C (programming language) (English Wikipedia)

"Verilog HDL (and C)" (PDF). The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University. June 3, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013. 1980s: Verilog first introduced; Verilog inspired by the C programming language

apenwarr.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"In praise of the C preprocessor". apenwarr. August 13, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2023.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Ward, Terry A. (August 1983). "Annotated C / A Bibliography of the C Language". Byte. p. 268. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 6. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 192. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 3. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), pp. 192, 259. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 122. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.

arstechnica.com (Global: 473^rd place; English: 338^th place)

Jensen, Richard (December 9, 2020). ""A damn stupid thing to do"—the origins of C". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.

bell-labs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ritchie (2003). Ritchie, Dennis M. (2003) [1993]. The Development of the C Language. Dennis Ritchie. Wikidata Q134885774. Archived from the original on January 30, 2025 – via Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Prinz, Peter; Crawford, Tony (December 16, 2005). C in a Nutshell. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-596-55071-4.
Schultz, Thomas (2004). C and the 8051 (3rd ed.). Otsego, MI: PageFree Publishing Inc. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-58961-237-2. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
Raymond, Eric S. (October 11, 1996). The New Hacker's Dictionary (3rd ed.). MIT Press. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-262-68092-9. Retrieved August 5, 2012.

dartmouth.edu (Global: 2,786^th place; English: 1,776^th place)

cs.dartmouth.edu

McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. p. 10. 139. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2015.

developer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"C Language Drops to Lowest Popularity Rating". Developer.com. August 9, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Ritchie (1993a), p. 9. Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Ritchie (1993b), p. 9. Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993b). Bergin, Thomas J.; Gibson, Richard G. (eds.). "The Development of the C Language". The Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/154766.155580. Wikidata Q29392176.
Ritchie (1993a), p. 8. Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Ritchie (1993b), p. 8. Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993b). Bergin, Thomas J.; Gibson, Richard G. (eds.). "The Development of the C Language". The Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/154766.155580. Wikidata Q29392176.
Ritchie (1993a). Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Johnson, S. C.; Ritchie, D. M. (1978). "Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System". Bell System Tech. J. 57 (6): 2021–2048. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.138.35. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x. ISSN 0005-8580. S2CID 17510065. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help) (Note: The PDF is an OCR scan of the original, and contains a rendering of "IBM 370" as "IBM 310".)
Feuer, Alan R.; Gehani, Narain H. (March 1982). "Comparison of the Programming Languages C and Pascal". ACM Computing Surveys. 14 (1): 73–92. doi:10.1145/356869.356872. S2CID 3136859.

doomwiki.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Development of Doom". DoomWiki.org. March 2, 2025. Retrieved March 2, 2025.

drdobbs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Andrew Binstock (October 12, 2011). "Interview with Herb Sutter". Dr. Dobbs. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.

dtic.mil (Global: 934^th place; English: 530^th place)

apps.dtic.mil

"Secure Coding Overview" (PDF). Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved December 15, 2025.

fedoraproject.org (Global: 9,728^th place; English: 9,210^th place)

For example, gcc provides _FORTIFY_SOURCE. "Security Features: Compile Time Buffer Checks (FORTIFY_SOURCE)". fedoraproject.org. Archived from the original on January 7, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2012.

freebsd.org (Global: 6,366^th place; English: 5,010^th place)

"C manual pages". FreeBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual (FreeBSD 13.0 ed.). May 30, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021. Archived January 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

freecodecamp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Para, Michael (August 3, 2022). "What is PHP? How to Write Your First PHP Program". freeCodeCamp. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

gcc.gnu.org

"Pragmas (The C Preprocessor)". GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection. Archived from the original on June 17, 2002. Retrieved September 24, 2022.

greengeeks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is Apache and What Does it Do for Website Development?". February 15, 2022.

ichacha.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

eng.ichacha.net

"The name is based on, and pronounced like the letter C in the English alphabet". the c programming language sound. English Chinese Dictionary. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.

iitk.ac.in (Global: low place; English: 7,014^th place)

ict.iitk.ac.in

"C – the mother of all languages". ICT Academy at IITK. November 13, 2018. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2022.

intel.com (Global: 1,727^th place; English: 1,234^th place)

"Pragmas". Intel C++ Compiler Classic Developer Guide and Reference. Intel. Archived from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022.

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

C Integrity. International Organization for Standardization. March 30, 1995. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.

langpop.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Programming Language Popularity". 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.

lemoda.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

nxmnpg.lemoda.net

"C manual pages". FreeBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual (FreeBSD 13.0 ed.). May 30, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021. Archived January 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

linuxjournal.com (Global: 8,963^rd place; English: 6,985^th place)

"Using C for CGI Programming". linuxjournal.com. March 1, 2005. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2010.

liu.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

lysator.liu.se

Ritchie, Dennis. "BCPL to B to C". lysator.liu.se. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 6. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 192. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 3. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), pp. 192, 259. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 122. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.

man.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

cs.man.ac.uk

"Rationale for American National Standard for Information Systems – Programming Language – C". Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2024.

medium.com (Global: 651^st place; English: 479^th place)

Perkins, Luc (September 17, 2013). "Web development in C: crazy? Or crazy like a fox?". Medium. Archived from the original on October 4, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

memorysafety.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Internet Security Research Group. "What is memory safety and why does it matter?". Prossimo. Retrieved March 3, 2025.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

learn.microsoft.com

corob-msft (March 31, 2022). "Pragma directives and the __pragma and _Pragma keywords". Microsoft Learn. Archived from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.

mull-overthing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What programming language does NGINX use?".

nokia.com (Global: 4,428^th place; English: 3,927^th place)

"UNIX Time-Sharing System: The C Programming Language". Nokia Bell Labs. Retrieved June 15, 2026.

open-std.org (Global: 7,079^th place; English: 5,042^nd place)

"N3886 Working Draft" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14. Open Standards. May 28, 2026. Retrieved August 4, 2026.
"JTC1/SC22/WG14 – C". Home page. ISO/IEC. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
"ISO/IEC 9899:2024 (en) — N3220 working draft" (PDF). Retrieved July 11, 2025.
"WG14-N3132 : Revised C23 Schedule" (PDF). open-std.org. June 4, 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2023.
"WG14-N3220 : Working Draft, C2y" (PDF). open-std.org. February 21, 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2024.
"TR 18037: Embedded C" (PDF). open-std.org. April 4, 2006. ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG14 N1169. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
"Committee Draft ISO/IEC 9899:TC3: 5.2.1 Character sets". 2007.
"ISO/IEC 9899:201x (ISO C11) Committee Draft" (PDF). open-std.org. December 2, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2011.

openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 6. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 192. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 3. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), pp. 192, 259. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 122. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.

opensource.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Conrad, Michael (January 22, 2018). "An overview of the Perl 5 engine". Opensource.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.

phoronix.com (Global: 4,058^th place; English: 2,920^th place)

"New Linux Patch Confirms: Rust Experiment Is Done, Rust Is Here To Stay". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved December 15, 2025.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Johnson, S. C.; Ritchie, D. M. (1978). "Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System". Bell System Tech. J. 57 (6): 2021–2048. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.138.35. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x. ISSN 0005-8580. S2CID 17510065. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help) (Note: The PDF is an OCR scan of the original, and contains a rendering of "IBM 370" as "IBM 310".)

python.org (Global: 4,399^th place; English: 3,941^st place)

docs.python.org

"1. Extending Python with C or C++". Python 3.10.7 documentation. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2022.

ruby-lang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"To Ruby From C and C++". Ruby Programming Language. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2022.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Johnson, S. C.; Ritchie, D. M. (1978). "Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System". Bell System Tech. J. 57 (6): 2021–2048. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.138.35. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x. ISSN 0005-8580. S2CID 17510065. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help) (Note: The PDF is an OCR scan of the original, and contains a rendering of "IBM 370" as "IBM 310".)
Feuer, Alan R.; Gehani, Narain H. (March 1982). "Comparison of the Programming Languages C and Pascal". ACM Computing Surveys. 14 (1): 73–92. doi:10.1145/356869.356872. S2CID 3136859.

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

web.stanford.edu

Hardison, Nate. "CS107 Valgrind Memcheck". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
Hastings, Reed; Joyce, Bob. "Purify: Fast Detection of Memory Leaks and Access Errors" (PDF). Pure Software Inc.: 9.

stroustrup.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Stroustrup, Bjarne (2002). Sibling rivalry: C and C++ (PDF) (Report). AT&T Labs. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Stroustrup, Bjarne (1993). "A History of C++: 1979–1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2011.

tiobe.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"TIOBE Programming Community Index". 2009. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
"TIOBE Index for September 2024". Archived from the original on September 18, 2024. Retrieved December 16, 2025.

toptal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Munoz, Daniel. "After All These Years, the World is Still Powered by C Programming | Toptal". Toptal Engineering Blog. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
Munoz, Daniel. "After All These Years, the World is Still Powered by C Programming". Toptal Engineering Blog. Retrieved November 17, 2023.

towardsdatascience.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Howell, Egor (May 16, 2023). "Why You Should Consider Using Fortran As A Data Scientist". Towards Data Science. Retrieved July 9, 2026.

ucr.edu (Global: 1,400^th place; English: 754^th place)

cs.ucr.edu

"10 Common Programming Mistakes in C++". Cs.ucr.edu. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2009.

uni-stuttgart.de (Global: 8,208^th place; English: 9,065^th place)

bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de

Roberts, Eric S. (March 21, 1989). "Implementing Exceptions in C" (PDF). DEC Systems Research Center. SRC-RR-40. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2022.

unix.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Man Page for lint (freebsd Section 1)". unix.com. May 24, 2001. Retrieved July 15, 2014.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Ritchie (2003). Ritchie, Dennis M. (2003) [1993]. The Development of the C Language. Dennis Ritchie. Wikidata Q134885774. Archived from the original on January 30, 2025 – via Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies.
"Verilog HDL (and C)" (PDF). The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University. June 3, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013. 1980s: Verilog first introduced; Verilog inspired by the C programming language
"The name is based on, and pronounced like the letter C in the English alphabet". the c programming language sound. English Chinese Dictionary. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
"C Language Drops to Lowest Popularity Rating". Developer.com. August 9, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
"Programming Language Popularity". 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
"TIOBE Programming Community Index". 2009. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
"TIOBE Index for September 2024". Archived from the original on September 18, 2024. Retrieved December 16, 2025.
Ritchie, Dennis. "BCPL to B to C". lysator.liu.se. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
Jensen, Richard (December 9, 2020). ""A damn stupid thing to do"—the origins of C". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. p. 10. 139. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
"C manual pages". FreeBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual (FreeBSD 13.0 ed.). May 30, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021. Archived January 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Stroustrup, Bjarne (2002). Sibling rivalry: C and C++ (PDF) (Report). AT&T Labs. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
"Rationale for American National Standard for Information Systems – Programming Language – C". Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
C Integrity. International Organization for Standardization. March 30, 1995. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
"JTC1/SC22/WG14 – C". Home page. ISO/IEC. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
Andrew Binstock (October 12, 2011). "Interview with Herb Sutter". Dr. Dobbs. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
"WG14-N3132 : Revised C23 Schedule" (PDF). open-std.org. June 4, 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2023.
"WG14-N3220 : Working Draft, C2y" (PDF). open-std.org. February 21, 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2024.
"TR 18037: Embedded C" (PDF). open-std.org. April 4, 2006. ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG14 N1169. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
"ISO/IEC 9899:201x (ISO C11) Committee Draft" (PDF). open-std.org. December 2, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
"10 Common Programming Mistakes in C++". Cs.ucr.edu. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
For example, gcc provides _FORTIFY_SOURCE. "Security Features: Compile Time Buffer Checks (FORTIFY_SOURCE)". fedoraproject.org. Archived from the original on January 7, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
"Using C for CGI Programming". linuxjournal.com. March 1, 2005. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Perkins, Luc (September 17, 2013). "Web development in C: crazy? Or crazy like a fox?". Medium. Archived from the original on October 4, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
"C – the mother of all languages". ICT Academy at IITK. November 13, 2018. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
"1. Extending Python with C or C++". Python 3.10.7 documentation. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
Conrad, Michael (January 22, 2018). "An overview of the Perl 5 engine". Opensource.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
"To Ruby From C and C++". Ruby Programming Language. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
Para, Michael (August 3, 2022). "What is PHP? How to Write Your First PHP Program". freeCodeCamp. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
Metz, Cade (October 13, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie: The Shoulders Steve Jobs Stood On". Wired. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
corob-msft (March 31, 2022). "Pragma directives and the __pragma and _Pragma keywords". Microsoft Learn. Archived from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
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Ritchie (1993a), p. 9. Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Ritchie (1993b), p. 9. Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993b). Bergin, Thomas J.; Gibson, Richard G. (eds.). "The Development of the C Language". The Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/154766.155580. Wikidata Q29392176.
Ritchie (2003). Ritchie, Dennis M. (2003) [1993]. The Development of the C Language. Dennis Ritchie. Wikidata Q134885774. Archived from the original on January 30, 2025 – via Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies.
Ritchie (1993a), p. 8. Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Ritchie (1993b), p. 8. Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993b). Bergin, Thomas J.; Gibson, Richard G. (eds.). "The Development of the C Language". The Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/154766.155580. Wikidata Q29392176.
Ritchie (1993a). Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 6. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 192. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 3. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), pp. 192, 259. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 122. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.

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Metz, Cade (October 13, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie: The Shoulders Steve Jobs Stood On". Wired. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.

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search.worldcat.org

Ritchie (1993a), p. 9. Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Ritchie (1993a), p. 8. Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Ritchie (1993a). Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery: 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580. ISSN 0362-1340. Wikidata Q55869040.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 6. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Johnson, S. C.; Ritchie, D. M. (1978). "Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System". Bell System Tech. J. 57 (6): 2021–2048. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.138.35. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x. ISSN 0005-8580. S2CID 17510065. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help) (Note: The PDF is an OCR scan of the original, and contains a rendering of "IBM 370" as "IBM 310".)
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988). Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 192. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1978), p. 3. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. LCCN 77028983. OCLC 3608698. OL 4558528M. Wikidata Q63565563.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), pp. 192, 259. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Kernighan & Ritchie (1988), p. 122. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7. LCCN 88005934. OCLC 254455874. OL 2030445M. Wikidata Q63413168.
Dale, Nell B.; Weems, Chip (2014). Programming and problem solving with C++ (6th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-9428-9. OCLC 894992484.
O'Regan, Gerard (September 24, 2015). Pillars of computing : a compendium of select, pivotal technology firms. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-21464-1. OCLC 922324121.
Rauchwerger, Lawrence (2004). Languages and compilers for parallel computing : 16th international workshop, LCPC 2003, College Station, TX, USA, October 2–4, 2003 : revised papers. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-24644-2. OCLC 57965544.

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