Buffalo Soldier (English Wikipedia)

Cunningham, Roger D. (October 16, 2015). "The Black "Immune" Regiments in the Spanish–American War". ArmyHistory.org. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.

books.google.com

Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals – Bogues, Anthony, Page 198, via Google Books. Accessed 2008-06-28. Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
The 13 Indians were not killed by Randall, but rather by the soldiers coming to rescue him. While Indians started to use the term Buffalo Soldiers around that time, there is no direct connection to the incident with Randall. See for instance: William H. Leckie, Shirley A. Leckie. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West. University of Oklahoma Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-8061-8389-3, pp. 26-27 Archived November 12, 2023, at the Wayback Machine

buffalosoldiers-lawtonftsill.org

The 28th Cavalry: The U.S. Army's Last Horse Cavalry Regiment, archived from the original on December 20, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007

buffalosoldiersofwestpoint.org

"Mission-History". Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

byu.edu

net.lib.byu.edu

Finely, James P. (1996), Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Battle of Ambo Nogales, Fort Huachuca, AZ: Huachuca Museum Society, p. Vol. 2, part 6, ISBN 978-0-929757-96-4, LCCN 93-206790, archived from the original on July 5, 2011, retrieved January 18, 2010

charlesmingus.com

"Mingus Biography". CharlesMingus.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.

cnn.com

Shaughnessy, Larry (September 19, 2005), Oldest Buffalo Soldier to be Buried at Arlington, CNN, archived from the original on March 27, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
Asmelash, Leah (September 5, 2021). "West Point will unveil a statue honoring a group of Black soldiers". CNN. Retrieved June 2, 2024.

daytondailynews.com

"Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument celebrated | www.daytondailynews.com". March 9, 2014. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2024.

discogs.com

'Buffalo Soldier' by The Persuasions on Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Discogs

dvdtalk.com

Ian Jane (August 16, 2011). "Cut-Throats Nine / Joshua". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.

fortconcho.com

Fort Concho National Historic Landmark, San Angelo, TX: Fort Concho NHL, archived from the original on August 2, 2009, retrieved January 2, 2009

hartford-hwp.com

The shame of the Buffalo Soldiers, archived from the original on September 29, 2007, retrieved July 24, 2007

jstor.org

Schubert, Frank N. "The Suggs Affray: The Black Cavalry in the Johnson County War Archived November 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine". The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1973), pp. 57–68.

kvia.com

Abc-7, Kvia (February 21, 2014). "Ft. Bliss renames street Buffalo Soldier Road". KVIA. Retrieved June 2, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Parker, Jim (June 23, 2020). "El Paso to rename Robert E. Lee Road in honor of Buffalo Soldiers". KVIA. Retrieved June 2, 2024.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Finely, James P. (1996), Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Battle of Ambo Nogales, Fort Huachuca, AZ: Huachuca Museum Society, p. Vol. 2, part 6, ISBN 978-0-929757-96-4, LCCN 93-206790, archived from the original on July 5, 2011, retrieved January 18, 2010
Leckie, William H. (1967), The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, LCCN 67015571

memory.loc.gov

Chap. CCXCIX. 14 Stat. 332 Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine from "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U. S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875" Archived June 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress, Law Library of Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2012.

newmexicohistory.org

Wroth, William H. "Buffalo Soldiers in New Mexico". New Mexico History. Retrieved December 20, 2015.

nps.gov

Wilberforce, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 428; Us, OH 45384 Phone: 937 352-6757 Main park information line Contact. "Buffalo Soldiers - Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved June 2, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
National Park Service, Buffalo Soldiers (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2007, retrieved May 1, 2007
Brief History (Buffalo Soldiers National Museum) (PDF), 2008, archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2009, retrieved November 30, 2009
"Black Jack Pershing". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on September 15, 2007.

cr.nps.gov

Johnson, Shelton Invisible Men: Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada Archived October 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Park Histories: Sequoia NP (and Kings Canyon NP), National Park Service. Retrieved: 2007-05-18.

nytimes.com

Gabriel, Trip (November 27, 2024). "Robert Dixon, Last Surviving Buffalo Soldier, Dies at 103". New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2024.

odmp.org

The Officer Down Memorial Page (Police Officer Rufus E. Daniels), archived from the original on September 27, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007

osd.mil

denix.osd.mil

Fields, Elizabeth Arnett. Historic Contexts for the American Military Experience Archived August 29, 2002, at the Wayback Machine

pentagon.mil

tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil

"317th Engineer Battalion Insignia Page". December 31, 2006. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. Retrieved July 27, 2017.

rockstargames.com

Rockstar Games (August 3, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Legends and Killers Pack Available for Download on August 10th". Rockstar Games. Retrieved September 9, 2024.

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americanhistory.si.edu

The Smithsonian Institution, The Price of Freedom: Printable Exhibition, archived from the original on February 7, 2005, retrieved May 1, 2007

state.gov

2001-2009.state.gov

"Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916-1917". U.S. Department of State Archive. August 20, 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

thehighchaparral.com

"The High Chaparral Episode 2.36". www.thehighchaparral.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2007.

tshaonline.org

Christian, Garna (August 17, 2001), Handbook of Texas Online: Rio Grande City, Texas, archived from the original on April 3, 2016, retrieved April 24, 2007
Christian, Garna (February 17, 2005), Handbook of Texas Online: Brownsville, Texas, archived from the original on March 2, 2013, retrieved April 24, 2007
Haynes, Robert (April 6, 2004), Handbook of Texas Online: Houston, Texas, archived from the original on April 19, 2013, retrieved April 24, 2007

tv.com

"Incident of the Buffalo Soldier" on tv.com Archived March 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine and The Rawhide Trail. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
"Incident at Seven Fingers" on tv.com Archived May 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine and The Rawhide Trail Archived May 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2014.

uvm.edu

debate.uvm.edu

Mullin, Matthew. "Buffalo Soldier-Dreadlock Rasta? The Buffalo Soldier of the West and the Elimination of the Native American Race". The Dread Library. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2021.

visitkc.com

"Buffalo Soldier Monument | Visit KC". www.visitkc.com. September 26, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2024.

washingtonpost.com

Ruane, Michael E. (September 8, 2021). "As Confederate statues come down, West Point honors Buffalo Soldiers". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 2, 2024.

web.archive.org

Chap. CCXCIX. 14 Stat. 332 Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine from "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U. S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875" Archived June 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress, Law Library of Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
Shaughnessy, Larry (September 19, 2005), Oldest Buffalo Soldier to be Buried at Arlington, CNN, archived from the original on March 27, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
National Park Service, Buffalo Soldiers (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2007, retrieved May 1, 2007
Brief History (Buffalo Soldiers National Museum) (PDF), 2008, archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2009, retrieved November 30, 2009
The Smithsonian Institution, The Price of Freedom: Printable Exhibition, archived from the original on February 7, 2005, retrieved May 1, 2007
Fort Concho National Historic Landmark, San Angelo, TX: Fort Concho NHL, archived from the original on August 2, 2009, retrieved January 2, 2009
"10th Cavalry Squadron History". US Army. Archived from the original on November 27, 2005.
Finely, James P. (1996), Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Battle of Ambo Nogales, Fort Huachuca, AZ: Huachuca Museum Society, p. Vol. 2, part 6, ISBN 978-0-929757-96-4, LCCN 93-206790, archived from the original on July 5, 2011, retrieved January 18, 2010
"Medal of Honor Recipients: Indian Wars Period". Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
Fields, Elizabeth Arnett. Historic Contexts for the American Military Experience Archived August 29, 2002, at the Wayback Machine
Schubert, Frank N. "The Suggs Affray: The Black Cavalry in the Johnson County War Archived November 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine". The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1973), pp. 57–68.
Cunningham, Roger D. (October 16, 2015). "The Black "Immune" Regiments in the Spanish–American War". ArmyHistory.org. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Cunningham, Roger (Summer 2001). ""We are an orderly body of men": Virginia's Black "Immunes" in the Spanish–American War" (PDF). Historic Alexandria Quarterly: 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Johnson, Shelton Invisible Men: Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada Archived October 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Park Histories: Sequoia NP (and Kings Canyon NP), National Park Service. Retrieved: 2007-05-18.
Wallis, O. L. (September 1951), "Yosemite's Pioneer Arboreetum" (PDF), Yosemite Nature Notes, vol. XXX, Number 9, Yosimite Natural History Association, Inc., p. 83, archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2011, retrieved May 5, 2010
Johnson, Shelton, Shadows in the Range of Light, archived from the original on May 12, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
Buckley, Gail Lumet, American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert Storm Archived November 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Random House; 1st edition (May 22, 2001).
"Honoring Buffalo Soldiers legacy with annual ceremony". www.army.mil. September 10, 2018. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
"Mission-History". Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Christian, Garna (August 17, 2001), Handbook of Texas Online: Rio Grande City, Texas, archived from the original on April 3, 2016, retrieved April 24, 2007
Christian, Garna (February 17, 2005), Handbook of Texas Online: Brownsville, Texas, archived from the original on March 2, 2013, retrieved April 24, 2007
Haynes, Robert (April 6, 2004), Handbook of Texas Online: Houston, Texas, archived from the original on April 19, 2013, retrieved April 24, 2007
The Officer Down Memorial Page (Police Officer Rufus E. Daniels), archived from the original on September 27, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
"Army sets aside convictions of 110 Black Soldiers convicted in 1917 Houston Riots". www.army.mil. November 13, 2023. Archived from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
"Black Jack Pershing". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on September 15, 2007.
"Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916-1917". U.S. Department of State Archive. August 20, 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
"317th Engineer Battalion Insignia Page". December 31, 2006. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
"Mingus Biography". CharlesMingus.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
Francisco Castro, "Overcoming Prejudice: Limitations Against Blacks in Nogales Did Not Stop Them from Accomplishments" Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, In the Steps of Esteban, Tucson's African American Heritage.
The 28th Cavalry: The U.S. Army's Last Horse Cavalry Regiment, archived from the original on December 20, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
Services – Buffalo Soldier Monument, archived from the original on June 27, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
The shame of the Buffalo Soldiers, archived from the original on September 29, 2007, retrieved July 24, 2007
Mullin, Matthew. "Buffalo Soldier-Dreadlock Rasta? The Buffalo Soldier of the West and the Elimination of the Native American Race". The Dread Library. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
"Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument celebrated | www.daytondailynews.com". March 9, 2014. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier) Archived November 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Jones, Quincy, 1974, A&M. 1988, Album Body Heat. ASIN: B000W0248E
Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier) Archived December 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Mancini, Henry, 1975, RCA CPL1-0672 (Quadraphonic) album Symphonic Soul.
Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals – Bogues, Anthony, Page 198, via Google Books. Accessed 2008-06-28. Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
Buffalo Soldier Archived March 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Persuasions, 1971, Capitol Records. 1993, Album Street Corner Symphony. ASIN: B0000008N7
'Buffalo Soldier' by The Persuasions on Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Discogs
"Incident of the Buffalo Soldier" on tv.com Archived March 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine and The Rawhide Trail. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
"Incident at Seven Fingers" on tv.com Archived May 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine and The Rawhide Trail Archived May 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
"The High Chaparral Episode 2.36". www.thehighchaparral.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
Ian Jane (August 16, 2011). "Cut-Throats Nine / Joshua". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
The 13 Indians were not killed by Randall, but rather by the soldiers coming to rescue him. While Indians started to use the term Buffalo Soldiers around that time, there is no direct connection to the incident with Randall. See for instance: William H. Leckie, Shirley A. Leckie. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West. University of Oklahoma Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-8061-8389-3, pp. 26-27 Archived November 12, 2023, at the Wayback Machine

westpointaog.org

"West Point, A Changing Landscape". West Point Association of Graduates. April 28, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2024.

wilderness.net

shadowsoldier.wilderness.net

Johnson, Shelton, Shadows in the Range of Light, archived from the original on May 12, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Ruane, Michael E. (September 8, 2021). "As Confederate statues come down, West Point honors Buffalo Soldiers". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 2, 2024.

yosemite.ca.us

Wallis, O. L. (September 1951), "Yosemite's Pioneer Arboreetum" (PDF), Yosemite Nature Notes, vol. XXX, Number 9, Yosimite Natural History Association, Inc., p. 83, archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2011, retrieved May 5, 2010

youtube.com

Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier) Archived December 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Mancini, Henry, 1975, RCA CPL1-0672 (Quadraphonic) album Symphonic Soul.
Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals – Bogues, Anthony, Page 198, via Google Books. Accessed 2008-06-28. Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

yuku.com

therawhidetrail.fr.yuku.com

"Incident at Seven Fingers" on tv.com Archived May 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine and The Rawhide Trail Archived May 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2014.