Bradycardia (English Wikipedia)

Yechiam Ostchega, et al. (24 August 2011). "Resting Pulse Rate Reference Data for Children, Adolescents, and Adults: United States, 1999–2008" (PDF). National Health Statistics Reports. Centers for Disease Control. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2018.

cedars-sinai.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Articles". Cedars-Sinai. Retrieved 1 July 2026.

clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,922^nd place)

my.clevelandclinic.org

"Cleveland Clinic - Sinus Bradycardia".

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Rijnbeek PR, van Herpen G, Bots ML, et al. (2014). "Normal values of the electrocardiogram for ages 16-90 years". Journal of Electrocardiology. 47 (6): 914–921. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.07.022. hdl:1887/117357. PMID 25194872.
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. (August 2019). "2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. 140 (8): e382–e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628. PMID 30586772.
Sidhu S, Marine JE (July 2020). "Evaluating and managing bradycardia". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 30 (5): 265–272. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.07.001. PMID 31311698.
Menozzi C, Brignole M, Alboni P, et al. (November 1998). "The natural course of untreated sick sinus syndrome and identification of the variables predictive of unfavorable outcome". The American Journal of Cardiology. 82 (10): 1205–1209. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00605-5. PMID 9832095.
Kurian T, Ambrosi C, Hucker W, et al. (June 2010). "Anatomy and electrophysiology of the human AV node". Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 33 (6): 754–762. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02699.x. PMC 2889145. PMID 20180918.
Bryan G, Ward A, Rippe JM (April 1992). "Athletic heart syndrome". Clinics in Sports Medicine. 11 (2). Elsevier: 259–272. doi:10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30529-9. PMID 1591784.
Egas D, Rodriguez F, Jaswal A, et al. (December 2023). "Burden of bradycardia and barriers to accessing bradycardia therapy in underserved countries". European Heart Journal Supplements. 25 (Suppl H): H1–H17. doi:10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad125. ISSN 1520-765X. PMC 10689927. PMID 38046890.
John RM, Kumar S (May 2016). "Sinus Node and Atrial Arrhythmias". Circulation. 133 (19): 1892–1900. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.018011. PMID 27166347.
Clark BA, Prystowsky EN (December 2021). "Electrocardiography of Atrioventricular Block". Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics. 13 (4): 599–605. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2021.07.001. PMID 34689889. S2CID 239091592.
Aro AL, Anttonen O, Kerola T, et al. (January 2014). "Prognostic significance of prolonged PR interval in the general population". European Heart Journal. 35 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht176. PMID 23677846.
Adams MG, Pelter MM (September 2003). "Ventricular escape rhythms". American Journal of Critical Care. 12 (5): 477–478. doi:10.4037/ajcc2003.12.5.477. PMID 14503433.
Doyen M, Hernández AI, Flamant C, et al. (18 May 2021). "Early bradycardia detection and therapeutic interventions in preterm infant monitoring". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 10486. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1110486D. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89468-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8131388. PMID 34006917.
Bonnet D, Martin D, Villain E, et al. (November 1999). "Arrhythmias and conduction defects as presenting symptoms of fatty acid oxidation disorders in children". Circulation. 100 (22): 2248–2253. doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.22.2248. PMID 10577999.
Ufberg JW, Clark JS (February 2006). "Bradydysrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction blocks". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 24 (1): 1–9, v. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.08.006. PMID 16308110.
Miller MB (May 1998). "Arrhythmias associated with drug toxicity". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 16 (2): 405–417. doi:10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70009-2. PMID 9621850.
Dominic P, Ahmad J, Awwab H, et al. (January 2022). "Stimulant Drugs of Abuse and Cardiac Arrhythmias". Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 15 (1) e010273. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.121.010273. PMC 8766923. PMID 34961335.
Sharma J, Rathnayaka N, Green C, et al. (2016). "Bradycardia as a Marker of Chronic Cocaine Use: A Novel Cardiovascular Finding". Behav Med. 42 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1080/08964289.2014.897931. PMC 4162850. PMID 24621090.
Franklin SM, Thihalolipavan S, Fontaine JM (May 2017). "Sinus Bradycardia in Habitual Cocaine Users". Am J Cardiol. 119 (10): 1611–1615. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.02.018. PMID 28341362.
Panneton WM (September 2013). "The mammalian diving response: an enigmatic reflex to preserve life?". Physiology. 28 (5): 284–297. doi:10.1152/physiol.00020.2013. PMC 3768097. PMID 23997188.
Douedi S, Mararenko A, Alshami A, et al. (August 2021). "COVID-19 induced bradyarrhythmia and relative bradycardia: An overview". J Arrhythm. 37 (4): 888–892. doi:10.1002/joa3.12578. PMC 8339085. PMID 34386113.
Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, et al. (November 2010). "Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 122 (18 Suppl 3): S729–S767. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988. PMID 20956224.
Ling CA, Crouch MA (1998). "Theophylline for chronic symptomatic bradycardia in the elderly". Ann Pharmacother. 32 (7–8): 837–839. doi:10.1345/aph.17463. PMID 9681101.
Northcote RJ (May 1987). "The clinical significance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity". Int J Cardiol. 15 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1016/0167-5273(87)90309-3. PMID 2884187.
Mangrum JM, DiMarco JP (March 2000). "The evaluation and management of bradycardia". N Engl J Med. 342 (10): 703–709. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003093421006. PMID 10706901.
Jaillon P (September 1990). "Relevance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity for beta blockers". Am J Cardiol. 66 (9): 21C–23C. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)90758-s. PMID 1977302.
de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, et al. (November 2015). "Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2): S526–S542. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000266. PMC 6191296. PMID 26473000.
Atkins DL, Berger S, Duff JP, et al. (November 2015). "Part 11: Pediatric Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2): S519–S525. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000265. PMID 26472999.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Yechiam Ostchega, et al. (24 August 2011). "Resting Pulse Rate Reference Data for Children, Adolescents, and Adults: United States, 1999–2008" (PDF). National Health Statistics Reports. Centers for Disease Control. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2018.

guinnessworldrecords.com (Global: 873^rd place; English: 697^th place)

"Lowest heart rate". Guinness World Records. 11 August 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2015.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Rijnbeek PR, van Herpen G, Bots ML, et al. (2014). "Normal values of the electrocardiogram for ages 16-90 years". Journal of Electrocardiology. 47 (6): 914–921. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.07.022. hdl:1887/117357. PMID 25194872.

lecturio.com (Global: low place; English: 5,784^th place)

"Bradyarrhythmias". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 5 July 2021.

medscape.com (Global: 1,078^th place; English: 916^th place)

emedicine.medscape.com

Kantharia BK (25 August 2025). "Sinus Node Dysfunction". Medscape. Retrieved 13 November 2025.

merck.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders". The Merck Manuals: Online Medical Library. Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp. January 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2009.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

Lovgren S (20 August 2004). "Olympic Gold Begins With Good Genes, Experts Say". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2014.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hafeez Y, Grossman SA (9 August 2021). "Sinus bradycardia". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29630253. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
Rijnbeek PR, van Herpen G, Bots ML, et al. (2014). "Normal values of the electrocardiogram for ages 16-90 years". Journal of Electrocardiology. 47 (6): 914–921. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.07.022. hdl:1887/117357. PMID 25194872.
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. (August 2019). "2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. 140 (8): e382–e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628. PMID 30586772.
Sidhu S, Marine JE (July 2020). "Evaluating and managing bradycardia". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 30 (5): 265–272. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.07.001. PMID 31311698.
Menozzi C, Brignole M, Alboni P, et al. (November 1998). "The natural course of untreated sick sinus syndrome and identification of the variables predictive of unfavorable outcome". The American Journal of Cardiology. 82 (10): 1205–1209. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00605-5. PMID 9832095.
Ye F, Hatahet M, Youniss MA, et al. (June 2018). "The Clinical Significance of Relative Bradycardia". WMJ. 117 (2): 73–78. PMID 30048576.
Kurian T, Ambrosi C, Hucker W, et al. (June 2010). "Anatomy and electrophysiology of the human AV node". Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 33 (6): 754–762. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02699.x. PMC 2889145. PMID 20180918.
Bryan G, Ward A, Rippe JM (April 1992). "Athletic heart syndrome". Clinics in Sports Medicine. 11 (2). Elsevier: 259–272. doi:10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30529-9. PMID 1591784.
Egas D, Rodriguez F, Jaswal A, et al. (December 2023). "Burden of bradycardia and barriers to accessing bradycardia therapy in underserved countries". European Heart Journal Supplements. 25 (Suppl H): H1–H17. doi:10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad125. ISSN 1520-765X. PMC 10689927. PMID 38046890.
John RM, Kumar S (May 2016). "Sinus Node and Atrial Arrhythmias". Circulation. 133 (19): 1892–1900. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.018011. PMID 27166347.
Clark BA, Prystowsky EN (December 2021). "Electrocardiography of Atrioventricular Block". Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics. 13 (4): 599–605. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2021.07.001. PMID 34689889. S2CID 239091592.
Aro AL, Anttonen O, Kerola T, et al. (January 2014). "Prognostic significance of prolonged PR interval in the general population". European Heart Journal. 35 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht176. PMID 23677846.
Adams MG, Pelter MM (September 2003). "Ventricular escape rhythms". American Journal of Critical Care. 12 (5): 477–478. doi:10.4037/ajcc2003.12.5.477. PMID 14503433.
Doyen M, Hernández AI, Flamant C, et al. (18 May 2021). "Early bradycardia detection and therapeutic interventions in preterm infant monitoring". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 10486. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1110486D. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89468-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8131388. PMID 34006917.
Bonnet D, Martin D, Villain E, et al. (November 1999). "Arrhythmias and conduction defects as presenting symptoms of fatty acid oxidation disorders in children". Circulation. 100 (22): 2248–2253. doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.22.2248. PMID 10577999.
Ufberg JW, Clark JS (February 2006). "Bradydysrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction blocks". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 24 (1): 1–9, v. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.08.006. PMID 16308110.
Miller MB (May 1998). "Arrhythmias associated with drug toxicity". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 16 (2): 405–417. doi:10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70009-2. PMID 9621850.
Dominic P, Ahmad J, Awwab H, et al. (January 2022). "Stimulant Drugs of Abuse and Cardiac Arrhythmias". Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 15 (1) e010273. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.121.010273. PMC 8766923. PMID 34961335.
Sharma J, Rathnayaka N, Green C, et al. (2016). "Bradycardia as a Marker of Chronic Cocaine Use: A Novel Cardiovascular Finding". Behav Med. 42 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1080/08964289.2014.897931. PMC 4162850. PMID 24621090.
Franklin SM, Thihalolipavan S, Fontaine JM (May 2017). "Sinus Bradycardia in Habitual Cocaine Users". Am J Cardiol. 119 (10): 1611–1615. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.02.018. PMID 28341362.
Panneton WM (September 2013). "The mammalian diving response: an enigmatic reflex to preserve life?". Physiology. 28 (5): 284–297. doi:10.1152/physiol.00020.2013. PMC 3768097. PMID 23997188.
Douedi S, Mararenko A, Alshami A, et al. (August 2021). "COVID-19 induced bradyarrhythmia and relative bradycardia: An overview". J Arrhythm. 37 (4): 888–892. doi:10.1002/joa3.12578. PMC 8339085. PMID 34386113.
Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, et al. (November 2010). "Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 122 (18 Suppl 3): S729–S767. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988. PMID 20956224.
Ling CA, Crouch MA (1998). "Theophylline for chronic symptomatic bradycardia in the elderly". Ann Pharmacother. 32 (7–8): 837–839. doi:10.1345/aph.17463. PMID 9681101.
Northcote RJ (May 1987). "The clinical significance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity". Int J Cardiol. 15 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1016/0167-5273(87)90309-3. PMID 2884187.
Mangrum JM, DiMarco JP (March 2000). "The evaluation and management of bradycardia". N Engl J Med. 342 (10): 703–709. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003093421006. PMID 10706901.
Jaillon P (September 1990). "Relevance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity for beta blockers". Am J Cardiol. 66 (9): 21C–23C. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)90758-s. PMID 1977302.
de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, et al. (November 2015). "Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2): S526–S542. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000266. PMC 6191296. PMID 26473000.
Atkins DL, Berger S, Duff JP, et al. (November 2015). "Part 11: Pediatric Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2): S519–S525. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000265. PMID 26472999.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hafeez Y, Grossman SA (9 August 2021). "Sinus bradycardia". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29630253. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
Kurian T, Ambrosi C, Hucker W, et al. (June 2010). "Anatomy and electrophysiology of the human AV node". Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 33 (6): 754–762. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02699.x. PMC 2889145. PMID 20180918.
Egas D, Rodriguez F, Jaswal A, et al. (December 2023). "Burden of bradycardia and barriers to accessing bradycardia therapy in underserved countries". European Heart Journal Supplements. 25 (Suppl H): H1–H17. doi:10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad125. ISSN 1520-765X. PMC 10689927. PMID 38046890.
Doyen M, Hernández AI, Flamant C, et al. (18 May 2021). "Early bradycardia detection and therapeutic interventions in preterm infant monitoring". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 10486. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1110486D. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89468-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8131388. PMID 34006917.
Dominic P, Ahmad J, Awwab H, et al. (January 2022). "Stimulant Drugs of Abuse and Cardiac Arrhythmias". Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 15 (1) e010273. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.121.010273. PMC 8766923. PMID 34961335.
Sharma J, Rathnayaka N, Green C, et al. (2016). "Bradycardia as a Marker of Chronic Cocaine Use: A Novel Cardiovascular Finding". Behav Med. 42 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1080/08964289.2014.897931. PMC 4162850. PMID 24621090.
Panneton WM (September 2013). "The mammalian diving response: an enigmatic reflex to preserve life?". Physiology. 28 (5): 284–297. doi:10.1152/physiol.00020.2013. PMC 3768097. PMID 23997188.
Douedi S, Mararenko A, Alshami A, et al. (August 2021). "COVID-19 induced bradyarrhythmia and relative bradycardia: An overview". J Arrhythm. 37 (4): 888–892. doi:10.1002/joa3.12578. PMC 8339085. PMID 34386113.
de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, et al. (November 2015). "Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2): S526–S542. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000266. PMC 6191296. PMID 26473000.

normalecg.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rijnbeek PR (2012). "Normal ECG values". Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Mangrum JM, DiMarco JP (March 2000). "The evaluation and management of bradycardia". N Engl J Med. 342 (10): 703–709. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003093421006. PMID 10706901.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Clark BA, Prystowsky EN (December 2021). "Electrocardiography of Atrioventricular Block". Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics. 13 (4): 599–605. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2021.07.001. PMID 34689889. S2CID 239091592.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Lovgren S (20 August 2004). "Olympic Gold Begins With Good Genes, Experts Say". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2014.

webmd.com (Global: 2,056^th place; English: 1,884^th place)

"What is Bradycardia?". WebMD. Retrieved 5 July 2021.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Egas D, Rodriguez F, Jaswal A, et al. (December 2023). "Burden of bradycardia and barriers to accessing bradycardia therapy in underserved countries". European Heart Journal Supplements. 25 (Suppl H): H1–H17. doi:10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad125. ISSN 1520-765X. PMC 10689927. PMID 38046890.
Doyen M, Hernández AI, Flamant C, et al. (18 May 2021). "Early bradycardia detection and therapeutic interventions in preterm infant monitoring". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 10486. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1110486D. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89468-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8131388. PMID 34006917.

worldrecordacademy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Slowest heart rate: Daniel Green breaks Guinness World Records record". World Record Academy. 29 November 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2015.

Bradycardia (English Wikipedia)

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medscape.com (Global: 1,078th place; English: 916th place)

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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,922^nd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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lecturio.com (Global: low place; English: 5,784^th place)

medscape.com (Global: 1,078^th place; English: 916^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

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researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

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web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

webmd.com (Global: 2,056^th place; English: 1,884^th place)

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