Cagot (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Cagot" in English language version.

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  • "Monein". Site officiel de l'Office de tourisme de Lacq, Cœur de Béarn (in French). Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  • "Les cagots: un mystère en Béarn" [The cagots: a mystery in Béarn]. Site officiel de l'Office de tourisme de Lacq, Cœur de Béarn (in French). Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2014.

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  • Roussel (1893), p. 149: "M. Roussel persiste à voir des descendants blonds des Goths dans les Cagots des Pyrénées. Mais ils sont en réalité très diversifiés plus souvent bruns que blonds, brachy et dolichocéphales, semblables au fond de la population où ils vivent; ls parlent la langue ou le patois du pays." ["M. Roussel persists in seeing blond descendants of the Goths in the Cagots of the Pyrenees. But they are in reality very diverse, more often brown than blond, brachy and dolichocephalic, similar to the background of the population where they live; They speak the language or patois of the country."] Roussel, Théophile [in French] (1893). "Cagots et lépreux" [Cagots and Lepers]. Bulletins de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris. IVe Série (in French). 4: 148–160. doi:10.3406/bmsap.1893.5421. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023.
  • Jolly (2000), p. 200: "Dans toutes les localités où les cagots étaient présents, un quartier d'habitation, dont le nom diffère pour chaque village, leur était réservé. Ce quartier est généralement situé aux marges de l'habitat et n'est pas en continuité directe avec le reste du village Quand les cagots accédaient au foncier, c'était d'abord sur les marges du terroir cultivé, à la limite du communal, sur les terrains les moins propices à l'agriculture. ["In all the localities where the cagots were present, a residential area, whose name differs for each village, was reserved for them. This district is generally located on the margins of the habitat and is not in direct continuity with the rest of the village When the cagots accessed land, it was first on the margins of the cultivated land, at the limit of the communal on land less suitable for agriculture."] Jolly, Geneviève (2000). "Les cagots des Pyrénées: une ségrégation attestée, une mobilité mal connue" [The cagots of the Pyrenees: an attested segregation, a poorly known mobility]. Le Monde alpin et rhodanien [fr] (in French). 28 (1–3): 197–222. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023.
  • Bériac (1987). Bériac, Françoise (1987). "Une minorité marginale du Sud-Ouest: les cagots" [A marginal minority in the South-West: the cagots]. Histoire, Économie et Société (in French). 6 (1): 17–34. doi:10.3406/hes.1987.1436. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023.
  • Jolly (2000), p. 205: "L'étendue des aires matrimoniales et la distribution des patronymes constituent les principaux indices de la mobilité des cagots. F. Bériac relie l'extension des aires matrimoniales des cagots des différentes localités étudiées (de 20 à plus de 35 km) à l'importance et la densité relative des groupes de cagots, corrélant la recherche de conjoints lointains à l'épuisement des possibilités locales. A. Guerreau et Y. Guy, en utilisant la documentation gersoise exploitée par G. Loubès et les documents publiés par Fay pour le Béarn et la Chalosse (XVe–XVIIe s.) concluent que l'endogamie des cagots semble s'opérer au sein de trois sous-ensembles qui correspondent à ceux que distingue la terminologie à partir du XVIe siècle: agotes, cagots, capots. Au sein de chacun d'eux, les distances moyennes d'intermariage sont relativement importantes: entre 12 et 15 km en Béarn et Chalosse, plus de 30 km dans le Gers, dans une société où plus de la moitié des mariages se faisaient à l'intérieur d'un même village." ["The extent of marital areas and the distribution of surnames are the main indices of cagot mobility. F. Bériac links the extension of the matrimonial areas of the Cagots of the different localities studied (from 20 to more than 35 km) to the importance and the relative density of the groups of cagots, correlating the search for distant spouses with the exhaustion of possibilities local. Alain Guerreau [fr] and Y. Guy, using the Gers documentation exploited by G. Loubès and the documents published by Fay for Béarn and Chalosse (15th–17th century) conclude that the endogamy of Cagots seems to operate within three subsets that correspond to those distinguished by terminology from the 16th century: agotes, cagots, capots. Within each of them, the average intermarriage distances are relatively long: between 12 and 15 km in Béarn and Chalosse, more than 30 km in the Gers, in a society where more than half of marriages took place at home, inside the same village."] Jolly, Geneviève (2000). "Les cagots des Pyrénées: une ségrégation attestée, une mobilité mal connue" [The cagots of the Pyrenees: an attested segregation, a poorly known mobility]. Le Monde alpin et rhodanien [fr] (in French). 28 (1–3): 197–222. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023.
  • Jolly (2000), p. 200: "Lors des entretiens effectués récemment par P. Antolini dans le village d'Arizcun en Navarre, il ressort que les cagots dans cette région avaient des métiers et peu de terres: charpentier, menuisier, forgeron, carrier, meunier, joueur de flûte et de tambour, chasseur, tisserand. Ils travaillaient aussi sur les terres du seigneur Ursua comme métayers, ou comme ouvriers pour les agriculteurs et leveurs du village. Vers 1915-1920, la maison Ursua vendit aux cagots les terres qu'ils travaillaient: ils sont à présent presque tous propriétaires de leurs maisons et de leurs terres, mais la majorité sont encore artisans." ["During interviews carried out recently by P. Antolini in the village of Arizcun in Navarre, it appears that the cagots in this region had trades and little land: carpenter, joiner, blacksmith, quarryman, miller, flute player and drummer, hunter, weaver. They also worked on the lands of Lord Ursua as sharecroppers, or as laborers for the village farmers and herders. Around 1915-1920, the Ursua house sold the land they worked to the cagots: they are now almost all owners of their houses and their land, but the majority are still artisans."] Jolly, Geneviève (2000). "Les cagots des Pyrénées: une ségrégation attestée, une mobilité mal connue" [The cagots of the Pyrenees: an attested segregation, a poorly known mobility]. Le Monde alpin et rhodanien [fr] (in French). 28 (1–3): 197–222. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023.
  • da Silva (2006); Loubès (1995); Pérez (2010); British Medical Journal (1912); Jolly (2000), p. 202; Veyrin (2011), p. 84 da Silva, Gérard (3 December 2006). "The Cagots of Béarn: The Pariahs of France" (PDF). International Humanist News. International Humanist and Ethical Union. pp. 21–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2008. Loubès, Gilbert (1995). L'énigme des cagots [The enigma of the cagots] (in French). Bordeaux: Éditions Sud-Ouest [fr]. ISBN 978-2879016580. Pérez, Iñaki Sanjuán (21 March 2010). "Los agotes: El pueblo maldito del valle del Baztán" [The Cagots: The cursed town of the Baztán valley]. Suite101.net (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2020. British Medical Journal (11 May 1912). "Cagots". British Medical Journal. 1 (2680): 1091–1092. JSTOR 25297157. Jolly, Geneviève (2000). "Les cagots des Pyrénées: une ségrégation attestée, une mobilité mal connue" [The cagots of the Pyrenees: an attested segregation, a poorly known mobility]. Le Monde alpin et rhodanien [fr] (in French). 28 (1–3): 197–222. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Veyrin, Philippe [in French] (2011) [1942]. "Portraits of Basques — The Gipuzkoans — The Navarrese — The Béarnais — The Gascons — Inner Minorities — Basque Expansion". The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions. Translated by Brown, Andrew. Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada. pp. 75–92. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7.
  • Jolly (2000), p. 207: "Tout le monde se plaît par contre à citer ce qui est donné pour être la dernière manifestation effective du phénomène de ségrégation: le dernier mariage « qui a fait scandale » à Lescun entre une fille de grande famille et un cagot, dans les années 1950." ["On the other hand, everyone likes to cite what is given to be the last effective manifestation of the phenomenon of segregation: the last marriage "which caused a scandal" in Lescun between a girl from a large family and a cagot, in the 1950s."] Jolly, Geneviève (2000). "Les cagots des Pyrénées: une ségrégation attestée, une mobilité mal connue" [The cagots of the Pyrenees: an attested segregation, a poorly known mobility]. Le Monde alpin et rhodanien [fr] (in French). 28 (1–3): 197–222. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023.

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  • Huici (1984), p. 19: "Webster rechaza la idea de que los agotes fueran un pueblo distinto del vasco, por razones lingüísticas. Según el sabio Inglés un pueblo, extranjero, que vive aislado de la sociedad que le rodea y con barreras severísimas, no ha podido olvidar totalmente su lengua ancestral. Los agotes, sin embargo, hablan el vascuence exactamente Igual que los vascos que les rodean." ["Webster rejects the idea that the agotes were a people distinct from the Basque, for linguistic reasons. According to the wise Englishman, a people, foreigners, who live isolated from the society that surrounds them and with very severe barriers, have not been able to completely forget their ancestral language. The agotes, however, speak Basque exactly like the Basques around them."] Huici, Rosa María Agudo (1984). "Wentworth Webster: vascófilo, fuerista y etnólogo" [Wentworth Webster: Bascophile, Fuerist and Ethnologist]. Nuevos Extractos de la Rsbap (in Spanish) (A). Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023.

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  • "Musée des cagots" [Museum of the Cagots]. Tourisme Midi Pyrenees (in French). Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.

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  • "Die Cagots in Frankreich: (Schluß des Artikels in voriger Nummer)" [The Cagots in France: (End of article in previous number).]. Die Grenzboten: Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst (in German). Vol. 20. Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen. 1861. pp. 423–431. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022.
  • "Die Cagots in Frankreich" [The Cagots in France]. Die Grenzboten: Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst (in German). Vol. 20. Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen. 1861. pp. 393–398. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Obgleich das geseß ihnen gegen ende des vorigen jahrhunderts gleich rechte mit den übrigen bürgern gewährte, ihre sage verbefferte und sie schüßte, ist der fluch, der aus ihnen lastete, doch noch nicht gang gehoben, die berachtung, die sie bedecste, noch nicht gang gewichen und an vielen arten wird ihre unfunft noch als ein schandflect angesehen. [Although, towards the end of the last century, the seat gave them equal rights with the other citizens, enhanced their speech and shot them, the curse that weighed on them has not yet been lifted, the disrespect that held them has not yet disappeared and in many species, their incompetence is still viewed as a shame.]

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  • von Zach (1798), pp. 522–523: "4) Welches wäre nun dasjenige Volk, welches nach seiner Unterjochung nur in diesen Elenden vorhande wäre? In keinem stücke sind die Meinungen der Schriftsteller so-sehr getheilt. Einige halten sie für die Abkömmlinge der von den Römern und späterhin von den Franken unterjochen ersten Bewohner - der Gallier. Court de Gebelin in seinem Monde primitif wählt die Alanen und führt die Schlacht vom Jahr 463 an, in welcher diese mit den Visigothen überwunden wurden. Marca betrachtet sie als Überreste der von Carl Martel unter Anführung des Abdalrahman besiegten Sarazanen. Ramond in seiner Reise nach den Pyrenäen leitet sie von den Arianisch gesinnten Völkern ab, welcher unter dem Clodoveus im Jahr 507 bey Vouglé (in Campo oder Campania Vocladensi) unter der Anführung Alarichs zehn Meilen von Poitiers geschlagen, zerstreut, misshandelt, und von den Bewohnern der Loire und der Sévre mit gleicher Erbitterung und Verachtung gegen die Mündungen dieser beyden Flüsse getrieben wurden. Wer hier Recht hat, muss erst in der Folge entschieden, und ehe diess geschehen kann, die Sache noch genauer untersucht werden." ["4) What would that people be, which after its subjugation would be present only in these miserable ones? In no way are the opinions of the writers so divided. Some consider them to be the descendants of the first inhabitants conquered by the Romans and later by the Franks - the Gauls. Court de Gebelin in his Monde primitif chooses the Alans and cites the battle of 463, in which they were defeated with the Visigoths. Marca regards them as the remains of the Sarazans defeated by Carl Martel led by the Abdalrahman. Ramond in his Journey to the Pyrenees derives them from the Arian-minded peoples who, under the Clodoveus in the year 507 at Vouglé (in Campo or Campania Vocladensi) under the leadership of Alaric, beaten, scattered, abused ten miles from Poitiers, and treated with equal bitterness and contempt by the inhabitants of the Loire and the Sévre the mouths of these two rivers were driven. Who is right here must first be decided later, and before this can happen, the matter must be examined more closely."] von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  • Michel (1847), pp. 21–22, 284; Álvarez (2019); Erroll (1899); Delacampagne (1983), p. 125–127; Donkin & Diez (1864), p. 107: "called canes Gothi, cagots (Pr. a dog, and Got = Goth)."; von Zach (1798), p. 520: "Die erste und natürlichste Frage entsteht über den Namen. Woher die sonderbare Benennung Cagot? Scaliger's Meinung, welcher sie von Caas Goth, Canis Gothus ableitet, scheint ihren Gothischen Ursprung, welcher doch erst bewiesen werden sollte, als ausgemacht voraus zu setzen, auch scheint diese Ableitung zu künstlich und erzwungen zu seyn." ["The first and most natural question arises about the name. Where did the strange name Cagot come from? Scaliger's opinion, deriving it from Caas Goth, Canis Gothus, seems to take for granted its Gothic origin, which has yet to be proved, and this derivation seems too artificial and forced."] Michel, Francisque Xavier (1847). Histoire Des Races Maudites De La France Et De l'Espagne [History Of The Cursed Races Of France And Spain] (in French). Vol. 1. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Álvarez, Jorge (31 October 2019). "Agotes, the mysterious cursed race of the Basque-Navarrese Pyrenees". La Brújula Verde. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021. Erroll, Henry (August 1899). "Pariahs of Western Europe". The Cornhill Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 38. London. pp. 243–251. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021. Delacampagne, Christian (1983). L'invention du racisme: Antiquité et Moyen-Âge [The invention of racism: Antiquity and the Middle Ages]. Hors collection (in French). Paris: Fayard. doi:10.3917/fayar.delac.1983.01. ISBN 9782213011172. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Donkin, T.C.; Diez, Friedrich (1864). An Etymological Dictionary of the Romance Languages; chiefly from the German of Friedrich Diez. Williams and Norgate. von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  • von Zach (1798), pp. 516–517: "Man kennt sie in Bretagne unter der Benennung von Cacous oder Caqueux. Man findet sie in Aunis, vorzüglich auf der Insel Maillezais, so wie auch in La Rochelle, wo sie Coliberts gennent werden. In Guyenne und Gascogne in der Nähe von Bordeaux erscheinen sie unter dem Namen der Cahets, und halten sich in den unbewohnbarsten Morästen, Sümpfen und Heiden auf. In den beyden Navarren heissen sie Caffos, Cagotes, Agotes." ["They are known in Brittany under the name of Cacous or Caqueux. They can be found in Aunis, especially on the island of Maillezais, as well as in La Rochelle, where they are called Coliberts. In Guyenne and Gascogne, near Bordeaux, they appear under the name of the Cahets, and can be found in the most uninhabitable swamps, swamps and heaths. In the two Navarres they are called Caffos, Cagotes, Agotes."] von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  • von Zach (1798), pp. 521: "Es fragt sich 2) gehören die Caquets oder Caqueux in Bretagne und die Cagots in Bearn, so wie Cassos in Navarra zu einem und demselben Geschlechte? Wir glauben die Frage mit Ramond bejahen zu können. Die grosse Verwandtschaft der Namen, die Ähnlichkeit ihres Zustandes, die aller Orten gleiche Verachtung, und derselbe Geist, der aus allen Verordnungen in Betreff ihrer herverleuchtet scheinen diess zu beweisen." ["The question arises 2) Do the caquets or caqueux in Brittany and the cagots in Bearn, like the cassos in Navarre, belong to one and the same family? We think we can answer the question with Ramond in the affirmative. The close affinity of names, the similarity of their condition, the same contempt in all places, and the same spirit emanating from all the ordinances concerning them, seem to prove this."] von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  • von Zach (1798), pp. 519–520: "dass sie im J. 1460 der Gegenstand einer Beschwerde der Bearner Landstände waren, welche verlangten, dass man ihnen wegen zu besorgender Ansteckung verbiete, mit blossen Füssen zu gehen, unter Bedrohung der Strafe, dass ihnen im Betretungsfalle die Füsse mit einem Eisen sollten durchschlagen werden. Auch drangen die Stände darauf, dass sie auf ihren Kleidern ihr ehemahliges unterscheidendes Merkmahl, den Gänse - oder Aenten - Fuss fernerhin tragen sollten." ["that in 1460 they were the subject of a complaint by the Bearnese estates, which demanded that they should be forbidden to walk with bare feet because of contagion, under threat of the punishment that their feet should be struck with an iron in the event of trespass. The standing orders also insisted that they should continue to wear their former distinctive mark, the goose - or duck - foot on their clothes."] von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  • von Zach (1798), p. 519: "dass sie in die Kirchen nicht anders, als durch abgesonderte Thüren hineintreten durften, und in diesen ihre eigenen Weihbecken und Stühle für sich und ihre Familie hatten." ["that they were not allowed to enter the churches other than through separate doors, and in these had their own stoups and chairs for themselves and their families."] von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  • von Zach (1798), pp. 516–517: "Ausser dem Holzspalten und Zimmern sey ihnen kein anderes Handwerk erlaubt: diese beyden Beschäftigungen seyen aber eben dadurch verächtlich und ehrlos geworden." ["Apart from splitting wood and carving, they are not allowed to do any other craft: these two occupations have become contemptible and dishonorable because of this."] von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  • von Zach (1798), p. 515: "An der westlichen Küste dieses Landes, von St. Malo an, bis tief die Pyrenäen hinauf, befindet sich eine Classe von Manschen, welche den Indischen Parias sehr nahe kommt, und mit diesen auf gleicher Stufe der Erniedrigung steht. Sie leben in diesen Gegenden zerstreut, seit undenklichen Zeiten bis auf den heutigen Tag unter fortdauernder Herabwürdigung von Seiten ihrer mehr begünstigten Mitbürger. Sie heissen mit ihrer bekanntesten und allgemeinsten Benennung Cagots, und es bleibt zweifelhaft, ob die Heuchler ihnen, oder sie diesen ihren Namen mitgetheilt haben, obgleich das letzte mir glaublicher scheint." ["On the western coast of this country, from St. Malo to deep up the Pyrenees, there is a class of people who come very close to the Indian pariah, and are on the same level of humiliation with them. They have been scattered in these areas, from time immemorial to the present day, under constant disparagement from their more fortunate fellow citizens. With their best-known and most general designation they are called Cagots, and it remains doubtful whether the hypocrites gave them or they gave them their names, although the last one seems more credible to me."] von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  • von Zach (1798), pp. 523–524: "Die letzten und neuesten Nachrichten schreiben sich vom J. 1787 und sind ebenfalls in Ramond's Reisen enthalten. "Ich habe, schreibt dieser Augenzeuge, einige Familien dieser Unglücklichen gesehen. Sie nähern sich unmerklich den Dörfen aus welchen sie verbannt worden. Die Seiten-Thüren, durch welche sie in die Kirchen gingen, werden unnütz. Es vermischt sich endlich ein wenig Mitleid mit der Verachtung und dem Abscheu, welchen sie einflössen. (524) Doch habe ich auch entlegene Hütten angetrossen wo diese Unglücklichen sich 'noch fürchten, vom Vururtheile misshandelt zu werden, und nur vom Mitleiden Besuche erwarten."" ["The latest and most recent news is dated 1787 and is also included in Ramond's Travels. "I have seen, writes this eyewitness, some families of these unfortunates. They imperceptibly approach the villages from which they were banished. The side doors through which they went into the churches become useless. A little pity finally mixes with them the contempt and loathing they inspired. Yet I have also found remote huts where these unfortunate ones still fear being mistreated by judgment, and expect visits only from pity.""] von Zach, Franz Xaver (March 1798). "Einige Nachrichten von den Cagots in Frankreich" [Some news of the Cagots in France]. Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (in German). 1 (5): 509–524. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.

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  • Viterbo, Joaquim de Santa Rosa de [in Portuguese] (1856). Elucidário das palavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antigamente se usaram e que hoje regularmente se ignoram [Elucidation of the words, terms and phrases that were used in Portugal in the past and that today are regularly ignored] (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Lisbon: A. J. Fernandes Lopes. p. 64 – via Google Books. Certas Famílias em os Reinos de Aragão, e Navarra, e Principado de Bearne, descendentes dos Godos, que sem mais culpa, que tyrannizarem os seus Maiores antigamente aquellas Provincias, são tratados com o maior desprezo, e abatimento, assim nas materias civís, como de Religião: e até dizem delles, que nascem com rabo. [Certain Families in the Kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre, and the Principality of Bearne, descendants of the Goths, who without more guilt than their leaders formerly tyrannizing those Provinces, are treated with the greatest contempt and abasement, in civil matters as well as in Religion: and they even say that they are born with tails.]

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  • Louis-Lande (1878), p. 429: "Les gafets ou gahets de Guyenne font leur apparition dans l'histoire vers la fin du XIIIe siècle, en même temps que les cagots. Eux aussi étaient tenus pour ladres; ils avaient à l'église une porte, une place et un bénitier réservés, et ils étaient enterrés séparément. La coutume du Mas-d'Agenais, rédigée en 1388, défend à quiconque « d'acheter, pour les vendre, bétail ou volaille de gafet ou de gafete, ni de louer gafet ou gafete pour vendanger. » La coutume de Marmande défend aux gafets d'aller pieds nus par les rues et sans un « signal » de drap rouge appliqué sur le côté, gauche de la robe, d'acheter ni de séjourner dans la ville un autre jour que le lundi; elle leur enjoint, s'ils rencontrent homme ou femme, de se mettre à l'écart autant que possible jusqu'à ce que le passant se soit éloigné." ["The gafets or gahets of Guyenne make their appearance in history towards the end of the 13th century, at the same time as the cagots. They, too, were considered wretches; they had in the church a door, a place and a stoup reserved, and they were buried separately. The custom of Mas-d'Agenais, written in 1388, forbids anyone "to buy, to sell, cattle or poultry from gafet or gafete, or to rent gafet or gafete for harvesting." The custom of Marmande forbids gafets to go barefoot through the streets and without a "signal" of red cloth applied to the left side of the dress, to buy or to stay in the city on a day other than Monday; she enjoins them, if they meet man or woman, to stand apart as much as possible until the passer-by has moved away."] Louis-Lande, Lucien (1878). "Les Cagots et leurs congénères" [Cagots and their congeners]. Revue des deux Mondes (in French). No. 25. pp. 426–450.
  • Hudry-Menos, Grégoire [in French] (1868). "L'Israël des Alpes ou les Vaudois du Piémont. — II. — La Croisade albigeoise et la dispersion" [The Israel of the Alps or the Vaudois of Piedmont. - II. - The Albigensian Crusade and the dispersion]. Revue des Deux Mondes (in French). Vol. 74. p. 588. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  • Louis-Lande (1878), p. 448: "La leucé attaque moins profondément l'organisme, et c'est elle que les médecins du moyen âge attribuent particulièrement aux caquots, capots et cagots, qu'ils appellent de son nom ladres blancs. Les caractères principaux en sont, suivant Guy de Chauliac, vieil auteur du XIVe siècle: « une certaine couleur vilaine qui saute aux yeux, la morphée ou teinte blafarde de la peau, etc. »" ["Leuce attacks the body less deeply, and it is this that doctors of the Middle Ages particularly attribute to Caquots, Capots and Cagots, which they call by their name white ladres. The main characters are, according to Guy de Chauliac, an old author of the fourteenth century: "a certain ugly color that jumps out at the eyes, the morphea or pale tint of the skin, etc"."] Louis-Lande, Lucien (1878). "Les Cagots et leurs congénères" [Cagots and their congeners]. Revue des deux Mondes (in French). No. 25. pp. 426–450.
  • Louis-Lande (1878), p. 430. Louis-Lande, Lucien (1878). "Les Cagots et leurs congénères" [Cagots and their congeners]. Revue des deux Mondes (in French). No. 25. pp. 426–450.
  • Ulysse (1891); Álvarez (2019); del Carmen Aguirre Delclaux (2008); Louis-Lande (1878), p. 426: "Aussi les tenait-on prudemment à l'écart: ceux des villes étaient relégués dans un faubourg spécial où les personnes saines se lussent bien gardées de mettre les pieds et d'où ils ne pouvaient sortir eux-mêmes sans porter sur leur vêtement et bien en évidence un morceau de drap rouge taillé en patte d'oie ou de canard" ["So they were kept prudently apart: those from the cities were relegated to a special suburb where healthy people were careful not to set foot and where they could not get out themselves without wearing on their clothes and well in evidence a piece of red cloth cut in crow's or duck's feet"] Ulysse, Robert (1891). Les signes d'infamie au moyen âge: Juifs, Sarrasins, hérétiques, lépreux, cagots et filles publiques [Signs of infamy in the Middle Ages: Jews, Saracens, heretics, lepers, cagots and public girls] (in French). H. Champion. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2018. Álvarez, Jorge (31 October 2019). "Agotes, the mysterious cursed race of the Basque-Navarrese Pyrenees". La Brújula Verde. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021. del Carmen Aguirre Delclaux, María [in Spanish] (2008). Los agotes: El final de una maldición [The Agotes: The End of a Curse] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Madrid: Sílex ediciones [es]. ISBN 978-8477374190. Louis-Lande, Lucien (1878). "Les Cagots et leurs congénères" [Cagots and their congeners]. Revue des deux Mondes (in French). No. 25. pp. 426–450.

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