Buddhist meditation (English Wikipedia)

Delenau, Florin. Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation, 2010, p. 62. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
Delenau, Florin. Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation, 2010, p. 63. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
Delenau, Florin. Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation, 2010, p. 30. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).

accesstoinsight.org

The Pali and Sanskrit word bhāvanā literally means "development" as in "mental development." For the association of this term with "meditation," see Epstein (1995), p. 105; and, Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 20. As an example from a well-known discourse of the Pāli Canon, in "The Greater Exhortation to Rahula" (Maha-Rahulovada Sutta, MN 62), Sariputta tells Rahula (in Pali, based on VRI, n.d.): ānāp ānassatiṃ, rāhula, bhāvanaṃ bhāvehi. Thanissaro (2006) translates this as: "Rahula, develop the meditation [bhāvana] of mindfulness of in-&-out breathing." (Square-bracketed Pali word included based on Thanissaro, 2006, end note.)
See, for example, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), entry for "jhāna¹"; Thanissaro (1997); as well as, Kapleau (1989), p. 385, for the derivation of the word "zen" from Sanskrit "dhyāna." PTS Secretary Dr. Rupert Gethin, in describing the activities of wandering ascetics contemporaneous with the Buddha, wrote:
[T]here is the cultivation of meditative and contemplative techniques aimed at producing what might, for the lack of a suitable technical term in English, be referred to as 'altered states of consciousness'. In the technical vocabulary of Indian religious texts, such states come to be termed 'meditations' (Sanskrit: dhyāna, Pali: jhāna) or 'concentrations' (samādhi); the attainment of such states of consciousness was generally regarded as bringing the practitioner to deeper knowledge and experience of the nature of the world." (Gethin, 1998, p. 10.)
Keren Arbel refers to Majjhima Nikaya 26, Ariyapariyesana Sutta, The Noble Search
See also:
* Majjhima Nikaya 111, Anuppada Sutta
* AN 05.028, Samadhanga Sutta: The Factors of Concentration.
See Johansson (1981), Pali Buddhist texts Explained to Beginners for a word-by-word translation.
These definitions of samatha and vipassana are based on the "Four Kinds of Persons Sutta" (AN 4.94). This article's text is primarily based on Bodhi (2005), pp. 269-70, 440 n. 13. See also Thanissaro (1998d).
Bodhi (2000), pp. 1251-53. See also Thanissaro (1998c) (where this sutta is identified as SN 35.204). See also, for instance, a discourse (Pali: sutta) entitled, "Serenity and Insight" (SN 43.2), where the Buddha states: "And what, bhikkhus, is the path leading to the unconditioned? Serenity and insight...." (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 1372-73).
See Thanissaro (1997) where for instance he underlines: "When [the Pali discourses] depict the Buddha telling his disciples to go meditate, they never quote him as saying 'go do vipassana,' but always 'go do jhana.' And they never equate the word vipassana with any mindfulness techniques. In the few instances where they do mention vipassana, they almost always pair it with samatha – not as two alternative methods, but as two qualities of mind that a person may 'gain' or 'be endowed with,' and that should be developed together."
Similarly, referencing MN 151, vv. 13–19, and AN IV, 125-27, Ajahn Brahm (who, like Bhikkhu Thanissaro, is of the Thai Forest Tradition) writes: "Some traditions speak of two types of meditation, insight meditation (vipassana) and calm meditation (samatha). In fact, the two are indivisible facets of the same process. Calm is the peaceful happiness born of meditation; insight is the clear understanding born of the same meditation. Calm leads to insight and insight leads to calm." (Brahm, 2006, p. 25.)
See, for instance, Bodhi (1999) and Nyanaponika (1996), p. 108.
Bodhi (2005), pp. 268, 439 nn. 7, 9, 10. See also Thanissaro (1998f).
See, for instance, AN 2.30 in Bodhi (2005), pp. 267-68, and Thanissaro (1998e).
Regarding the jhanic attainments that are possible with different meditation techniques, see Gunaratana (1988).
"Iddhipada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of the Bases of Power". Access to Insight.
"Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life". Access to Insight.
"Kevatta (Kevaddha) Sutta: To Kevatta". Access to Insight.

aimwell.org

Sayādaw, Mahāsi. Buddhist Meditation and its Forty Subjects. Retrieved 26 September 2019.

archive.today

Rhys-Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 45, "Anussati". Rhys-Davids, T.W.; Stede, William, eds. (1921–25), The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary, Pali Text Society), archived from the original on July 8, 2012
Rhys-Davids & Stede 1921–25. Rhys-Davids, T.W.; Stede, William, eds. (1921–25), The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary, Pali Text Society), archived from the original on July 8, 2012

books.google.com

Merv Fowler (1999). Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-1-898723-66-0.^{[permanent dead link]}
Peter Harvey (2012). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 154, 326. ISBN 978-1-139-85126-8.
Sarah Shaw, Buddhist meditation: an anthology of texts from the Pāli canon. Routledge, 2006, pages 6-8. A Jataka tale gives a list of 38 of them. [1].
Ryûichi Abé (1999). The Weaving of Mantra: Kûkai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse. Columbia University Press. pp. 164–168. ISBN 978-0-231-52887-0.
Robert N. Linrothe (1999). Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art. Serindia Publications. pp. 56–59. ISBN 978-0-906026-51-9.
Wu, Rujun (1993). T'ien-t'ai Buddhism and Early Mādhyamika. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1561-5.
Abe, Ryūichi (2013). The Weaving of Mantra: Kūkai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse. Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-52887-0.

dhammatalks.net

Bhikkhu Thanissaro, Concentration and Discernment

doi.org

Drewes, David (2010). "Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship". Religion Compass. 4 (2): 55–65. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x.
Huifeng Shi, An Annotated English Translation of Kumārajīva's Xiaŏpĭn Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, Asian Literature and Translation ISSN 2051-5863 doi:10.18573/issn.2051-5863 Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 187-238.
Drewes, David (2010). "Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism II: New Perspectives". Religion Compass. 4 (2): 66–74. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x.
Hutcherson, Cendri (2008-05-19). "Loving-Kindness Meditation Increases Social Connectedness" (PDF). Emotion. 8 (5): 720–724. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.4164. doi:10.1037/a0013237. PMID 18837623. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2017-01-28.

emmaseppala.com

Hutcherson, Cendri (2008-05-19). "Loving-Kindness Meditation Increases Social Connectedness" (PDF). Emotion. 8 (5): 720–724. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.4164. doi:10.1037/a0013237. PMID 18837623. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2017-01-28.

fgu.edu.tw

Fox, Alan. The Practice of Huayan Buddhism, http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~cbs/pdf/2013%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86/q16.pdf Archived 2017-09-10 at the Wayback Machine

files.wordpress.com

ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com

Deleanu, Florin (1992); Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras. Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42-57.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hutcherson, Cendri (2008-05-19). "Loving-Kindness Meditation Increases Social Connectedness" (PDF). Emotion. 8 (5): 720–724. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.4164. doi:10.1037/a0013237. PMID 18837623. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2017-01-28.

ochs.org.uk

Original publication: Gombrich, Richard (2007), Religious Experience in Early Buddhism, OCHS Library

oxfordre.com

Quinter, David (2021-09-29), "Visualization/Contemplation Sutras (Guan Jing)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8, retrieved 2024-12-12

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Hutcherson, Cendri (2008-05-19). "Loving-Kindness Meditation Increases Social Connectedness" (PDF). Emotion. 8 (5): 720–724. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.4164. doi:10.1037/a0013237. PMID 18837623. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2017-01-28.

santifm.org

Sujato, Bhante (2012), A History of Mindfulness (PDF), Santipada, p. 148, ISBN 9781921842108
Sujato, Bhante (2012), A History of Mindfulness (PDF), Santipada, p. 329, ISBN 9781921842108
Sujato, Bhante (2012), A History of Mindfulness (PDF), Santipada, pp. 363–4, ISBN 9781921842108
Sujato, Bhante (2012), A History of Mindfulness (PDF), Santipada, p. 356, ISBN 9781921842108

studybuddhism.com

Berzin 2006. Berzin, Alexander (2006), Primary Minds and the 51 Mental Factors

tipitaka.org

The Pali and Sanskrit word bhāvanā literally means "development" as in "mental development." For the association of this term with "meditation," see Epstein (1995), p. 105; and, Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 20. As an example from a well-known discourse of the Pāli Canon, in "The Greater Exhortation to Rahula" (Maha-Rahulovada Sutta, MN 62), Sariputta tells Rahula (in Pali, based on VRI, n.d.): ānāp ānassatiṃ, rāhula, bhāvanaṃ bhāvehi. Thanissaro (2006) translates this as: "Rahula, develop the meditation [bhāvana] of mindfulness of in-&-out breathing." (Square-bracketed Pali word included based on Thanissaro, 2006, end note.)

uchicago.edu

dsal.uchicago.edu

See, for example, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), entry for "jhāna¹"; Thanissaro (1997); as well as, Kapleau (1989), p. 385, for the derivation of the word "zen" from Sanskrit "dhyāna." PTS Secretary Dr. Rupert Gethin, in describing the activities of wandering ascetics contemporaneous with the Buddha, wrote:
[T]here is the cultivation of meditative and contemplative techniques aimed at producing what might, for the lack of a suitable technical term in English, be referred to as 'altered states of consciousness'. In the technical vocabulary of Indian religious texts, such states come to be termed 'meditations' (Sanskrit: dhyāna, Pali: jhāna) or 'concentrations' (samādhi); the attainment of such states of consciousness was generally regarded as bringing the practitioner to deeper knowledge and experience of the nature of the world." (Gethin, 1998, p. 10.)
Rhys-Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 45, "Anussati". Rhys-Davids, T.W.; Stede, William, eds. (1921–25), The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary, Pali Text Society), archived from the original on July 8, 2012
Rhys-Davids & Stede 1921–25. Rhys-Davids, T.W.; Stede, William, eds. (1921–25), The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary, Pali Text Society), archived from the original on July 8, 2012