Calculator (English Wikipedia)

"The Loan Arranger II". Mathcs.albion.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
"Construction Master". Mathcs.albion.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
Mark Bollman. "Mark->'s Calculator Collection". Mathcs.albion.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19.

archive.org

Ifrah (2001), p. 11. Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0.
Felt, Dorr E. (1916). Mechanical arithmetic, or The history of the counting machine. Chicago: Washington Institute. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2016-07-03.
Bellotto, Sam Jr. (August 1972). "Calculators: They Just Keep Multiplying". Administrative Management. 33 (8). Geyer-McAllister Publications: 68–73 – via Internet Archive.

arithmometre.org

"Modèles Payen". Arithmometre.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

arxiv.org

Thomas J. Bing; Edward F. Redish (7 December 2007). "Symbolic Manipulators Affect Mathematical Mindsets". American Journal of Physics. 76 (4): 418. arXiv:0712.1187. Bibcode:2008AmJPh..76..418B. doi:10.1119/1.2835053. S2CID 28555451.

books.google.com

"A New Calculator". The Gentleman's magazine. Vol. 202. 1857. p. 100. Pascal and Leibnitz, in the seventeenth century, and Diderot at a later period, endeavored to construct a machine which might serve as a substitute for human intelligence in the combination of figures.
"New from Texas Instruments: The World's Most Powerful Pocket Calculator". New Scientist: 455. 17 August 1978 – via Google Books.

cedarville.edu

digitalcommons.cedarville.edu

Banks, Sarah (16 May 2012). A Historical Analysis of Attitudes Toward the Use of Calculators in Junior High and High School Math Classrooms in the United States Since 1975 (Thesis). Cedarville University.

clockwiser.wordpress.com

"Българските електронни калкулатори ЕЛКА" [The Bulgarian ELKA electronic calculators]. The Clockwiser's Collections (in Bulgarian). 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"Elka 101-135 series (photo)". The Clockwiser's Collections. 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.

doi.org

Martin Hilbert; Priscila López (1 April 2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" (PDF). Science. 332 (6025): 60–65. Bibcode:2011Sci...332...60H. doi:10.1126/science.1200970. PMID 21310967. S2CID 206531385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-26.
Chapman (1942), pp. 508, 509; "Pascal's invention of the calculating machine. Pascal invented his machine just four hundred years ago, as a youth of nineteen. He was spurred to it by sharing the burden of arithmetical labor involved in his father's official work as supervisor of taxes at Rouen. He conceived the idea of doing the work mechanically, and developed a design appropriate for this purpose; showing herein the same combination of pure science and mechanical genius that characterized his whole life. But it was one thing to conceive and design the machine, and another to get it made and put into use. Here were needed those practical gifts that he displayed later in his inventions....
In a sense, Pascal's invention was premature, in that the mechanical arts in his time were not sufficiently advanced to enable his machine to be made at an economic price, with the accuracy and strength needed for reasonably long use. This difficulty was not overcome until well on into the nineteenth century, by which time also a renewed stimulus to invention was given by the need for many kinds of calculation more intricate than those considered by Pascal." Chapman, S. (31 October 1942). "Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) Tercentenary of the calculating machine". Nature. 150 (3809). London: 508–509. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..508C. doi:10.1038/150508a0.
Ginsburg, Jekuthiel (1933). "Scripta Mathematica". Science. 86 (2218). Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 149. doi:10.1126/science.86.2218.13-a. ISBN 978-0-7661-3835-3. PMID 17737911. S2CID 28216043. In 1893, the German calculating machine inventor Arthur Burkhardt was asked to put Leibniz machine in operating condition if possible. His report was favorable except for the sequence in the carry. {{cite journal}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Denis Roegel (October–December 2016). David Walden (ed.). "Before Torchi and Schwilgué, There Was White". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 38 (4): 92–93. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2016.46. S2CID 28873771. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
Stoll, Cliff (2004). "the Curious History of the First Pocket Calculator". Scientific American. 290 (1): 92–99. Bibcode:2004SciAm.290a..92S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0104-92. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 26172659. PMID 14682043.
Thomas J. Bing; Edward F. Redish (7 December 2007). "Symbolic Manipulators Affect Mathematical Mindsets". American Journal of Physics. 76 (4): 418. arXiv:0712.1187. Bibcode:2008AmJPh..76..418B. doi:10.1119/1.2835053. S2CID 28555451.

dropbox.com

May, Mike (Spring 2000). "How the Computer Got Into Your Pocket" (PDF). American Heritage of Invention & Technology. Vol. 15, no. 4. pp. 42–54. Retrieved 2017-03-30.

electronicdesign.com

Okon, Thomas (27 March 2017). "The First Handheld Digital Calculator Celebrates 50 Years". Electronic Design. Archived from the original on 2017-04-13.

epocalc.net

"The first portable calculators". epocalc. Archived from the original on 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2016-12-30.

faz.net

"50 Jahre Taschenrechner – Die Erfindung, die niemand haben wollte" [50th anniversary of calculators – the invention not wanted by anyone]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) (in German). 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-30.

files.wordpress.com

clockwiser.files.wordpress.com

"ELKA 6521 (photo)". The Clockwiser's Collections. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"ELKA 22 (photo)". The Clockwiser's Collections. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"Elka 100 series (photo)". The Clockwiser's Collections. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Martin Hilbert; Priscila López (1 April 2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" (PDF). Science. 332 (6025): 60–65. Bibcode:2011Sci...332...60H. doi:10.1126/science.1200970. PMID 21310967. S2CID 206531385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-26.
Chapman (1942), pp. 508, 509; "Pascal's invention of the calculating machine. Pascal invented his machine just four hundred years ago, as a youth of nineteen. He was spurred to it by sharing the burden of arithmetical labor involved in his father's official work as supervisor of taxes at Rouen. He conceived the idea of doing the work mechanically, and developed a design appropriate for this purpose; showing herein the same combination of pure science and mechanical genius that characterized his whole life. But it was one thing to conceive and design the machine, and another to get it made and put into use. Here were needed those practical gifts that he displayed later in his inventions....
In a sense, Pascal's invention was premature, in that the mechanical arts in his time were not sufficiently advanced to enable his machine to be made at an economic price, with the accuracy and strength needed for reasonably long use. This difficulty was not overcome until well on into the nineteenth century, by which time also a renewed stimulus to invention was given by the need for many kinds of calculation more intricate than those considered by Pascal." Chapman, S. (31 October 1942). "Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) Tercentenary of the calculating machine". Nature. 150 (3809). London: 508–509. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..508C. doi:10.1038/150508a0.
Stoll, Cliff (2004). "the Curious History of the First Pocket Calculator". Scientific American. 290 (1): 92–99. Bibcode:2004SciAm.290a..92S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0104-92. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 26172659. PMID 14682043.
Thomas J. Bing; Edward F. Redish (7 December 2007). "Symbolic Manipulators Affect Mathematical Mindsets". American Journal of Physics. 76 (4): 418. arXiv:0712.1187. Bibcode:2008AmJPh..76..418B. doi:10.1119/1.2835053. S2CID 28555451.

hathitrust.org

catalog.hathitrust.org

Harris, Charles Overton; American Technical Society. (1944). Slide rule simplified. Chicago: American technical society.

hp.com

hpl.hp.com

"David S. Cochran, Algorithms and accuracy in the HP35, Hewlett Packard Journal, June 1972" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

ieee.org

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Denis Roegel (October–December 2016). David Walden (ed.). "Before Torchi and Schwilgué, There Was White". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 38 (4): 92–93. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2016.46. S2CID 28873771. Retrieved 2018-05-06.

jcq.org.uk

Joint Council for Qualifications, Instructions for conducting examinations, section 10.9, September 2024, accessed on 27 December 2024

jstor.org

Stoll, Cliff (2004). "the Curious History of the First Pocket Calculator". Scientific American. 290 (1): 92–99. Bibcode:2004SciAm.290a..92S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0104-92. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 26172659. PMID 14682043.

jutarnji.hr

"U Bujama je izrađen prvi europski džepni kalkulator. Te 1971. koštao je koliko i fićo" [The first European pocket calculator was made in Buje. In 1971, it cost as much as a son] (in Croatian). 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-30.

leningrad.su

"ELEKTRONIKA B3-04". Коллекция советской цифровой электроники [Collection of Soviet digital electronics]. Soviet Digital Electronics Museum.

linkedin.com

"From Calculators to AI: Overcoming Resistance to Technology in Academia".

ma.as

"Casio AL-1000 calculator". Australia: Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2023-06-08.

metastudies.net

Jim Falk. "Early Evolution of the Modern Calculator, Part 2. The Modern Era: 4.1 Schickard's Calculating Clock". Things that Count. Archived from the original on 2014-04-16.
Jim Falk. "Schickard versus Pascal - an empty debate?". Things that Count. Archived from the original on 2014-04-08.

nctm.org

"Calculator Use in Elementary Grades". NCTM. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-08-03.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Martin Hilbert; Priscila López (1 April 2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" (PDF). Science. 332 (6025): 60–65. Bibcode:2011Sci...332...60H. doi:10.1126/science.1200970. PMID 21310967. S2CID 206531385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-26.
Ginsburg, Jekuthiel (1933). "Scripta Mathematica". Science. 86 (2218). Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 149. doi:10.1126/science.86.2218.13-a. ISBN 978-0-7661-3835-3. PMID 17737911. S2CID 28216043. In 1893, the German calculating machine inventor Arthur Burkhardt was asked to put Leibniz machine in operating condition if possible. His report was favorable except for the sequence in the carry. {{cite journal}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Stoll, Cliff (2004). "the Curious History of the First Pocket Calculator". Scientific American. 290 (1): 92–99. Bibcode:2004SciAm.290a..92S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0104-92. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 26172659. PMID 14682043.

npr.org

"Electronic Calculator Invented 40 Years Ago". All Things Considered. NPR. 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Audio interview with one of the inventors.

oldcalculatormuseum.com

"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator". The Old Calculator Web Museum.
"Mathatronics Mathatron 8-48M Mod II Electronic Calculator". The Old Calculator Web Museum.

plus.com

spingal.plus.com

James McGonigal (September 2010) [September 2006]. "Microprocessor History – Foundations in Glenrothes, Scotland". Spingal.plus.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-07-19.

righto.com

"Reversing Sinclair's amazing 1974 calculator hack – half the ROM of the HP-35". Ken Shirriff's blog. See in particular the section "Limited performance and accuracy". For more coverage of Shirriff's results, see Sharwood, Simon (2 September 2013). "Google chap reverse engineers Sinclair Scientific Calculator". The Register. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23.

rk86.com

"ELKA 22, Bulgarian Calculator". Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2013-10-01.

rskey.org

"Elektronika B3-21". www.rskey.org. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2023-06-07.

sbu.ac.ir

faculties.sbu.ac.ir

"Decimal CORDIC Rotation based on Selection by Rounding: Algorithm and Architecture" (PDF). British Computer Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-14.

scientificamerican.com

blogs.scientificamerican.com

Lott, Melissa C. "The Engineer Who Foreshadowed the Smart Grid—in 1921". Plugged In. Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2017-08-14.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Martin Hilbert; Priscila López (1 April 2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" (PDF). Science. 332 (6025): 60–65. Bibcode:2011Sci...332...60H. doi:10.1126/science.1200970. PMID 21310967. S2CID 206531385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-26.
Ginsburg, Jekuthiel (1933). "Scripta Mathematica". Science. 86 (2218). Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 149. doi:10.1126/science.86.2218.13-a. ISBN 978-0-7661-3835-3. PMID 17737911. S2CID 28216043. In 1893, the German calculating machine inventor Arthur Burkhardt was asked to put Leibniz machine in operating condition if possible. His report was favorable except for the sequence in the carry. {{cite journal}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Denis Roegel (October–December 2016). David Walden (ed.). "Before Torchi and Schwilgué, There Was White". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 38 (4): 92–93. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2016.46. S2CID 28873771. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
Thomas J. Bing; Edward F. Redish (7 December 2007). "Symbolic Manipulators Affect Mathematical Mindsets". American Journal of Physics. 76 (4): 418. arXiv:0712.1187. Bibcode:2008AmJPh..76..418B. doi:10.1119/1.2835053. S2CID 28555451.

theguardian.com

Vasagar, Jeevan; Shepherd, Jessica (1 December 2011). "Subtracting calculators adds to children's maths abilities, says minister". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2011-12-07. The use of calculators will be looked at as part of a national curriculum review, after the schools minister, Nick Gibb, expressed concern that children's mental and written arithmetic was suffering because of reliance on the devices. Gibb said: "Children can become too dependent on calculators if they use them at too young an age. They shouldn't be reaching for a gadget every time they need to do a simple sum. [...]"

theregister.co.uk

"Reversing Sinclair's amazing 1974 calculator hack – half the ROM of the HP-35". Ken Shirriff's blog. See in particular the section "Limited performance and accuracy". For more coverage of Shirriff's results, see Sharwood, Simon (2 September 2013). "Google chap reverse engineers Sinclair Scientific Calculator". The Register. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23.

ti.com

education.ti.com

Texas Instruments TI-30X IIB Quick Reference Guide, Page 1 - Last Answer
"Texas Instruments Celebrates the 35th Anniversary of Its Invention of the Calculator". Education Technology. Texas Instruments. 15 August 2002. Archived from the original on 2008-06-27.

ua.es

rua.ua.es

University of Alicante. "A Cordic-based Architecture for High Performance Decimal Calculations" (PDF). IEEE. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-08-15.

uvm.edu

Martin Hilbert; Priscila López (1 April 2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" (PDF). Science. 332 (6025): 60–65. Bibcode:2011Sci...332...60H. doi:10.1126/science.1200970. PMID 21310967. S2CID 206531385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-26.

vintagecalculators.com

Ball, Guy; Flamm, Bruce (1996). "The History of Pocket Electronic Calculators". Vintage Calculators Web Museum. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
"ELKA 101". Vintage Calculators Web Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-01.

web.archive.org

Martin Hilbert; Priscila López (1 April 2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" (PDF). Science. 332 (6025): 60–65. Bibcode:2011Sci...332...60H. doi:10.1126/science.1200970. PMID 21310967. S2CID 206531385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-26.
University of Alicante. "A Cordic-based Architecture for High Performance Decimal Calculations" (PDF). IEEE. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
"Decimal CORDIC Rotation based on Selection by Rounding: Algorithm and Architecture" (PDF). British Computer Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
"David S. Cochran, Algorithms and accuracy in the HP35, Hewlett Packard Journal, June 1972" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
Jim Falk. "Early Evolution of the Modern Calculator, Part 2. The Modern Era: 4.1 Schickard's Calculating Clock". Things that Count. Archived from the original on 2014-04-16.
Jim Falk. "Schickard versus Pascal - an empty debate?". Things that Count. Archived from the original on 2014-04-08.
"Modèles Payen". Arithmometre.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
Felt, Dorr E. (1916). Mechanical arithmetic, or The history of the counting machine. Chicago: Washington Institute. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2016-07-03.
Lott, Melissa C. "The Engineer Who Foreshadowed the Smart Grid—in 1921". Plugged In. Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Ball, Guy; Flamm, Bruce (1996). "The History of Pocket Electronic Calculators". Vintage Calculators Web Museum. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
"Българските електронни калкулатори ЕЛКА" [The Bulgarian ELKA electronic calculators]. The Clockwiser's Collections (in Bulgarian). 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"ELKA 6521 (photo)". The Clockwiser's Collections. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"ELKA 22 (photo)". The Clockwiser's Collections. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"ELKA 22, Bulgarian Calculator". Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"Elka 101-135 series (photo)". The Clockwiser's Collections. 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"Elka 100 series (photo)". The Clockwiser's Collections. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"ELKA 101". Vintage Calculators Web Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
"Texas Instruments Celebrates the 35th Anniversary of Its Invention of the Calculator". Education Technology. Texas Instruments. 15 August 2002. Archived from the original on 2008-06-27.
"Electronic Calculator Invented 40 Years Ago". All Things Considered. NPR. 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Audio interview with one of the inventors.
"50 Jahre Taschenrechner – Die Erfindung, die niemand haben wollte" [50th anniversary of calculators – the invention not wanted by anyone]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) (in German). 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Okon, Thomas (27 March 2017). "The First Handheld Digital Calculator Celebrates 50 Years". Electronic Design. Archived from the original on 2017-04-13.
James McGonigal (September 2010) [September 2006]. "Microprocessor History – Foundations in Glenrothes, Scotland". Spingal.plus.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
"The first portable calculators". epocalc. Archived from the original on 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
"U Bujama je izrađen prvi europski džepni kalkulator. Te 1971. koštao je koliko i fićo" [The first European pocket calculator was made in Buje. In 1971, it cost as much as a son] (in Croatian). 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
"Reversing Sinclair's amazing 1974 calculator hack – half the ROM of the HP-35". Ken Shirriff's blog. See in particular the section "Limited performance and accuracy". For more coverage of Shirriff's results, see Sharwood, Simon (2 September 2013). "Google chap reverse engineers Sinclair Scientific Calculator". The Register. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23.
"The Loan Arranger II". Mathcs.albion.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
"Construction Master". Mathcs.albion.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
"Elektronika B3-21". www.rskey.org. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
Mark Bollman. "Mark->'s Calculator Collection". Mathcs.albion.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
"Calculator Use in Elementary Grades". NCTM. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Vasagar, Jeevan; Shepherd, Jessica (1 December 2011). "Subtracting calculators adds to children's maths abilities, says minister". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2011-12-07. The use of calculators will be looked at as part of a national curriculum review, after the schools minister, Nick Gibb, expressed concern that children's mental and written arithmetic was suffering because of reliance on the devices. Gibb said: "Children can become too dependent on calculators if they use them at too young an age. They shouldn't be reaching for a gadget every time they need to do a simple sum. [...]"

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Stoll, Cliff (2004). "the Curious History of the First Pocket Calculator". Scientific American. 290 (1): 92–99. Bibcode:2004SciAm.290a..92S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0104-92. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 26172659. PMID 14682043.

worldradiohistory.com

"Patent Victory" (PDF). Practical Electronics. 14 (14): 1095. October 1978 – via World Radio History.

wwnorton.com

Houston (2023). Houston, Keith (2023). Empire of the Sum: The Rise and Reign of the Pocket Calculator. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-88214-8.