—Western Alaska, July 2002". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 52 (2): 24–6. PMID 12608715. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (3 August 2007). "Botulism associated with commercially canned chili sauce—Texas and Indiana, July 2007". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 56 (30): 767–9. PMID 17673898.

bt.cdc.gov

"Facts About Botulism". Emergency Preparedness and Response. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 October 2001. Archived from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.

emergency.cdc.gov

"Botulism: Treatment Overview for Clinicians". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.

clemson.edu (Global: 6,422^nd place; English: 3,771^st place)

hgic.clemson.edu

"Botulism Factsheet (HGIC 3680)". Clemson Cooperative Extension – College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences – Home & Garden Information Center (HGIC). 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.

colostate.edu (Global: 4,400^th place; English: 2,953^rd place)

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"Oil Infusions and the Risk of Botulism". Safefood News. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 1998. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Sobel J (October 2005). "Botulism". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41 (8): 1167–73. doi:10.1086/444507. PMID 16163636.
Caya JG, Agni R, Miller JE (June 2004). "Clostridium botulinum and the Clinical Laboratorian: A Detailed Review of Botulism, Including Biological Warfare Ramifications of Botulinum Toxin". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 128 (6): 653–662. doi:10.5858/2004-128-653-CBATCL. PMID 15163234.
Domingo RM, Haller JS, Gruenthal M (November 2008). "Infant botulism: two recent cases and literature review". Journal of Child Neurology. 23 (11): 1336–46. doi:10.1177/0883073808318200. PMID 18984848.
Koepke R, Sobel J, Arnon SS (July 2008). "Global occurrence of infant botulism, 1976–2006". Pediatrics. 122 (1): e73-82. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1827. PMID 18595978.
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, et al. (February 2001). "Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management". JAMA. 285 (8): 1059–70. doi:10.1001/jama.285.8.1059. PMID 11209178.
Dolman CE (1957). "Type E (fish-borne) botulism: a review". Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology. 10 (6): 383–395. doi:10.7883/yoken1952.10.383.
Moeller RB, Puschner B, Walker RL, Rocke T, Galey FD, Cullor JS, et al. (November 2003). "Determination of the Median Toxic Dose of Type C Botulinum Toxin in Lactating Dairy Cows". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 15 (6): 523–526. doi:10.1177/104063870301500603. PMID 14667014.
Moeller R, Puschner B, Walker R, Rocke T, Smith S, Cullor J, et al. (June 2009). "Short communication: Attempts to identify Clostridium botulinum toxin in milk from three experimentally intoxicated Holstein cows". Journal of Dairy Science. 92 (6): 2529–2533. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1919. PMID 19447984.
Lindström M, Myllykoski J, Sivelä S, Korkeala H (19 March 2010). "Clostridium botulinum in Cattle and Dairy Products". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 50 (4): 281–304. doi:10.1080/10408390802544405. PMID 20301016.
Frye EA, Egan C, Perry MJ, Crouch EE, Burbank KE, Kelly KM (September 2020). "Outbreak of botulism type A in dairy cows detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 32 (5): 722–726. doi:10.1177/1040638720943127. PMC 7488966. PMID 32715936.
Adams LE, Yasmin S, Briggs G, Redden K, Silvas S, Anderson S, et al. (October 2015). "Alcohol Production, Prevention Strategies, and Inmate Knowledge About the Risk for Botulism From Pruno Consumption in a Correctional Facility—Arizona, 2013". Journal of Correctional Health Care. 21 (4): 335–342. doi:10.1177/1078345815599763. PMC 5549268. PMID 26285594.
Williams BT, Schlein SM, Caravati EM, Ledyard H, Fix ML (July 2014). "Emergency Department Identification and Critical Care Management of a Utah Prison Botulism Outbreak". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 64 (1): 26–31. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.027. PMID 24331717.
Rao AK, Walters M, Hall J, Guymon C, Garden R, Sturdy P, et al. (2018). "Outbreak of Botulism Due to Illicit Prison-Brewed Alcohol: Public Health Response to a Serious and Recurrent Problem". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 66 (suppl_1): S85–S91. doi:10.1093/cid/cix936. JSTOR 26524925. PMID 29293937.
Marlow M, Edwards L, McCrickard L, Francois Watkins LK, Anderson J, Hand S, et al. (24 August 2021). "Mild Botulism From Illicitly Brewed Alcohol in a Large Prison Outbreak in Mississippi". Frontiers in Public Health. 9. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.716615. PMC 8421542. PMID 34504830.
You G, Khan A, Shor J, Forester GP (2016). "Rapidly Progressive Muscle Paralysis and Acute Respiratory Failure Following Endoscopic Botulinum Toxin Injection". ACG Case Reports Journal. 3 (1): e166. doi:10.14309/crj.2016.139. PMC 5126502. PMID 27921065.
Maslanka SE, Lúquez C, Dykes JK, Tepp WH, Pier CL, Pellett S, et al. (February 2016). "A Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin, Previously Reported as Serotype H, Has a Hybrid-Like Structure With Regions of Similarity to the Structures of Serotypes A and F and Is Neutralized With Serotype A Antitoxin". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 213 (3): 379–85. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv327. PMC 4704661. PMID 26068781.
Ward BQ, Carroll BJ, Garrett ES, Reese GB (May 1967). "Survey of the U.S. Gulf Coast for the presence of Clostridium botulinum". Applied Microbiology. 15 (3): 629–36. doi:10.1128/aem.15.3.629-636.1967. PMC 546991. PMID 5340653.
Tighe AP, Schiavo G (June 2013). "Botulinum neurotoxins: Mechanism of action". Toxicon. 67: 87–93. Bibcode:2013Txcn...67...87T. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.011. PMID 23201505.
Arnon SS, Midura TF, Damus K, Thompson B, Wood RM, Chin J (February 1979). "Honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism". The Journal of Pediatrics. 94 (2): 331–6. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(79)80863-X. PMID 368301.
Anderson NM, Larkin JW, Cole MB, Skinner GE, Whiting RC, Gorris LG, et al. (1 November 2011). "Food Safety Objective Approach for Controlling Clostridium botulinum Growth and Toxin Production in Commercially Sterile Foods". Journal of Food Protection. 74 (11): 1956–1989. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-082. ISSN 0362-028X.
Christiansen LN, Johnston RW, Kautter DA, Howard JW, Aunan WJ (March 1973). "Effect of nitrite and nitrate on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum and on nitrosamine formation in perishable canned comminuted cured meat". Applied Microbiology. 25 (3): 357–62. doi:10.1128/AEM.25.3.357-362.1973. PMC 380811. PMID 4572891.
Lee S, Lee H, Kim S, Lee J, Ha J, Choi Y, et al. (August 2018). "Microbiological safety of processed meat products formulated with low nitrite concentration — A review". Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 31 (8): 1073–1077. doi:10.5713/ajas.17.0675. PMC 6043430. PMID 29531192.
Seward RA, Deibel RH, Lindsay RC (November 1982). "Effects of potassium sorbate and other antibotulinal agents on germination and outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum type E spores in microcultures". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 44 (5): 1212–1221. Bibcode:1982ApEnM..44.1212S. doi:10.1128/AEM.44.5.1212-1221.1982. PMC 242170. PMID 6758699.
Sofos JN, Busta FF, Bhothipaksa K, Allen CE, Robach MC, Paquette MW (September 1980). "Effects of various concentrations of sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate on Clostridium botulinum toxin production in commercially prepared bacon". Journal of Food Science. 45 (5): 1285–1292. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb06539.x.
Linton M, Connolly M, Houston L, Patterson MF (March 2014). "The control of Clostridium botulinum during extended storage of pressure-treated, cooked chicken". Food Control. 37: 104–108. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.042.
Alnoman M, Udompijitkul P, Paredes-Sabja D, Sarker MR (June 2015). "The inhibitory effects of sorbate and benzoate against Clostridium perfringens type A isolates". Food Microbiology. 48: 89–98. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2014.12.007.
Webb RP, Smith LA (May 2013). "What next for botulism vaccine development?". Expert Review of Vaccines. 12 (5): 481–492. doi:10.1586/erv.13.37. PMID 23659297.
Sundeen G, Barbieri JT (September 2017). "Vaccines against Botulism". Toxins. 9 (9): 268. doi:10.3390/toxins9090268. PMC 5618201. PMID 28869493.
O'Horo JC, Harper EP, El Rafei A, Ali R, DeSimone DC, Sakusic A, et al. (2018). "Efficacy of Antitoxin Therapy in Treating Patients With Foodborne Botulism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cases, 1923–2016". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 66 (suppl_1): S43–S56. doi:10.1093/cid/cix815. PMC 5850555. PMID 29293927.
Vanella de Cuetos EE, Fernandez RA, Bianco MI, Sartori OJ, Piovano ML, Lúquez C, et al. (November 2011). "Equine botulinum antitoxin for the treatment of infant botulism". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 18 (11): 1845–9. doi:10.1128/CVI.05261-11. PMC 3209035. PMID 21918119.
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Maslanka SE, Jewell NP, Hatheway CL (February 2006). "Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (5): 462–71. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051926. PMID 16452558.
Chalk CH, Benstead TJ, Pound JD, Keezer MR (17 April 2019). "Medical treatment for botulism". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4) CD008123. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008123.pub4. PMC 6468196. PMID 30993666.
Yu PA, Lin NH, Mahon BE, Sobel J, Yu Y, Mody RK, et al. (2018). "Safety and Improved Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated With New Equine-Derived Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 66 (suppl_1): S57–S64. doi:10.1093/cid/cix816. PMC 5866099. PMID 29293928.
Sobel J, Tucker N, Sulka A, McLaughlin J, Maslanka S (September 2004). "Foodborne botulism in the United States, 1990–2000". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (9). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1606–1611. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030745. PMC 3320287. PMID 15498163.
Passaro DJ, Werner SB, McGee J, Mac Kenzie WR, Vugia DJ (March 1998). "Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug users". JAMA. 279 (11): 859–863. doi:10.1001/jama.279.11.859. PMID 9516001.
Terranova W, Breman JG, Locey RP, Speck S (August 1978). "Botulism type B: epidemiologic aspects of an extensive outbreak". American Journal of Epidemiology. 108 (2): 150–6. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112599. PMID 707476.
Angulo FJ, Getz J, Taylor JP, Hendricks KA, Hatheway CL, Barth SS, et al. (July 1998). "A large outbreak of botulism: the hazardous baked potato". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 178 (1): 172–7. doi:10.1086/515615. PMID 9652437.
O'Mahony M, Mitchell E, Gilbert RJ, Hutchinson DN, Begg NT, Rodhouse JC, et al. (June 1990). "An outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with contaminated hazelnut yoghurt". Epidemiology and Infection. 104 (3): 389–95. doi:10.1017/s0950268800047403. PMC 2271776. PMID 2347382.
Ying S, Shuyan C (November 1986). "Botulism in China". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 8 (6): 984–990. doi:10.1093/clinids/8.6.984.
Fu SW, Wang CH (August 2008). "An overview of type E botulism in China". Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. 21 (4): 353–6. Bibcode:2008BioES..21..353F. doi:10.1016/S0895-3988(08)60054-9. PMID 18837301.
Leclair D, Fung J, Isaac-Renton JL, Proulx JF, May-Hadford J, Ellis A, et al. (June 2013). "Foodborne botulism in Canada, 1985–2005". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (6): 961–8. doi:10.3201/eid1906.120873. PMC 3713816. PMID 23735780.
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Anniballi F, Fiore A, Löfström C, Skarin H, Auricchio B, Woudstra C, et al. (September 2013). "Management of Animal Botulism Outbreaks: From Clinical Suspicion to Practical Countermeasures to Prevent or Minimize Outbreaks" (PDF). Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science. 11 (S1): S191–S199. doi:10.1089/bsp.2012.0089. PMID 23971806.

ecfr.gov (Global: 5,707^th place; English: 2,982^nd place)

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fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

"Update of Safety Review of OnabotulinumtoxinA (marketed as Botox/Botox Cosmetic), AbobotulinumtoxinA (marketed as Dysport) and RimabotulinumtoxinB (marketed as Myobloc)". Food and Drug Administration. 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
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"FDA approves first Botulism Antitoxin for use in neutralizing all seven known botulinum nerve toxin serotypes". FDA News Release. U.S. FDA. 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

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"1 dead in botulism outbreak linked to Ohio church potluck". CNNWIRE. CNN. 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.

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"Botulism – Diseases and Conditions – Publications – Public Information – MOHLTC". www.health.gov.on.ca. Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.

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"Botulism fact sheet". Department of Public Health, Western Australia. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2014.

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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University (19 February 2024). "Botulism" (PDF).

infantbotulism.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Arnon SS (2004). "Infant Botulism" (PDF). In Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, Kaplan SL (eds.). Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (5th ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders. pp. 1758–66. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2011.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Rao AK, Walters M, Hall J, Guymon C, Garden R, Sturdy P, et al. (2018). "Outbreak of Botulism Due to Illicit Prison-Brewed Alcohol: Public Health Response to a Serious and Recurrent Problem". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 66 (suppl_1): S85–S91. doi:10.1093/cid/cix936. JSTOR 26524925. PMID 29293937.

kcra.com (Global: low place; English: 6,726^th place)

"Man dies in Sacramento county botulism outbreak from nacho cheese". KCRA. 22 May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.

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"Infant Botulism". kidshealth.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.

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