Brass (English Wikipedia)

"Admiralty Brass: Composition, Properties, and Applications". Admiralty Industries. Admiralty Industries Corporation. 24 May 2025. Retrieved 6 June 2026.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Bradley, A. J.; Thewlis, J. (1 October 1926). "The Structure of γ-Brass". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 112 (762): 678–692. Bibcode:1926RSPSA.112..678B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1926.0134.
Ponting, M. (2002). "Roman Military Copper Alloy Artefacts from Israel: Questions of Organisation and Ethnicity" (PDF). Archaeometry. 44 (4): 555–571. Bibcode:2002Archa..44..555P. doi:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00086.
Rehren, T (1999). "Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (8): 1083–1087. Bibcode:1999JArSc..26.1083R. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0402. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

alcobrametals.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Brass Product Guide".

appliancemagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"355 Copper Alloys Now Approved by EPA as Antimicrobial". Appliance Magazine. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.

aquafax.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Print Layout 1 Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) . Retrieved on 9 December 2011.

archaeology.org (Global: 4,349^th place; English: 3,410^th place)

Jessica E. Saraceni (7 January 2015). "Unusual Metal Recovered from Ancient Greek Shipwreck – Archaeology Magazine". archaeology.org.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Bearings and bearing metals. The Industrial Press. 1921. p. 29.
M. F. Ashby; Kara Johnson (2002). Materials and design: the art and science of material selection in product design. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-7506-5554-5. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Ammen, C. W. (2000). Metalcasting. McGraw–Hill Professional. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-07-134246-9.

ashmolean.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A BRASS MANILLA FROM WEST AFRICA". www.ashmolean.org. Retrieved 28 December 2025.

australwright.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"70/30 Arsinical Brass Alloy 259, UNS-C26130". Austral Wright Metals. 2021. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

avivametals.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"C48500 Naval Brass "High Leaded"". Aviva Metals. 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Frederick James Camm (1949). Newnes Engineer's Reference Book. George Newnes. p. 594.
Metals in America's Historic Buildings: Uses and Preservation Treatments. U.S. Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Technical Preservation Services. 1980. p. 119.
Scott, David A. (2002). Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation. Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892366385.
Joseph R. Davis (1 January 2001). Copper and Copper Alloys. ASM International. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-87170-726-0.
Surveying Yachts and Small Craft. Adlard Coles. 2011. p. 125. ISBN 9781408114032. Beware of through hull fittings and tailpipes, or any other component in the assembly, made of TONVAL. This is basically brass and totally unsuitable for use below the waterline due to its tendency to dezincify and disintegrate
Chen, Hailian (3 December 2018). Zinc for Coin and Brass: Bureaucrats, Merchants, Artisans, and Mining Laborers in Qing China, ca. 1680s–1830s. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-38304-3.
Humphreys, Henry Noel (1897). The Coin Collector's Manual: Comprising an Historical and Critical Account of the Origin and Progress of Coinage, from the Earliest Period to the Fall of the Roman Empire; with Some Account of the Coinages of Modern Europe, More Especially of Great Brit. Bell.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Gunmetal | metallurgy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

britishmuseum.org (Global: 1,421^st place; English: 1,087^th place)

"copper alloy (Scope note)". British Museum. The term copper alloy should be searched for full retrievals on objects made of bronze or brass. This is because bronze and brass have at times been used interchangeably in the old documentation, and copper alloy is the Broad Term of both. In addition, the public may refer to certain collections by their popular name, such as 'The Benin Bronzes' most of which are actually made of brass.
"The Ife Head" Archived 20 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine on the British Museum collection database. Accessed 26 May 2014

ca.gov (Global: 352^nd place; English: 167^th place)

ag.ca.gov

News & Alerts – California Dept. of Justice – Office of the Attorney General. 12 October 1999. Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine,
News & Alerts – California Dept. of Justice – Office of the Attorney General. 27 April 2001. Archived 2008-10-26 at the Wayback Machine

info.sen.ca.gov

AB 1953 Assembly Bill – Bill Analysis Archived 25 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Info.sen.ca.gov. Retrieved on 9 December 2011.

dtsc.ca.gov

Requirements for Low Lead Plumbing Products in California Archived 2 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Fact Sheet, Department of Toxic Substances Control, State of California, February 2009

ccohs.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hand Tools – Non-sparking tools". Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2022.

copper.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Red Brass/Gunmetals". Copper.org. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
"Copper in the Arts Magazine – August 2007: The Art of Brass Instruments". Copper.org. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
"The Presidential Dollars". Copper Development Association. April 2007.

coppercanada.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Noyce, J. O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C. W. (2006). "Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment" (PDF). Journal of Hospital Infection. 63 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.12.008. PMID 16650507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012.

copperinfo.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Copper Development Association. "Pub 117 The Brasses – Properties & Applications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.

coppertouchsurfaces.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"TouchSurfaces Clinical Trials: Home". coppertouchsurfaces.org.

discovery.com (Global: 2,064^th place; English: 1,414^th place)

news.discovery.com

"Atlantis' Legendary Metal Found in Shipwreck". DNews. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Campbell, Murray; Gilbert, Joël; Myers, Arnold (2021). "The Science of Brass Instruments". Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55686-0. ISSN 2364-4915.
Noyce, J. O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C. W. (2006). "Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment" (PDF). Journal of Hospital Infection. 63 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.12.008. PMID 16650507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012.
Schmidt, MG (2011). "Copper surfaces in the ICU reduced the relative risk of acquiring an infection while hospitalized". BMC Proceedings. 5 (Suppl 6) O53. doi:10.1186/1753-6561-5-S6-O53. PMC 3239467.
Espίrito Santo, Christopher; Taudte, Nadine; Nies, Dietrich H.; and Grass, Gregor (2007). "Contribution of copper ion resistance to survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper surfaces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (4): 977–86. doi:10.1128/AEM.01938-07. PMC 2258564. PMID 18156321.
Santo, C. E.; Lam, E. W.; Elowsky, C. G.; Quaranta, D.; Domaille, D. W.; Chang, C. J.; Grass, G. (2010). "Bacterial Killing by Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (3): 794–802. doi:10.1128/AEM.01599-10. PMC 3028699. PMID 21148701.
Bradley, A. J.; Thewlis, J. (1 October 1926). "The Structure of γ-Brass". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 112 (762): 678–692. Bibcode:1926RSPSA.112..678B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1926.0134.
Craddock, P. T. (1978). "The Composition of Copper Alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Civilisations: 3 The Origins and Early Use of Brass". Journal of Archaeological Science. 5: 1–16 (8). doi:10.1016/0305-4403(78)90015-8.
Craddock, P. T.; Cowell, M.; Stead, I. (2004). "Britain's first brass". Antiquaries Journal. 84: 339–46. doi:10.1017/S000358150004587X. S2CID 163717910.
Ponting, M. (2002). "Roman Military Copper Alloy Artefacts from Israel: Questions of Organisation and Ethnicity" (PDF). Archaeometry. 44 (4): 555–571. Bibcode:2002Archa..44..555P. doi:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00086.
Rehren, T (1999). "Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (8): 1083–1087. Bibcode:1999JArSc..26.1083R. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0402. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Ponting, M. (1999). "East Meets West in Post-Classical Bet'shan'". Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (10): 1311–1321. doi:10.1006/jasc.1998.0373.

epa.gov (Global: 961^st place; English: 595^th place)

cfpub.epa.gov

Stagnation Time, Composition, pH, and Orthophosphate Effects on Metal Leaching from Brass. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1996. p. 7. EPA/600/R-96/103. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.

epa.gov

"EPA registers copper-containing alloy products" Archived 29 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, May 2008

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

"Specifications" (PDF). Metal Alloys Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
Ponting, M. (2002). "Keeping up with the Roman Romanisation and Copper Alloys in First Revolt Palestine" (PDF). IAMS. 22: 3–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

hoffmanmint.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Custom Tokens". Hoffman Mint. Retrieved 26 October 2025.

inist.fr (Global: 3,275^th place; English: 4,190^th place)

cat.inist.fr

Dungworth, D. & White, H. (2007). "Scientific examination of zinc-distillation remains from Warmley, Bristol". Historical Metallurgy. 41: 77–83.

kormax.co.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"464 Naval Brass (Tobin Bronze)". Kormax Engineering Supplies. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2017.

lasvegassun.com (Global: 1,505^th place; English: 719^th place)

Jeff Pope (23 February 2009). "Plumbing problems may continue to grow". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ... Red brass typically has 5 percent to 10 percent zinc ...

liv.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ponting, M. (2002). "Roman Military Copper Alloy Artefacts from Israel: Questions of Organisation and Ethnicity" (PDF). Archaeometry. 44 (4): 555–571. Bibcode:2002Archa..44..555P. doi:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00086.
Ponting, M. (2002). "Keeping up with the Roman Romanisation and Copper Alloys in First Revolt Palestine" (PDF). IAMS. 22: 3–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

matweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Aluminum Brass Arsenical, UNS C68700". MatWeb. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

metalalloyscorporation.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Specifications" (PDF). Metal Alloys Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2021.

nationalbronze.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is Naval Brass?". National Bronze Manufacturing. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Noyce, J. O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C. W. (2006). "Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment" (PDF). Journal of Hospital Infection. 63 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.12.008. PMID 16650507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012.
Espίrito Santo, Christopher; Taudte, Nadine; Nies, Dietrich H.; and Grass, Gregor (2007). "Contribution of copper ion resistance to survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper surfaces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (4): 977–86. doi:10.1128/AEM.01938-07. PMC 2258564. PMID 18156321.
Santo, C. E.; Lam, E. W.; Elowsky, C. G.; Quaranta, D.; Domaille, D. W.; Chang, C. J.; Grass, G. (2010). "Bacterial Killing by Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (3): 794–802. doi:10.1128/AEM.01599-10. PMC 3028699. PMID 21148701.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Schmidt, MG (2011). "Copper surfaces in the ICU reduced the relative risk of acquiring an infection while hospitalized". BMC Proceedings. 5 (Suppl 6) O53. doi:10.1186/1753-6561-5-S6-O53. PMC 3239467.
Espίrito Santo, Christopher; Taudte, Nadine; Nies, Dietrich H.; and Grass, Gregor (2007). "Contribution of copper ion resistance to survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper surfaces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (4): 977–86. doi:10.1128/AEM.01938-07. PMC 2258564. PMID 18156321.
Santo, C. E.; Lam, E. W.; Elowsky, C. G.; Quaranta, D.; Domaille, D. W.; Chang, C. J.; Grass, G. (2010). "Bacterial Killing by Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (3): 794–802. doi:10.1128/AEM.01599-10. PMC 3028699. PMID 21148701.

npi.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

National Pollutant Inventory – Copper and compounds fact sheet Archived 2 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Npi.gov.au. Retrieved on 9 December 2011.

oceanfootprint.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Brass". Ocean Footprint. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

oxforddictionaries.com (Global: 1,689^th place; English: 1,562^nd place)

"orichalc – definition of orichalc in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015.

rubinc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Corrosion-Resistant (DZR or CR) Brass For Harsh Environments". RuB Inc. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

safarmer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Thornton, C. P. (2007) "Of brass and bronze in prehistoric southwest Asia" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine in La Niece, S. Hook, D. and Craddock, P.T. (eds.) Metals and mines: Studies in archaeometallurgy London: Archetype Publications. ISBN 1-904982-19-0

sciencelinks.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

Zhou Weirong (2001). "The Emergence and Development of Brass Smelting Techniques in China". Bulletin of the Metals Museum of the Japan Institute of Metals. 34: 87–98. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Craddock, P. T.; Cowell, M.; Stead, I. (2004). "Britain's first brass". Antiquaries Journal. 84: 339–46. doi:10.1017/S000358150004587X. S2CID 163717910.

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

africa.si.edu

"The Artistry of African Currency". africa.si.edu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2025.

simetric.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Walker, Roger. "Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Different Metals". Density of Materials. United Kingdom: SImetric.co.uk. Retrieved 9 January 2009. brass – casting, 8400–8700... brass – rolled and drawn, 8430–8730

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

Campbell, Murray; Gilbert, Joël; Myers, Arnold (2021). "The Science of Brass Instruments". Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55686-0. ISSN 2364-4915.

suppliersonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"C23000 Copper Alloys (Red Brass, C230) Material Property Data Sheet". Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

thefabricator.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Michel, James H.; Moran, Wilton; Michels, Harold; Estelle, Adam A. (20 June 2011). "Antimicrobial copper displaces stainless steel, germs for medical applications: Alloys have natural germ-killing properties". Tube and Pipe Journal.

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

Bell, Terence. "Here's Why Alloys Can Change the Properties of Brass". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 28 January 2021.

ucl.ac.uk (Global: 1,187^th place; English: 756^th place)

Rehren, T (1999). "Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (8): 1083–1087. Bibcode:1999JArSc..26.1083R. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0402. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

utoledo.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202".

vol.at (Global: 7,040^th place; English: low place)

members.vol.at

Kuhn, Phyllis J. (1983). "Doorknobs: A Source of Nosocomial Infection?" Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Diagnostic Medicine

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Copper Development Association. "Pub 117 The Brasses – Properties & Applications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
"Is Brass Magnetic? What Is Magnetic Brass?". Scrap Metal Junkie. 1 January 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
Stagnation Time, Composition, pH, and Orthophosphate Effects on Metal Leaching from Brass. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1996. p. 7. EPA/600/R-96/103. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
News & Alerts – California Dept. of Justice – Office of the Attorney General. 12 October 1999. Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine,
News & Alerts – California Dept. of Justice – Office of the Attorney General. 27 April 2001. Archived 2008-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
AB 1953 Assembly Bill – Bill Analysis Archived 25 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Info.sen.ca.gov. Retrieved on 9 December 2011.
Requirements for Low Lead Plumbing Products in California Archived 2 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Fact Sheet, Department of Toxic Substances Control, State of California, February 2009
"EPA registers copper-containing alloy products" Archived 29 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, May 2008
Noyce, J. O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C. W. (2006). "Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment" (PDF). Journal of Hospital Infection. 63 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.12.008. PMID 16650507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012.
"355 Copper Alloys Now Approved by EPA as Antimicrobial". Appliance Magazine. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
Kuhn, Phyllis J. (1983). "Doorknobs: A Source of Nosocomial Infection?" Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Diagnostic Medicine
"70/30 Arsinical Brass Alloy 259, UNS-C26130". Austral Wright Metals. 2021. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
"464 Naval Brass (Tobin Bronze)". Kormax Engineering Supplies. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
"C48500 Naval Brass "High Leaded"". Aviva Metals. 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
National Pollutant Inventory – Copper and compounds fact sheet Archived 2 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Npi.gov.au. Retrieved on 9 December 2011.
"C23000 Copper Alloys (Red Brass, C230) Material Property Data Sheet". Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Print Layout 1 Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) . Retrieved on 9 December 2011.
Thornton, C. P. (2007) "Of brass and bronze in prehistoric southwest Asia" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine in La Niece, S. Hook, D. and Craddock, P.T. (eds.) Metals and mines: Studies in archaeometallurgy London: Archetype Publications. ISBN 1-904982-19-0
Zhou Weirong (2001). "The Emergence and Development of Brass Smelting Techniques in China". Bulletin of the Metals Museum of the Japan Institute of Metals. 34: 87–98. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012.
"orichalc – definition of orichalc in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015.
"Atlantis' Legendary Metal Found in Shipwreck". DNews. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Rehren, T (1999). "Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (8): 1083–1087. Bibcode:1999JArSc..26.1083R. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0402. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
"The Ife Head" Archived 20 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine on the British Museum collection database. Accessed 26 May 2014
"The Artistry of African Currency". africa.si.edu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2025.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Campbell, Murray; Gilbert, Joël; Myers, Arnold (2021). "The Science of Brass Instruments". Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55686-0. ISSN 2364-4915.

Brass (English Wikipedia)

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oxforddictionaries.com (Global: 1,689^th place; English: 1,562^nd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

ucl.ac.uk (Global: 1,187^th place; English: 756^th place)

vol.at (Global: 7,040^th place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)