Caffeine (English Wikipedia)

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Fischer began his studies of caffeine in 1881; however, understanding of the molecule's structure long eluded him. In 1895 he synthesized caffeine, but only in 1897 did he finally fully determine its molecular structure.
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books.google.com

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Hrnčiarove J, Barteček R (2017). "8. Substance Dependence". In Hosák L, Hrdlička M, et al. (eds.). Psychiatry and Pedopsychiatry. Prague: Karolinum Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9788024633787. At a high dose, caffeine shows a euphoric effect.
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Karch SB (2009). Karch's pathology of drug abuse (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-0-8493-7881-2. All of these observations strongly suggest that caffeine does not act on the dopaminergic structures related to addiction, nor does it improve performance by alleviating any symptoms of withdrawal
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This is the pK_a for protonated caffeine, given as a range of values included in Prankerd RJ (2007). "Critical Compilation of pKa Values for Pharmaceutical Substances". In Brittain HG (ed.). Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients, and Related Methodology. Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology. Vol. 33. Academic Press. pp. 1–33 (15). doi:10.1016/S0099-5428(07)33001-3. ISBN 978-0-12-260833-9. PMID 22469138.
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Berzelius JJ (1825). Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschritte der physischen Wissenschaften von Jacob Berzelius [Annual report on the progress of the physical sciences by Jacob Berzelius] (in German). Vol. 4. p. 180: Caféin ist eine Materie im Kaffee, die zu gleicher Zeit, 1821, von Robiquet und Pelletier und Caventou entdekt wurde, von denen aber keine etwas darüber im Drucke bekannt machte. [Caffeine is a material in coffee, which was discovered at the same time, 1821, by Robiquet and [by] Pelletier and Caventou, by whom however nothing was made known about it in the press.]
Berzelius JJ (1828). Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschritte der physischen Wissenschaften von Jacob Berzelius [Annual Report on the Progress of the Physical Sciences by Jacob Berzelius] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 270: Es darf indessen hierbei nicht unerwähnt bleiben, dass Runge (in seinen phytochemischen Entdeckungen 1820, p. 146-7.) dieselbe Methode angegeben, und das Caffein unter dem Namen Caffeebase ein Jahr eher beschrieben hat, als Robiquet, dem die Entdeckung dieser Substanz gewöhnlich zugeschrieben wird, in einer Zusammenkunft der Societé de Pharmacie in Paris die erste mündliche Mittheilung darüber gab.
Pelletier PJ (1822). "Cafeine". Dictionnaire de Médecine (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Béchet Jeune. pp. 35–36. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
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Mulder GJ (1838). "Ueber Theïn und Caffeïn" [Concerning theine and caffeine]. Journal für Praktische Chemie. 15: 280–284. doi:10.1002/prac.18380150124.
Jobst C (1838). "Thein identisch mit Caffein" [Theine is identical to caffeine]. Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 25: 63–66. doi:10.1002/jlac.18380250106.
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caffeineinformer.com

"28 Plants that Contain Caffeine". caffeineinformer.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
"Caffeine Content of Drinks". Caffeine Informer. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2013.

canada.ca

"Caffeine in Food". Health Canada. 6 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.

chemspider.com

"Caffeine". ChemSpider. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
"Caffeine". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2014. Experimental Melting Point:
234–236 °C Alfa Aesar
237 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data
238 °C LKT Labs [C0221]
237 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 14937
238 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 17008, 17229, 22105, 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895
235.25 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895
236 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895
235 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 6603
234–236 °C Alfa Aesar A10431, 39214
Experimental Boiling Point:
178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar
178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 39214

churchofjesuschrist.org

newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org

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"Caffeine tablets or caplets". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

clinicalkey.com

"Caffeine Drug Monographs". UpToDate. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2018.

coffeefaq.com

"Coffee and Caffeine FAQ: Does dark roast coffee have less caffeine than light roast?". Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2009.

cspinet.org

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doi.org

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Nehlig A (2010). "Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?" (PDF). Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 20 (Suppl 1): S85–94. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091315. PMID 20182035. S2CID 17392483. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2021. Caffeine does not usually affect performance in learning and memory tasks, although caffeine may occasionally have facilitatory or inhibitory effects on memory and learning. Caffeine facilitates learning in tasks in which information is presented passively; in tasks in which material is learned intentionally, caffeine has no effect. Caffeine facilitates performance in tasks involving working memory to a limited extent, but hinders performance in tasks that heavily depend on this, and caffeine appears to improve memory performance under suboptimal alertness. Most studies, however, found improvements in reaction time. The ingestion of caffeine does not seem to affect long-term memory. ... Its indirect action on arousal, mood and concentration contributes in large part to its cognitive enhancing properties.
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Physiologic and performance effects
• Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation
• Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40
• Improved reaction time
• Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue
• Increased acceleration
• Increased alertness and attention to task
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Physiologic and performance effects
• Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation
• Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40
• Improved reaction time
• Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue
• Increased acceleration
• Increased alertness and attention to task
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178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 39214
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