Brutalist architecture (English Wikipedia)

Đorđe, Alfirević & Simonović Alfirević, Sanja: Brutalism in Serbian Architecture: Style or Necessity? Facta Universitatis: Architecture and Civil Engineering (Niš), Vol. 15, No. 3 (2017), pp. 317–331.

ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Silberrad Student Centre, University of Essex". AJ Buildings Library. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

archdaily.com (Global: 5,204^th place; English: 3,606^th place)

"Reclaiming Polish Brutalism: Discover the Emblems of Communism". ArchDaily. 28 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
Goodwin, Dario (22 June 2017). "Spotlight: Alison and Peter Smithson". www.archdaily.com.
James Taylor-Foster (3 August 2015). "London's Brutalist British Library Given 'Listed' Status". Arch Daily.
David Langdon (11 November 2014). "AD Classics: Geisel Library / William L. Pereira & Associates". Arch Daily. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
David Langdon (9 March 2015). "AD Classics: Robarts Library / Warner, Burns, Toan & Lunde". Arch Daily. Retrieved 15 February 2023.

architectural-review.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Johnson, Philip (19 August 1954). "School at Hunstanton, Norfolk, by Alison and Peter Smithson". Architectural Review. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

architecturaldigest.com (Global: 2,086^th place; English: 1,235^th place)

Jessica Cherner (6 April 2022). "The 17 Most Beautiful Brutalist Buildings in the World". Architectural Digest.

architecture.com (Global: low place; English: 9,022^nd place)

"Brutalism". RIBA. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

architecture.live (Global: low place; English: low place)

Paul, Suneet (3 February 2023). "Vietnam: People with Resilience and Grit". ArchitectureLive. Retrieved 14 May 2023.

architectureanddesign.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Editorial Staff. "Brutalist architecture – a retrospective". Architecture and Design. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Jordy, William (1972). The Impact of European Modernism in the Mid-twentieth Century. American Buildings and Their Architects. Vol. 5. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 363. ISBN 0-19-504219-0.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

Harwood, Elain. "The concrete truth? Brutalism can be beautiful". BBC Arts. Retrieved 11 May 2020.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Andy Trigg (3 June 2024). "Uni spends £2m fixing Raac but some halls stay shut". BBC News.
"England's youngest Grade I listed structures". BBC News. 17 July 2017.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

McClelland, Michael, and Graeme Stewart, "Concrete Toronto: A Guide to Concrete Architecture from the Fifties to the Seventies, Coach House Books, 2007, p. 12.
Simon Henley (18 October 2019). "Brickalism". Redefining Brutalism. Routledge. pp. 96 et seq. ISBN 978-1-000-70138-8.
The Rough Guide to London. Penguin. 2016. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-241-25841-5.
Christopher Breward; Fiona Fisher; Ghislaine Wood (22 October 2015). British Design: Tradition and Modernity after 1948. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-1-4742-5622-3.
John Allan (2022). Revaluing Modern Architecture: Changing conservation culture. RIBA Publishing. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-000-56466-2.
Douglas Pocock (2013). The Story of Durham. The History Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-7509-5300-9.
John Allan (2022). "Case Study 4: Dunelm House, Durham". Revaluing Modern Architecture: Changing conservation culture. RIBA Publishing. pp. 113–122. ISBN 978-1-000-56466-2.
Nikolaus Pevsner; Elizabeth Williamson (1983). County Durham. Yale University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-300-09599-6.
Paul Rohan (10 July 2014). The Architecture of Paul Rudolph. Yale University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-300-14939-5.
Millett, Larry (2007). AIA Guide to the Twin Cities. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-87351-540-5.

businessinsider.com (Global: 140^th place; English: 115^th place)

Garfield, Leanna. "The ugliest building in every US state, according to people who live there". Business Insider. Retrieved 13 May 2023.

cam.ac.uk (Global: 670^th place; English: 480^th place)

"Cambridge in Concrete: the boom years of Brutalism". University of Cambridge. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2023.

cbc.ca (Global: 115^th place; English: 82^nd place)

Sciarpelletti, Laura (29 June 2019). "Reflecting on the designs and legacy of architect and urban planner Arthur Erickson". CBC.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

edition.cnn.com

Yalav-Heckeroth, Feride (1 February 2024). "Brutalism, bureaucracy and beauty: Why Turkey's capital city isn't 'gray'". CNN. Retrieved 15 April 2025. And, between 1961 and 1980, the city obtained one of its most important university campuses, the Middle East Technical University, one of Turkey's key works of Brutalist architecture - the modernist style that uses exposed concrete or brick - designed by Behruz and Altuğ Çinici.

concretecentre.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The University of Essex - Silberrad Student Centre and Library Extension". The Concrete Centre. Retrieved 27 February 2025.

curbed.com (Global: 2,477^th place; English: 1,402^nd place)

ny.curbed.com

Plitt, Amy (11 November 2019). "The history of Brutalist architecture in NYC affordable housing". Curbed NY. Retrieved 30 April 2020.

designs.vn (Global: low place; English: low place)

Thuan, Nguyen (23 June 2016). "Ngô Viết Thụ - Người tạo nên biểu tượng Dinh Độc Lập cho Sài Gòn". designs.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 14 May 2023.

dezeen.com (Global: 4,383^rd place; English: 2,734^th place)

Hopkins, Owen (10 September 2014). "The Dezeen guide to Brutalist architecture". Dezeen. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
Jessica Mairs (26 September 2014). "Brutalist buildings: Yale Art and Architecture Building, Connecticut by Paul Rudolph". Dezeen.

digitaltmuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Edman, Bengt (1921–2000)". digitaltmuseum.org. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Vidler, Anthony (October 2011). "Another Brick in the Wall". October. 136: 105–132. doi:10.1162/OCTO_a_00044. JSTOR 23014873. S2CID 57560154.
Heuvel, Dirk van den (4 March 2015). "Between Brutalists. The Banham Hypothesis and the Smithson Way of Life". The Journal of Architecture. 20 (2): 293–308. doi:10.1080/13602365.2015.1027721. ISSN 1360-2365. S2CID 219641726.

durham.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Adrian Green. "Durham's Modern Moment – Creating Human Community in Dunelm House and on Kingsgate Bridge" (PDF). Durham University. Retrieved 25 February 2025.

durhamcity.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"About Town" (PDF). Bulletin. No. 82. City of Durham Trust. Spring 2017. p. 4.

economist.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 236^th place)

"Nasty, brutish and tall – Architecture". The Economist. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2019.

emporis.com (Global: 1,273^rd place; English: 968^th place)

"Genex Tower, Belgrade". EMPORIS. Retrieved 22 July 2017.^{[dead link]}

eveningnews24.co.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,804^th place)

David Hannant (15 February 2025). "What next for the University of East Anglia's ziggurats?". Norwich Evening News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2025.

findarticles.com (Global: 424^th place; English: 310^th place)

"Historian of the Immediate Future: Reyner Banham – Book Review Art Bulletin, The – Find Articles". 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2019.

georgetown.edu (Global: 2,318^th place; English: 1,652^nd place)

library.georgetown.edu

"Eight Things You May (or May Not) Know about Lauinger Library". Georgetown University Library. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
"Love for Lau". Georgetown University Library. Retrieved 13 May 2023.

gq.com (Global: 568^th place; English: 359^th place)

Brad Dunning (29 August 2019). "The 9 Brutalist Wonders of the Architecture World". GQ.

grids-blog.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dutton, John (26 July 2013). "Featured Plan: Smithsons' Golden Lane Project (1952) – GRIDS blog". GRIDS blog. USC School of Architecture. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2017.

ibj.com (Global: low place; English: 7,314^th place)

Trounstine, Philip J. (9 May 1976). "Evans Woollen". [Indianapolis] Star Magazine. Indianapolis, Indiana: 18. See also: "Prominent local architect Woollen Dies at 88". Indianapolis Business Journal. Indianapolis. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2017.

indianapolismonthly.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Megan Fernandez (June 2010). "The Pillar: Evans Woollen". Indianapolis Monthly. Indianapolis, Indiana: 68. Retrieved 18 December 2017. See also: Philip J. Trounstine (9 May 1976). "Evans Woollen: Struggles of a 'Good Architect'". [Indianapolis] Star Magazine. Indianapolis, Indiana: 23.

jacobin.com (Global: low place; English: 6,687^th place)

Felix Torkar (16 August 2025). "Brutalism Is Back". Jacobin.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Vidler, Anthony (October 2011). "Another Brick in the Wall". October. 136: 105–132. doi:10.1162/OCTO_a_00044. JSTOR 23014873. S2CID 57560154.

kathmanduandbeyond.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mark (5 May 2018). "Brutalist and Modernist architecture in Southeast Asia". Kathmandu & Beyond. Retrieved 13 May 2023.

kienviet.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Vũ, Hiệp (13 September 2021). "KTS Garol Isakovich và những công trình thời bao cấp ở Hà Nội – Hội Kiến Trúc Sư Việt Nam". Kiến Việt (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 13 May 2023.

lansstyrelsen.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Villa Göth". www.lansstyrelsen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 April 2020.

medium.com (Global: 551^st place; English: 406^th place)

Banham, Reyner (9 December 1955). "The New Brutalism". Architectural Review. Retrieved 10 October 2018 – via On Architecture.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; English: 191^st place)

"Definition of BRUTALISM". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 11 July 2019.

metu.edu.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

open.metu.edu.tr

Zelef, Mustafa Haluk (1 January 2012). "Brutalism and METU Department of Architecture Building in Ankara". ACEE Architecture Civil Engineering Environment (in Turkish). ISSN 1899-0142.

newhavenmodern.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Historical Resources Inventory: Buildings and Structures: The Pirelli Building, New Haven" (PDF). Connecticut Historical Commission. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

northwestern.edu (Global: 2,302^nd place; English: 1,389^th place)

library.northwestern.edu

"University Library". Northwestern. Retrieved 14 February 2023.

nrmca.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CIP 25 – Corrosion of Steel in Concrete" (PDF). nrmca. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2017.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Snyder, Michael (15 August 2019). "The Unexpectedly Tropical History of Brutalism". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 May 2020.

phaidon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A Movement in a Moment: Brutalism | Architecture | Agenda". Phaidon. Retrieved 11 May 2020.

politika.rs (Global: 1,965^th place; English: 3,351^st place)

Daliborka Mučibabić (8 May 2019). "Архитекте траже заштиту Западне капије" [Architects ask for the protection of the Western Gate]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 15.

pritzkerprize.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Pritzker Architecture Prize". Pritzker Prize. 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.

pwr.edu.pl (Global: low place; English: low place)

architectus.pwr.edu.pl

"Brutalist architecture in Islamic Countries on the example of the Middle East Technical University Campus in Ankara". Politechnika Wrocławska. Retrieved 15 April 2025.

re-thinkingthefuture.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jain, Kripa (13 December 2020). "10 Reasons why architects must visit Vietnam". Rethinking The Future. Retrieved 14 May 2023.

ribaj.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jan-Carlos Kucharek (7 September 2016). "University of Essex". RIBA Journal.

sahistory.org.za (Global: 2,579^th place; English: 1,727^th place)

"Johannesburg the Segregated city". South African History Online. Retrieved 14 February 2023.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Vidler, Anthony (October 2011). "Another Brick in the Wall". October. 136: 105–132. doi:10.1162/OCTO_a_00044. JSTOR 23014873. S2CID 57560154.
Heuvel, Dirk van den (4 March 2015). "Between Brutalists. The Banham Hypothesis and the Smithson Way of Life". The Journal of Architecture. 20 (2): 293–308. doi:10.1080/13602365.2015.1027721. ISSN 1360-2365. S2CID 219641726.

siu.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,567^th place)

cola.siu.edu

"About Faner Hall | College of Liberal Arts | SIU". College of Liberal Arts. Retrieved 9 April 2024.

stanovanje.yolasite.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Centar za stanovanje – Center for Housing". stanovanje.yolasite.com. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

storyofleicester.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"University of Leicester Engineering Building". Story of Leicester. Leicester City Council. Retrieved 25 February 2024.

tapchisonghuong.com.vn (Global: low place; English: low place)

Vũ, Hiệp (19 October 2021). "Isakovich và sự biến đổi kiến trúc Liên Xô ở Việt Nam" [Isakovich and the evolution of Soviet architecture in Vietnam]. Tạp chí Sông Hương. Retrieved 13 May 2023.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

Peter Watts (17 October 2018). "'No other Grade I listed buildings would be treated with such disdain': why Britain's brutalist gems are under threat". The Telegraph.

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

Larsson, Naomi (6 August 2023). "Socialist modernism: remembering the architecture of the eastern bloc". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
Meades, Jonathan (13 February 2014). "The incredible hulks: Jonathan Meades' A-Z of brutalism". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
Rowan Moore (12 February 2017). "Save Dunelm House from the wrecking ball". The Guardian.
Winston, Anna: Five architectural treasures we must save from the UK's heritage war. The Guardian, 18 June 2015.

theheritageportal.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kathy Munro (5 February 2022). "First comprehensive review of the architecture of early apartheid in Pretoria". The Heritage Portal.

thehoya.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Curran, Pat (29 August 2014). "Lauinger: The Past, Present and Future of Georgetown's 'Ugly' Library". The Hoya. Retrieved 13 May 2023.

thenorthernecho.co.uk (Global: 3,384^th place; English: 1,830^th place)

Engelbrecht, Gavin (9 July 2021). "Durham University's Brutalist student building gets Grade II listed status". The Northern Echo.

thesouthern.com (Global: low place; English: 8,133^rd place)

O'Dell, Les (18 March 2022). "SIU's Faner Hall myths and mystique". Southern Illinoisan. Retrieved 9 April 2024.

thespaces.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bell, Vanessa (12 June 2017). "An ode to Buenos Aires Brutalism". The Spaces. Retrieved 15 August 2025.

tudelft.nl (Global: 7,640^th place; English: 6,190^th place)

resolver.tudelft.nl

Heuvel, Dirk van den (4 March 2015). "Between Brutalists. The Banham Hypothesis and the Smithson Way of Life". The Journal of Architecture. 20 (2): 293–308. doi:10.1080/13602365.2015.1027721. ISSN 1360-2365. S2CID 219641726.

uchicago.edu (Global: 230^th place; English: 214^th place)

architecture.uchicago.edu

"Joseph Regenstein Library". Architecture at the University of Chicago. Retrieved 14 February 2023.

uic.edu (Global: 5,752^nd place; English: 3,776^th place)

"Historic Netsch Campus at UIC" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

umassdtorch.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Eric Sousa (2 November 2018). "UMass Dartmouth's Brutalist Style is brutal". The Torch.

unherd.com (Global: low place; English: 8,025^th place)

Niall Gooch (1 April 2022). "Good Riddance to Britain's Brutalist Architecture". UnHerd.

vimeo.com (Global: 1,015^th place; English: 717^th place)

Bull, Alun (8 November 2013), What is Brutalism?, retrieved 10 October 2018

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Historian of the Immediate Future: Reyner Banham – Book Review Art Bulletin, The – Find Articles". 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
Dutton, John (26 July 2013). "Featured Plan: Smithsons' Golden Lane Project (1952) – GRIDS blog". GRIDS blog. USC School of Architecture. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
David Hannant (15 February 2025). "What next for the University of East Anglia's ziggurats?". Norwich Evening News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2025.
"Historic Netsch Campus at UIC" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
"CIP 25 – Corrosion of Steel in Concrete" (PDF). nrmca. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2017.

wmf.org (Global: low place; English: 7,620^th place)

British Brutalism. World Monument Fund.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Larsson, Naomi (6 August 2023). "Socialist modernism: remembering the architecture of the eastern bloc". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
Heuvel, Dirk van den (4 March 2015). "Between Brutalists. The Banham Hypothesis and the Smithson Way of Life". The Journal of Architecture. 20 (2): 293–308. doi:10.1080/13602365.2015.1027721. ISSN 1360-2365. S2CID 219641726.
Zelef, Mustafa Haluk (1 January 2012). "Brutalism and METU Department of Architecture Building in Ankara". ACEE Architecture Civil Engineering Environment (in Turkish). ISSN 1899-0142.

zmescience.com (Global: low place; English: 8,053^rd place)

Andrei, Mihai (15 May 2022). "Brutalist architecture and its unusual, raw appeal". ZME Science. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

Brutalist architecture (English Wikipedia)

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thesouthern.com (Global: low place; English: 8,133^rd place)

tudelft.nl (Global: 7,640^th place; English: 6,190^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 230^th place; English: 214^th place)

uic.edu (Global: 5,752^nd place; English: 3,776^th place)

unherd.com (Global: low place; English: 8,025^th place)

vimeo.com (Global: 1,015^th place; English: 717^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wmf.org (Global: low place; English: 7,620^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

zmescience.com (Global: low place; English: 8,053^rd place)