Captaincy General of Yucatán (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Captaincy General of Yucatán" in English language version.

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"Yucatán". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 26 July 2019.

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"Yucatán". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.

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The Magdalena, master Gonzalo Ruíz, and the Isabelita or the San Benito, master Pedro de Ledesma, sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 29 June 1508 (Reichert 2017, p. 14, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–237). The latter captain was the expedition's chief pilot, and had previously accompanied Columbus during his third and fourth voyages in 1498–1500 and 1502–1504 (Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 5, 7, 12, Torre Revello 1956, p. 237). This voyage is known to have reached Guanaja in the Bay of Honduras, but there is disagreement as to whether the expedition then headed north to Cape Catoche or east to Cape Gracias a Dios (Graham 2011, pp. 122–123, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 234–235, 237–239, Saville 1918, pp. 436–437). Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
Varela Marcos 2018a, para. 8–16; Varela Marcos 2018b, para. 33–41; Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 12–20; Reichert 2017, p. 14; Graham 2011, pp. 122–123; Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–239. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018a). "Juan Díaz de Solís". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018b). "Vicente Yáñez Pinzón". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172.

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León Pinelo & Solórzano Pereira 1681, lib. 5, tit. 1. León Pinelo, Antonio de; Solórzano Pereira, Juan de (1681). Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de la Indias : mandadas imprimir y pvblicar por la Magestad Catolica del Rey Don Carlos II nuestro señor (Report). Vol. 2. Madrid: Ivlian de Paredes. OCLC 367528936. OL 6757246M.

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The number and nature of the Postclassic Mayan states is still debated (Andrews 1984, pp. 589–590, Graham 2011, pp. 29). Andrews, Anthony P. (1984). "The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions". Journal of Anthropological Research. 40 (4): 589–596. doi:10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799. JSTOR 3629799. S2CID 163743879. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663.
Chichen Itza was established by Itza settlers in circa 750–800 AD. It was the most powerful city-state in the Yucatán peninsula until circa 1050–1100 AD (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 559, 568, 591–592, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 520–521, 561–562, Aimers 2007, p. 339). It is believed to have sustained a successful programme of conquest during the tenth century, thereby bringing neighbouring inland settlements and key coastal ports under its dominion (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 567–570, 579, Roys 1957, p. 3, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542). It is commonly credited with (coercively) sponsoring the cult of K'uk'ulkan or Kukulkan, and the Postclassic peninsular coasting trade (Aimers 2007, pp. 339–340, Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 582–583, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, p. 377). The city-state of Mayapan succeeded Chichen Itza during k'atun 8 ahaw (either 1080–1104 AD or 1185–1204 AD), and ruled the peninsula for thirteen k'atuno'ob (either to 1392–1416 AD or 1441–1461 AD) (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 595–598, 603, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, p. 375). Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Aimers, James J. (17 August 2007). "What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands". Journal of Archaeological Research. 15 (4): 329–377. doi:10.1007/s10814-007-9015-x. S2CID 145053177. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 1851713. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Aimers, James J. (17 August 2007). "What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands". Journal of Archaeological Research. 15 (4): 329–377. doi:10.1007/s10814-007-9015-x. S2CID 145053177. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396.
The Magdalena, master Gonzalo Ruíz, and the Isabelita or the San Benito, master Pedro de Ledesma, sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 29 June 1508 (Reichert 2017, p. 14, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–237). The latter captain was the expedition's chief pilot, and had previously accompanied Columbus during his third and fourth voyages in 1498–1500 and 1502–1504 (Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 5, 7, 12, Torre Revello 1956, p. 237). This voyage is known to have reached Guanaja in the Bay of Honduras, but there is disagreement as to whether the expedition then headed north to Cape Catoche or east to Cape Gracias a Dios (Graham 2011, pp. 122–123, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 234–235, 237–239, Saville 1918, pp. 436–437). Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
The expedition of three ships and over 100 men had been commissioned by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, first Spanish governor of Cuba. It seems to have been destined to the Bahamas or the Bay Islands, in search of slaves, but instead set course towards the Peninsula on the prompting of chief pilot Antón de Alamilla, who had sailed with Columbus on his fourth voyage of 1502–1504 (Chamberlain 1948, p. 11). Despite the 1502 Columbus landing at Guanaja, 1508 Díaz de Solís–Yáñez Pinzón reconnaissance, and 1511 stranding of Guerrero, de Aguilar, and company, this 1517 Hernández de Córdoba expedition is popularly deemed the discovery of the Peninsula (Ojeda 2019, pp. 176–177, 180, 183, Saville 1918, pp. 437–438). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Ojeda, Jorge Victoria (July 2019). "El arribo de los españoles a la Peninsula de Yucatán y el inicio del cambio en el paisaje biocultural de la región, siglo XVI". Boletín americanista. 78: 175–195. doi:10.1344/BA2019.78.1010 (inactive 11 July 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
Nairn & Stehli 1975, pp. 257–258. Nairn, Alan E. M; Stehli, Francis G, eds. (1975). The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. The Ocean Basins and Margins. Vol. 3. Boston, MA: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8535-6. ISBN 978-1-4684-8537-0.
Roys 1957, p. 3; Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542; Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 567–570; Andrews 1984, p. 589. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 1851713. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Andrews, Anthony P. (1984). "The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions". Journal of Anthropological Research. 40 (4): 589–596. doi:10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799. JSTOR 3629799. S2CID 163743879.
Ojeda 2019, pp. 181–182; Chamberlain 1948, pp. 11–12. Ojeda, Jorge Victoria (July 2019). "El arribo de los españoles a la Peninsula de Yucatán y el inicio del cambio en el paisaje biocultural de la región, siglo XVI". Boletín americanista. 78: 175–195. doi:10.1344/BA2019.78.1010 (inactive 11 July 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.

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The expedition of three ships and over 100 men had been commissioned by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, first Spanish governor of Cuba. It seems to have been destined to the Bahamas or the Bay Islands, in search of slaves, but instead set course towards the Peninsula on the prompting of chief pilot Antón de Alamilla, who had sailed with Columbus on his fourth voyage of 1502–1504 (Chamberlain 1948, p. 11). Despite the 1502 Columbus landing at Guanaja, 1508 Díaz de Solís–Yáñez Pinzón reconnaissance, and 1511 stranding of Guerrero, de Aguilar, and company, this 1517 Hernández de Córdoba expedition is popularly deemed the discovery of the Peninsula (Ojeda 2019, pp. 176–177, 180, 183, Saville 1918, pp. 437–438). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Ojeda, Jorge Victoria (July 2019). "El arribo de los españoles a la Peninsula de Yucatán y el inicio del cambio en el paisaje biocultural de la región, siglo XVI". Boletín americanista. 78: 175–195. doi:10.1344/BA2019.78.1010 (inactive 11 July 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
The ships were– (i) the San Jerónimo, Miguel Ferrer master, (ii) Nicolasa, Ochoa master, (iii) La Gavarra, master not named, and (iv) a fourth unnamed ship, master likewise not named. Montejo's principal subordinates were Alonso Dávila (second-in-command), Antón Sánchez Calabrés, Pedro de los Ríos, Pedro de Añasco, Pedro de Lugones, Pedro González, Hernando Palomino, Pedro Gaitán, and possibly Andrés de Calleja and Roberto Alemán. Crown representatives Pedro de Luna and Hernando de Cueto accompanied the expedition, as did frays Juan Rodríguez de Caraveo, Pedro Fernández, and Gregorio de San Martín. The flotilla was thoroughly refitted at Santo Domingo (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 31–35). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
The ships were– (i) the San Jerónimo, Miguel Ferrer master, (ii) Nicolasa, Ochoa master, (iii) La Gavarra, master not named, and (iv) a fourth unnamed ship, master likewise not named. Montejo's principal subordinates were Alonso Dávila (second-in-command), Antón Sánchez Calabrés, Pedro de los Ríos, Pedro de Añasco, Pedro de Lugones, Pedro González, Hernando Palomino, Pedro Gaitán, and possibly Andrés de Calleja and Roberto Alemán. Crown representatives Pedro de Luna and Hernando de Cueto accompanied the expedition, as did frays Juan Rodríguez de Caraveo, Pedro Fernández, and Gregorio de San Martín. The flotilla was thoroughly refitted at Santo Domingo (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 31–35). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Namely, Koch Wah, Sotuta, Tases, Waymil, Chetumal, and Chik'in Che'el (Chamberlain 1948, p. 240). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Casualties included persons not deemed fit for combat, eg women and children. At least some victims were ritualistically tortured and killed. Additionally, Spanish-owned cattle and pets, and non-native plants, were destroyed (Chamberlain 1948, p. 241). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
At least some instigators were burnt at the stake, including the Kupul chilam or priest, Anbal, who had been named the foremost principal instigator by Spaniards and defeated Mayans (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 249, 251–252). The New Laws of 20 November 1542 forbade the enslavement of natives (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 250–251). Francisco de Montejo, adelantado, governor and captain general of Spanish Yucatán, enforced this prohibition in the latter half of 1547, or in 1548 (Chamberlain 1948, p. 251). It is not clear what sentences the convicts received (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 250, 252). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
At least some instigators were burnt at the stake, including the Kupul chilam or priest, Anbal, who had been named the foremost principal instigator by Spaniards and defeated Mayans (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 249, 251–252). The New Laws of 20 November 1542 forbade the enslavement of natives (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 250–251). Francisco de Montejo, adelantado, governor and captain general of Spanish Yucatán, enforced this prohibition in the latter half of 1547, or in 1548 (Chamberlain 1948, p. 251). It is not clear what sentences the convicts received (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 250, 252). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Reputedly, at the initiative of Jacobo de Testera, custodian of the Franciscan Order in New Spain (Chamberlain 1948, p. 311). The first mission, believed to have been composed of Testera and four companions, was expelled by a military expedition under Lorenzo de Godoy (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 311–313). Testera sent a second mission to Spanish Yucatán in 1542. This latter mission, composed of four friars (Luis de Villalpando, Lorenzo de Bienvenida, Melchor de Benavente, and Juan de Herrera), arrived in 1545, and proved more enduring than the first (Chamberlain 1948, p. 313). An additional four Franciscan friars (Nicolás de Albalate, Angel Maldonado, Miguel de Vera, Juan de la Puerta) arrived in 1546 or 1547, and a further eight (including Francisco de Bustamante and Diego de Landa) in 1549 (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 313–314, 317). The Franciscans held their first chapter meeting on 29 September 1549, and were established as a province in 1561 (with Landa as the first provincial superior) (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 317–318). Non-Franciscan regular clergy were prohibited from missionary work in Spanish Yucatán sometime thereafter (Chamberlain 1948, p. 319). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
An assembly of the municipality's batabo'ob or mayors was held in Mérida in early 1547, during which these were invited to send their children to the Franciscan school in town, though at least some children were rather sent to said school by encomenderos (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 315–316). The convent, Convento Provincial de San Francisco, was demolished in 1869 (Ordaz Tamayo 2004, p. 61). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Ordaz Tamayo, Marisol del C. (3 May 2004). Arquitectura religiosa virreinal de Yucatán : el conocimiento històrico-técnico de las iglesias con estructura espacial conventual : el conocimiento de la arquitectura histórica como condicionante de la restauración (PhD). Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. hdl:2117/93427. ISBN 8468881554.
Attendance for doctrinal studies was compulsory at least for Mayan adults (Chamberlain 1948, p. 321). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
In addition to Spanish civil law, including a real provisión or royal ordinance of 17 November 1526 regulating New World conquests (incorporated by reference in Montejo's letters patent), and the Spanish Requerimiento (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 22–25). A digitised copy of these letters patent is available at the Portal de Archivos Españoles under call number INDIFERENTE,415,L.1,F.90V-98V. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Though absolute power over spiritual matters rested with the Roman Catholic pontiff (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 25–28). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Though oficiales reales or royal officers, appointed by and responsible to the Spanish sovereign, administered part of the province's treasury (Chamberlain 1948, p. 21). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
See, for instance, the October 1527 founding of Salamanca de Xelha in Chamberlain 1948, p. 36. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
See, for instance, the October 1527 designation of Xelha and Zama, pre-Columbian Mayan towns in the Ekab Province, as encomienda towns in Chamberlain 1948, p. 39. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
See, for instance, the October 1527 designation of Xelha and Zama, pre-Columbian Mayan towns in the Ekab Province, as encomienda towns in Chamberlain 1948, p. 39. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco was appointed viceroy of New Spain on 17 April 1535, but did not assume office until 14 November 1535 (Semboloni Capitani 2014, pp. 39, 47). Spanish Yucatán was made a province of New Spain prior to 1553 (Semboloni Capitani 2014, pp. 71–74). A real cédula or royal decree of 23 April 1548 directed the viceroy to oversee the adoption of a number of measures regarding Mayan residents of the province (Chamberlain 1948, p. 285). Semboloni Capitani, Lara (2014). La construcción de la autoridad virreinal en nueva España, 1535-1595. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. ISBN 9786074626674. JSTOR j.ctt15hvw3p. Semboloni Capitani, Lara (2014). La construcción de la autoridad virreinal en nueva España, 1535-1595. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. ISBN 9786074626674. JSTOR j.ctt15hvw3p. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
The New Laws of 20 November 1542 forbade said trade (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 280–281). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Old World flora and fauna were introduced during the Spanish conquest, notably including draught and farm animals, crops (eg cabbages, lettuces, turnips, onions, sugar cane), and fruit trees (eg citruses, figs, pomegranates, dates, coconuts, plantains, sapodillas) (Chamberlain 1948, p. 330). These did not displace the Mesoamerican staples (eg turkeys, cotton, maize, squash, beans, peppers) (Chamberlain 1948, p. 330). See, for instance, the Columbian exchange. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
At least some Postclassic Mayan industries (including salt, beeswax, and cotton textile production) were maintained (Chamberlain 1948, p. 333). Regarding dye woods, conquistador Marcos de Ayala is believed to have introduced the native logwood dye to the Spanish market, while Hernando de Bracamonte is credited with the introduction of the Old World indigo dye to the peninsula (Chamberlain 1948, p. 332). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Ojeda 2019, pp. 181–182; Chamberlain 1948, pp. 11–12. Ojeda, Jorge Victoria (July 2019). "El arribo de los españoles a la Peninsula de Yucatán y el inicio del cambio en el paisaje biocultural de la región, siglo XVI". Boletín americanista. 78: 175–195. doi:10.1344/BA2019.78.1010 (inactive 11 July 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 13–15. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 19; García Bernal 2018, para. 13. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
García Bernal 2018, para. 13; Chamberlain 1948, pp. 20–21. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 31–35; García Bernal 2018, para. 15. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 35–36, 234–236; Jones 1989, p. 43. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Jones, Grant D. (1989). Maya Resistance to Spanish Rule : Time and history on a colonial frontier (1st ed.). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 082631161X.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 237–240. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 240. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 241. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 240–244. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 244–245, 248. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 246–247. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 249. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 249–251. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 19–30. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 33. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 41, 48–49. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 311. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 315. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 321. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 316–317, 321–322. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 19–20; García Bernal 2018, para. 13. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 22–25. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 20–21, 183, 301. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 21–22. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 238. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 69–70. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 183, 250, 255–256, 261, 278, 280–281. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 297–298. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 22–23. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 22. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 21. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 3–4, 20, 33, 47, 66, 99–100. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 3–4, 101–104, 124, 142–143, 160–161, 165, 174–175. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 3–4, 330–331. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 332. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 279, 334. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.

jstor.org

The number and nature of the Postclassic Mayan states is still debated (Andrews 1984, pp. 589–590, Graham 2011, pp. 29). Andrews, Anthony P. (1984). "The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions". Journal of Anthropological Research. 40 (4): 589–596. doi:10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799. JSTOR 3629799. S2CID 163743879. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663.
The Magdalena, master Gonzalo Ruíz, and the Isabelita or the San Benito, master Pedro de Ledesma, sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 29 June 1508 (Reichert 2017, p. 14, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–237). The latter captain was the expedition's chief pilot, and had previously accompanied Columbus during his third and fourth voyages in 1498–1500 and 1502–1504 (Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 5, 7, 12, Torre Revello 1956, p. 237). This voyage is known to have reached Guanaja in the Bay of Honduras, but there is disagreement as to whether the expedition then headed north to Cape Catoche or east to Cape Gracias a Dios (Graham 2011, pp. 122–123, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 234–235, 237–239, Saville 1918, pp. 436–437). Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
The expedition of three ships and over 100 men had been commissioned by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, first Spanish governor of Cuba. It seems to have been destined to the Bahamas or the Bay Islands, in search of slaves, but instead set course towards the Peninsula on the prompting of chief pilot Antón de Alamilla, who had sailed with Columbus on his fourth voyage of 1502–1504 (Chamberlain 1948, p. 11). Despite the 1502 Columbus landing at Guanaja, 1508 Díaz de Solís–Yáñez Pinzón reconnaissance, and 1511 stranding of Guerrero, de Aguilar, and company, this 1517 Hernández de Córdoba expedition is popularly deemed the discovery of the Peninsula (Ojeda 2019, pp. 176–177, 180, 183, Saville 1918, pp. 437–438). Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. Ojeda, Jorge Victoria (July 2019). "El arribo de los españoles a la Peninsula de Yucatán y el inicio del cambio en el paisaje biocultural de la región, siglo XVI". Boletín americanista. 78: 175–195. doi:10.1344/BA2019.78.1010 (inactive 11 July 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco was appointed viceroy of New Spain on 17 April 1535, but did not assume office until 14 November 1535 (Semboloni Capitani 2014, pp. 39, 47). Spanish Yucatán was made a province of New Spain prior to 1553 (Semboloni Capitani 2014, pp. 71–74). A real cédula or royal decree of 23 April 1548 directed the viceroy to oversee the adoption of a number of measures regarding Mayan residents of the province (Chamberlain 1948, p. 285). Semboloni Capitani, Lara (2014). La construcción de la autoridad virreinal en nueva España, 1535-1595. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. ISBN 9786074626674. JSTOR j.ctt15hvw3p. Semboloni Capitani, Lara (2014). La construcción de la autoridad virreinal en nueva España, 1535-1595. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. ISBN 9786074626674. JSTOR j.ctt15hvw3p. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Roys 1957, p. 3; Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542; Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 567–570; Andrews 1984, p. 589. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 1851713. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Andrews, Anthony P. (1984). "The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions". Journal of Anthropological Research. 40 (4): 589–596. doi:10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799. JSTOR 3629799. S2CID 163743879.
Semboloni Capitani 2014, p. 47. Semboloni Capitani, Lara (2014). La construcción de la autoridad virreinal en nueva España, 1535-1595. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. ISBN 9786074626674. JSTOR j.ctt15hvw3p.

lexico.com

"Yucatán". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.^{[dead link]}
Oxford University Press 2021, para. 1; Curiosity Media 2021a, sec. titled Spain; Curiosity Media 2021b, sec. titled Spain; Curiosity Media 2021c, sec. titled Spain. Oxford University Press (2021). "Yucatán". UK English Dictionary. Lexico.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021a). "Provincia". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021b). "De". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021c). "Yucatán". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.

mcu.es

pares.mcu.es

The same had first been granted to Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar on 13 November 1518 (Arranz Márquez 2018a, para. 38). Both capitulaciones granted their recipients the titles and offices of adelantado, governor, and captain general of Yucatán (Arranz Márquez 2018a, para. 38, García Bernal 2018, para. 13). A digitised copy of the Velázquez de Cuéllar capitulacion is available from the Portal de Archivos Españoles under call number INDIFERENTE,415,L.1,F.16V-18V. A copy of the de Montejo one is similarly available under call number INDIFERENTE,415,L.1,F.90V-98V. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018a). "Diego de Velázquez de Cuellar". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2021. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018a). "Diego de Velázquez de Cuellar". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2021. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
In addition to Spanish civil law, including a real provisión or royal ordinance of 17 November 1526 regulating New World conquests (incorporated by reference in Montejo's letters patent), and the Spanish Requerimiento (Chamberlain 1948, pp. 22–25). A digitised copy of these letters patent is available at the Portal de Archivos Españoles under call number INDIFERENTE,415,L.1,F.90V-98V. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.

merida.gob.mx

Ayuntamiento de Mérida 2007, para. 9. Ayuntamiento de Mérida (2007). "Datos de interés". Mérida : Un lugar lleno de historia. Ayuntamiento de Mérida. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.

merriam-webster.com

"Yucatán". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 26 July 2019.

openlibrary.org

León Pinelo & Solórzano Pereira 1681, lib. 5, tit. 1. León Pinelo, Antonio de; Solórzano Pereira, Juan de (1681). Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de la Indias : mandadas imprimir y pvblicar por la Magestad Catolica del Rey Don Carlos II nuestro señor (Report). Vol. 2. Madrid: Ivlian de Paredes. OCLC 367528936. OL 6757246M.

rah.es

dbe.rah.es

The Magdalena, master Gonzalo Ruíz, and the Isabelita or the San Benito, master Pedro de Ledesma, sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 29 June 1508 (Reichert 2017, p. 14, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–237). The latter captain was the expedition's chief pilot, and had previously accompanied Columbus during his third and fourth voyages in 1498–1500 and 1502–1504 (Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 5, 7, 12, Torre Revello 1956, p. 237). This voyage is known to have reached Guanaja in the Bay of Honduras, but there is disagreement as to whether the expedition then headed north to Cape Catoche or east to Cape Gracias a Dios (Graham 2011, pp. 122–123, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 234–235, 237–239, Saville 1918, pp. 436–437). Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
The same had first been granted to Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar on 13 November 1518 (Arranz Márquez 2018a, para. 38). Both capitulaciones granted their recipients the titles and offices of adelantado, governor, and captain general of Yucatán (Arranz Márquez 2018a, para. 38, García Bernal 2018, para. 13). A digitised copy of the Velázquez de Cuéllar capitulacion is available from the Portal de Archivos Españoles under call number INDIFERENTE,415,L.1,F.16V-18V. A copy of the de Montejo one is similarly available under call number INDIFERENTE,415,L.1,F.90V-98V. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018a). "Diego de Velázquez de Cuellar". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2021. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018a). "Diego de Velázquez de Cuellar". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2021. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
Jerónimo de Aguilar, a Franciscan friar, had been resident in the pre-Columbian Ekab Province from 1511 to late February 1519, but is not known to have engaged in missionary work, having been a slave or servant of the batab or mayor of Xaman Ha' (González Hernández 2018b, para. 2–4). González Hernández, Cristina (2018b). "Jerónimo de Aguilar". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
Varela Marcos 2018a, para. 8–16; Varela Marcos 2018b, para. 33–41; Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 12–20; Reichert 2017, p. 14; Graham 2011, pp. 122–123; Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–239. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018a). "Juan Díaz de Solís". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018b). "Vicente Yáñez Pinzón". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172.
Reichert 2017, pp. 14–15; Graham 2011, pp. 125; González Hernández 2018a, para. 4–5. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. González Hernández, Cristina (2018a). "Gonzalo Guerrero". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 19; García Bernal 2018, para. 13. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
García Bernal 2018, para. 13; Chamberlain 1948, pp. 20–21. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 31–35; García Bernal 2018, para. 15. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 19–20; García Bernal 2018, para. 13. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.

scielo.org.mx

The Magdalena, master Gonzalo Ruíz, and the Isabelita or the San Benito, master Pedro de Ledesma, sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 29 June 1508 (Reichert 2017, p. 14, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–237). The latter captain was the expedition's chief pilot, and had previously accompanied Columbus during his third and fourth voyages in 1498–1500 and 1502–1504 (Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 5, 7, 12, Torre Revello 1956, p. 237). This voyage is known to have reached Guanaja in the Bay of Honduras, but there is disagreement as to whether the expedition then headed north to Cape Catoche or east to Cape Gracias a Dios (Graham 2011, pp. 122–123, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 234–235, 237–239, Saville 1918, pp. 436–437). Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
Graham 2011, p. 122; Reichert 2017, p. 13. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X.
Varela Marcos 2018a, para. 8–16; Varela Marcos 2018b, para. 33–41; Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 12–20; Reichert 2017, p. 14; Graham 2011, pp. 122–123; Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–239. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018a). "Juan Díaz de Solís". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018b). "Vicente Yáñez Pinzón". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172.
Reichert 2017, pp. 14–15; Graham 2011, pp. 125; González Hernández 2018a, para. 4–5. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. González Hernández, Cristina (2018a). "Gonzalo Guerrero". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2021.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

The number and nature of the Postclassic Mayan states is still debated (Andrews 1984, pp. 589–590, Graham 2011, pp. 29). Andrews, Anthony P. (1984). "The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions". Journal of Anthropological Research. 40 (4): 589–596. doi:10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799. JSTOR 3629799. S2CID 163743879. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663.
Chichen Itza was established by Itza settlers in circa 750–800 AD. It was the most powerful city-state in the Yucatán peninsula until circa 1050–1100 AD (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 559, 568, 591–592, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 520–521, 561–562, Aimers 2007, p. 339). It is believed to have sustained a successful programme of conquest during the tenth century, thereby bringing neighbouring inland settlements and key coastal ports under its dominion (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 567–570, 579, Roys 1957, p. 3, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542). It is commonly credited with (coercively) sponsoring the cult of K'uk'ulkan or Kukulkan, and the Postclassic peninsular coasting trade (Aimers 2007, pp. 339–340, Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 582–583, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, p. 377). The city-state of Mayapan succeeded Chichen Itza during k'atun 8 ahaw (either 1080–1104 AD or 1185–1204 AD), and ruled the peninsula for thirteen k'atuno'ob (either to 1392–1416 AD or 1441–1461 AD) (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 595–598, 603, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, p. 375). Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Aimers, James J. (17 August 2007). "What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands". Journal of Archaeological Research. 15 (4): 329–377. doi:10.1007/s10814-007-9015-x. S2CID 145053177. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 1851713. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Aimers, James J. (17 August 2007). "What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands". Journal of Archaeological Research. 15 (4): 329–377. doi:10.1007/s10814-007-9015-x. S2CID 145053177. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396.
Roys 1957, p. 3; Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542; Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 567–570; Andrews 1984, p. 589. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 1851713. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Andrews, Anthony P. (1984). "The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions". Journal of Anthropological Research. 40 (4): 589–596. doi:10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799. JSTOR 3629799. S2CID 163743879.

spanishdict.com

Oxford University Press 2021, para. 1; Curiosity Media 2021a, sec. titled Spain; Curiosity Media 2021b, sec. titled Spain; Curiosity Media 2021c, sec. titled Spain. Oxford University Press (2021). "Yucatán". UK English Dictionary. Lexico.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021a). "Provincia". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021b). "De". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021c). "Yucatán". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.

web.archive.org

The Magdalena, master Gonzalo Ruíz, and the Isabelita or the San Benito, master Pedro de Ledesma, sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 29 June 1508 (Reichert 2017, p. 14, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–237). The latter captain was the expedition's chief pilot, and had previously accompanied Columbus during his third and fourth voyages in 1498–1500 and 1502–1504 (Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 5, 7, 12, Torre Revello 1956, p. 237). This voyage is known to have reached Guanaja in the Bay of Honduras, but there is disagreement as to whether the expedition then headed north to Cape Catoche or east to Cape Gracias a Dios (Graham 2011, pp. 122–123, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 234–235, 237–239, Saville 1918, pp. 436–437). Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
The same had first been granted to Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar on 13 November 1518 (Arranz Márquez 2018a, para. 38). Both capitulaciones granted their recipients the titles and offices of adelantado, governor, and captain general of Yucatán (Arranz Márquez 2018a, para. 38, García Bernal 2018, para. 13). A digitised copy of the Velázquez de Cuéllar capitulacion is available from the Portal de Archivos Españoles under call number INDIFERENTE,415,L.1,F.16V-18V. A copy of the de Montejo one is similarly available under call number INDIFERENTE,415,L.1,F.90V-98V. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018a). "Diego de Velázquez de Cuellar". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2021. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018a). "Diego de Velázquez de Cuellar". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2021. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
Jerónimo de Aguilar, a Franciscan friar, had been resident in the pre-Columbian Ekab Province from 1511 to late February 1519, but is not known to have engaged in missionary work, having been a slave or servant of the batab or mayor of Xaman Ha' (González Hernández 2018b, para. 2–4). González Hernández, Cristina (2018b). "Jerónimo de Aguilar". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
"Yucatán". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
Oxford University Press 2021, para. 1; Curiosity Media 2021a, sec. titled Spain; Curiosity Media 2021b, sec. titled Spain; Curiosity Media 2021c, sec. titled Spain. Oxford University Press (2021). "Yucatán". UK English Dictionary. Lexico.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021a). "Provincia". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021b). "De". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Curiosity Media (2021c). "Yucatán". SpanishDict. SpanishDict.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Varela Marcos 2018a, para. 8–16; Varela Marcos 2018b, para. 33–41; Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 12–20; Reichert 2017, p. 14; Graham 2011, pp. 122–123; Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–239. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018a). "Juan Díaz de Solís". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018b). "Vicente Yáñez Pinzón". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172.
Reichert 2017, pp. 14–15; Graham 2011, pp. 125; González Hernández 2018a, para. 4–5. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. González Hernández, Cristina (2018a). "Gonzalo Guerrero". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
Chamberlain 1948, p. 19; García Bernal 2018, para. 13. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
García Bernal 2018, para. 13; Chamberlain 1948, pp. 20–21. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 31–35; García Bernal 2018, para. 15. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
Ayuntamiento de Mérida 2007, para. 9. Ayuntamiento de Mérida (2007). "Datos de interés". Mérida : Un lugar lleno de historia. Ayuntamiento de Mérida. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
Chamberlain 1948, pp. 19–20; García Bernal 2018, para. 13. Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014584406. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2021.

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Chichen Itza was established by Itza settlers in circa 750–800 AD. It was the most powerful city-state in the Yucatán peninsula until circa 1050–1100 AD (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 559, 568, 591–592, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 520–521, 561–562, Aimers 2007, p. 339). It is believed to have sustained a successful programme of conquest during the tenth century, thereby bringing neighbouring inland settlements and key coastal ports under its dominion (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 567–570, 579, Roys 1957, p. 3, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542). It is commonly credited with (coercively) sponsoring the cult of K'uk'ulkan or Kukulkan, and the Postclassic peninsular coasting trade (Aimers 2007, pp. 339–340, Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 582–583, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, p. 377). The city-state of Mayapan succeeded Chichen Itza during k'atun 8 ahaw (either 1080–1104 AD or 1185–1204 AD), and ruled the peninsula for thirteen k'atuno'ob (either to 1392–1416 AD or 1441–1461 AD) (Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 595–598, 603, Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, p. 375). Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Aimers, James J. (17 August 2007). "What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands". Journal of Archaeological Research. 15 (4): 329–377. doi:10.1007/s10814-007-9015-x. S2CID 145053177. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 1851713. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Aimers, James J. (17 August 2007). "What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands". Journal of Archaeological Research. 15 (4): 329–377. doi:10.1007/s10814-007-9015-x. S2CID 145053177. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396.
The Magdalena, master Gonzalo Ruíz, and the Isabelita or the San Benito, master Pedro de Ledesma, sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 29 June 1508 (Reichert 2017, p. 14, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–237). The latter captain was the expedition's chief pilot, and had previously accompanied Columbus during his third and fourth voyages in 1498–1500 and 1502–1504 (Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 5, 7, 12, Torre Revello 1956, p. 237). This voyage is known to have reached Guanaja in the Bay of Honduras, but there is disagreement as to whether the expedition then headed north to Cape Catoche or east to Cape Gracias a Dios (Graham 2011, pp. 122–123, Torre Revello 1956, pp. 234–235, 237–239, Saville 1918, pp. 436–437). Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172. Saville, Marshall H. (November 1918). "The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba". Geographical Review. 6 (5): 436–448. doi:10.2307/207701. JSTOR 207701.
Roys 1957, p. 3; Rice 2004, p. 24; Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 569; Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 1851713. Rice, Prudence M. (2004). Maya Political Science : Time, Astrology, and the Cosmos. Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies (1st ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292702612. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396.
Roys 1957, p. 3; Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542; Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 567–570; Andrews 1984, p. 589. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 1851713. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870817396. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804748160. Andrews, Anthony P. (1984). "The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions". Journal of Anthropological Research. 40 (4): 589–596. doi:10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799. JSTOR 3629799. S2CID 163743879.
Graham 2011, p. 122; Reichert 2017, p. 13. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X.
Varela Marcos 2018a, para. 8–16; Varela Marcos 2018b, para. 33–41; Arranz Márquez 2018b, para. 12–20; Reichert 2017, p. 14; Graham 2011, pp. 122–123; Torre Revello 1956, pp. 235–239. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018a). "Juan Díaz de Solís". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018b). "Vicente Yáñez Pinzón". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018b). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. Torre Revello, José (1 October 1956). "El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508)". Historia Mexicana. 6 (2): 233–246. ISSN 0185-0172.
Reichert 2017, pp. 14–15; Graham 2011, pp. 125; González Hernández 2018a, para. 4–5. Reichert, Rafal (January–June 2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos. 65: 9–40. ISSN 1870-719X. Graham, Elizabeth (2011). Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Maya Studies. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813036663. González Hernández, Cristina (2018a). "Gonzalo Guerrero". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
León Pinelo & Solórzano Pereira 1681, lib. 5, tit. 1. León Pinelo, Antonio de; Solórzano Pereira, Juan de (1681). Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de la Indias : mandadas imprimir y pvblicar por la Magestad Catolica del Rey Don Carlos II nuestro señor (Report). Vol. 2. Madrid: Ivlian de Paredes. OCLC 367528936. OL 6757246M.
Orosa Díaz 1999, p. ??. Orosa Díaz, Jaime (1999). Historia de Yucatán (16th reprint ed.). Merida, Yuc.: Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. ISBN 9686160000. OCLC 48366615.