Captive elephants (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Captive elephants" in English language version.

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O'Connell, Caitlin (2007). The Elephant's Secret Sense: The Hidden Lives of the Wild Herds of Africa. New York City: Simon & Schuster. pp. 174, 184. ISBN 978-0-7432-8441-7.

asiannature.org

Varma, S., and Ganguly, S. (2011). Captive Elephants in Bardia National Park, Nepal, Investigationsinto Population, Management, Welfare and a Review of Elephant Training by Working Elephant Programme of Asia (WEPA),and WWF Finland at Bardia Hattisar, Elephants in Captivity: CUPA/ ANCF –Occasional Report. No.18. Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA) and Asian Nature Conservation Foundation (ANCF), Bangalore, India http://asiannature.org/sites/default/files/OR%2018%20Captive%20elephants%20in%20Bardia%20National%20Park%20-Nepal.pdf

avma.org

"Welfare Implications of Elephant Training". American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
"Animal Welfare: What Is It?". American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 2020-10-15.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Elephants leave London". 2001-11-01. Retrieved 2020-10-16.

brill.com

Poole, Joyce H. (1987). "Rutting Behavior in African Elephants: the Phenomenon of Musth". Behaviour. 102 (3–4): 283–316. doi:10.1163/156853986X00171. ISSN 0005-7959.

dallaszoo.com

zoohoo.dallaszoo.com

Zoo, Dallas. "Q&A: Dallas Zoo rescues Swaziland elephants | Dallas ZooHoo!". Retrieved 2020-10-16.

defra.gov.uk

sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk

Asher, Lucy, Ellen Williams, and Lisa Yon. 2015. “Developing Behavioural Indicators, as Part of a Wider Set of Indicators, to Assess the Welfare of Elephants in UK Zoos.” Defra. http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&Completed=0&ProjectID=18866 .

doi.org

Wiese, R. J.; Willis, K. (2006). "Population management of zoo elephants". International Zoo Yearbook. 40 (1): 80–87. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00080.x. ISSN 0074-9664.
Cohn, Jeffrey P. (2006). "Do Elephants Belong in Zoos?". BioScience. 56 (9): 714–717. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[714:DEBIZ]2.0.CO;2.
Choudhury, A.; Lahiri Choudhury, D.K.; Desai, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Easa, P.S.; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Fernando, P.; Hedges, S.; Gunawardena, M.; Kurt, F.; et al. (2008). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7140A12828813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7140A12828813.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
Evans, Kate E.; Harris, Stephen (2008). "Adolescence in male African elephants, Loxodonta africana, and the importance of sociality". Animal Behaviour. 76 (3): 779–787. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.03.019. S2CID 53157803.
Poole, Joyce H. (1987). "Rutting Behavior in African Elephants: the Phenomenon of Musth". Behaviour. 102 (3–4): 283–316. doi:10.1163/156853986X00171. ISSN 0005-7959.
Laws, Nicole; Ganswindt, Andre; Heistermann, Michael; Harris, Moira; Harris, Stephen; Sherwin, Chris (2007-09-17). "A Case Study: Fecal Corticosteroid and Behavior as Indicators of Welfare During Relocation of an Asian Elephant". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 10 (4): 349–358. doi:10.1080/10888700701555600. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 17970634. S2CID 46617133.
Jackson, John; Childs, Dylan Z.; Mar, Khyne U.; Htut, Win; Lummaa, Virpi (2019-03-27). "Long-term trends in wild-capture and population dynamics point to an uncertain future for captive elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1899): 20182810. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2810. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6452069. PMID 30900534.
Brown, Janine L.; Paris, Stephen; Prado-Oviedo, Natalia A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Morfeld, Kari A.; Carlstead, Kathy (2016-07-14). Cameron, Elissa Z. (ed.). "Reproductive Health Assessment of Female Elephants in North American Zoos and Association of Husbandry Practices with Reproductive Dysfunction in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0145673. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1145673B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145673. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4945061. PMID 27416141.
Saragusty, Joseph; Hermes, Robert; Göritz, Frank; Schmitt, Dennis L.; Hildebrandt, Thomas B. (2009). "Skewed birth sex ratio and premature mortality in elephants". Animal Reproduction Science. 115 (1–4): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.10.019. PMID 19058933.
Brown, Janine L.; Göritz, Frank; Pratt-Hawkes, Nancy; Hermes, Robert; Galloway, Marie; Graham, Laura H.; Gray, Charlie; Walker, Susan L.; Gomez, Andres; Moreland, Rachel; Murray, Suzan (February 2004). "Successful artificial insemination of an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park: Successful AI of an Asian Elephant". Zoo Biology. 23 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1002/zoo.10116.
Hildebrandt, T.B.; Hermes, R.; Saragusty, J.; Potier, R.; Schwammer, H.M.; Balfanz, F.; Vielgrader, H.; Baker, B.; Bartels, P.; Göritz, F. (October 2012). "Enriching the captive elephant population genetic pool through artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen collected in the wild". Theriogenology. 78 (6): 1398–1404. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.014. PMID 22898009.
Hermes, Robert; Saragusty, Joseph; Göritz, Frank; Bartels, Paul; Potier, Romain; Baker, Barbara; Streich, W. Jürgen; Hildebrandt, Thomas B. (2013-03-06). "Freezing African Elephant Semen as a New Population Management Tool". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e57616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857616H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057616. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3590205. PMID 23483917.
Rees, Paul A. (2009-01-01). "The Sizes of Elephant Groups in Zoos: Implications for Elephant Welfare". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 12 (1): 44–60. doi:10.1080/10888700802536699. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 19107664. S2CID 36001822.
Murphree, R; et al. (2011). "Elephant-to-human transmission of tuberculosis". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (3): 366–371. doi:10.3201/eid1703.101668. PMC 3166032. PMID 21392425.
Hermes, R.; Saragusty, J.; Moser, I.; Holtze, S.; Nieter, J.; Sachse, K.; Voracek, T.; Bernhard, A.; Bouts, T.; Göritz, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (March 2018). "Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in elephants". Epidemiology and Infection. 146 (4): 481–488. doi:10.1017/S0950268818000122. ISSN 0950-2688. PMC 9134556. PMID 29397050.
Long, Simon Y.; Latimer, Erin M.; Hayward, Gary S. (2016-02-24). "Review of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses and Acute Hemorrhagic Disease". ILAR Journal. 56 (3): 283–296. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilv041. ISSN 1084-2020. PMC 4765743. PMID 26912715.
Pavulraj, Selvaraj; Eschke, Kathrin; Prahl, Adriane; Flügger, Michael; Trimpert, Jakob; van den Doel, Petra B.; Andreotti, Sandro; Kaessmeyer, Sabine; Osterrieder, Nikolaus; Azab, Walid (2019-09-26). "Fatal Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection of Two Young Asian Elephants". Microorganisms. 7 (10): 396. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7100396. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 6843339. PMID 31561506.
Angkawanish, Taweepoke; Nielen, Mirjam; Vernooij, Hans; Brown, Janine L.; van Kooten, Peter J. S.; van den Doel, Petra B.; Schaftenaar, Willem; Na Lampang, Kannika; Rutten, Victor P. M. G. (December 2019). "Evidence of high EEHV antibody seroprevalence and spatial variation among captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand". Virology Journal. 16 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1142-8. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 6415343. PMID 30866975.
Zachariah, Arun; Zong, Jian-Chao; Long, Simon Y.; Latimer, Erin M.; Heaggans, Sarah Y.; Richman, Laura K.; Hayward, Gary S. (April 2013). "Fatal Herpesvirus Hemorrhagic Disease in Wild and Orphan Asian Elephants in Southern India". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 49 (2): 381–393. doi:10.7589/2012-07-193. ISSN 0090-3558. PMC 3707512. PMID 23568914.
Richman, L. K. (1999-02-19). "Novel Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses Fatal for Asian and African Elephants". Science. 283 (5405): 1171–1176. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1171R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5405.1171. PMID 10024244.
Bennett, Laura; Dunham, Stephen; Yon, Lisa; Chapman, Sarah; Kenaghan, Megan; Purdie, Laura; Tarlinton, Rachael (2015-08-01). "Longitudinal study of Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, indicates intermittent shedding of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 during pregnancy". Veterinary Record Open. 2 (1): e000088. doi:10.1136/vetreco-2014-000088. ISSN 2052-6113. PMC 4567181. PMID 26392899.
Kochagul, Varankpicha; Srivorakul, Saralee; Boonsri, Kittikorn; Somgird, Chalermchart; Sthitmatee, Nattawooti; Thitaram, Chatchote; Pringproa, Kidsadagon (2018-03-16). "Production of antibody against elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) unveils tissue tropisms and routes of viral transmission in EEHV-infected Asian elephants". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4675. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4675K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22968-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5856810. PMID 29549315.
Lewis, Karen D.; Shepherdson, David J.; Owens, Terrah M.; Keele, Mike (2009). "A survey of elephant husbandry and foot health in North American zoos". Zoo Biology. 29 (2): 221–236. doi:10.1002/zoo.20291. PMID 20014111.
Miller, Michele A.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Meehan, Cheryl L. (2016-07-14). Ryan, Sadie Jane (ed.). "Housing and Demographic Risk Factors Impacting Foot and Musculoskeletal Health in African Elephants [Loxodonta africana] and Asian Elephants [Elephas maximus] in North American Zoos". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0155223. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155223M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155223. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4944946. PMID 27415763.
Morfeld, Kari A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Brown, Janine L. (2016-07-14). Ryan, Sadie Jane (ed.). "Assessment of Body Condition in African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) Elephants in North American Zoos and Management Practices Associated with High Body Condition Scores". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0155146. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155146M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155146. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4944958. PMID 27415629.

elephanttag.org

"Hand Raising and Diet Supplementation of Calves" - Colleen Kinzley and Karen Emanuelson Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Saragusty, Joseph; Hermes, Robert; Göritz, Frank; Schmitt, Dennis L.; Hildebrandt, Thomas B. (2009). "Skewed birth sex ratio and premature mortality in elephants". Animal Reproduction Science. 115 (1–4): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.10.019. PMID 19058933.
Hildebrandt, T.B.; Hermes, R.; Saragusty, J.; Potier, R.; Schwammer, H.M.; Balfanz, F.; Vielgrader, H.; Baker, B.; Bartels, P.; Göritz, F. (October 2012). "Enriching the captive elephant population genetic pool through artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen collected in the wild". Theriogenology. 78 (6): 1398–1404. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.014. PMID 22898009.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Brown, Janine L.; Paris, Stephen; Prado-Oviedo, Natalia A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Morfeld, Kari A.; Carlstead, Kathy (2016-07-14). Cameron, Elissa Z. (ed.). "Reproductive Health Assessment of Female Elephants in North American Zoos and Association of Husbandry Practices with Reproductive Dysfunction in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0145673. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1145673B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145673. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4945061. PMID 27416141.
Hermes, Robert; Saragusty, Joseph; Göritz, Frank; Bartels, Paul; Potier, Romain; Baker, Barbara; Streich, W. Jürgen; Hildebrandt, Thomas B. (2013-03-06). "Freezing African Elephant Semen as a New Population Management Tool". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e57616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857616H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057616. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3590205. PMID 23483917.
Richman, L. K. (1999-02-19). "Novel Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses Fatal for Asian and African Elephants". Science. 283 (5405): 1171–1176. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1171R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5405.1171. PMID 10024244.
Kochagul, Varankpicha; Srivorakul, Saralee; Boonsri, Kittikorn; Somgird, Chalermchart; Sthitmatee, Nattawooti; Thitaram, Chatchote; Pringproa, Kidsadagon (2018-03-16). "Production of antibody against elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) unveils tissue tropisms and routes of viral transmission in EEHV-infected Asian elephants". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4675. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4675K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22968-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5856810. PMID 29549315.
Miller, Michele A.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Meehan, Cheryl L. (2016-07-14). Ryan, Sadie Jane (ed.). "Housing and Demographic Risk Factors Impacting Foot and Musculoskeletal Health in African Elephants [Loxodonta africana] and Asian Elephants [Elephas maximus] in North American Zoos". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0155223. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155223M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155223. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4944946. PMID 27415763.
Morfeld, Kari A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Brown, Janine L. (2016-07-14). Ryan, Sadie Jane (ed.). "Assessment of Body Condition in African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) Elephants in North American Zoos and Management Practices Associated with High Body Condition Scores". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0155146. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155146M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155146. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4944958. PMID 27415629.

iucn.org

portals.iucn.org

Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, Julian J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P.; IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group (2016), African Elephant Status Report 2016: an update from the African Elephant Database, Occasional Paper Series of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, vol. 60, ISBN 9782831718132

iucnredlist.org

Choudhury, A.; Lahiri Choudhury, D.K.; Desai, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Easa, P.S.; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Fernando, P.; Hedges, S.; Gunawardena, M.; Kurt, F.; et al. (2008). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7140A12828813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7140A12828813.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.

nature.org

blog.nature.org

Hausheer, Justine E. (2018-07-16). "Saving Myanmar's Timber Elephants". Cool Green Science. Retrieved 2020-10-16.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Laws, Nicole; Ganswindt, Andre; Heistermann, Michael; Harris, Moira; Harris, Stephen; Sherwin, Chris (2007-09-17). "A Case Study: Fecal Corticosteroid and Behavior as Indicators of Welfare During Relocation of an Asian Elephant". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 10 (4): 349–358. doi:10.1080/10888700701555600. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 17970634. S2CID 46617133.
Jackson, John; Childs, Dylan Z.; Mar, Khyne U.; Htut, Win; Lummaa, Virpi (2019-03-27). "Long-term trends in wild-capture and population dynamics point to an uncertain future for captive elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1899): 20182810. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2810. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6452069. PMID 30900534.
Brown, Janine L.; Paris, Stephen; Prado-Oviedo, Natalia A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Morfeld, Kari A.; Carlstead, Kathy (2016-07-14). Cameron, Elissa Z. (ed.). "Reproductive Health Assessment of Female Elephants in North American Zoos and Association of Husbandry Practices with Reproductive Dysfunction in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0145673. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1145673B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145673. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4945061. PMID 27416141.
Saragusty, Joseph; Hermes, Robert; Göritz, Frank; Schmitt, Dennis L.; Hildebrandt, Thomas B. (2009). "Skewed birth sex ratio and premature mortality in elephants". Animal Reproduction Science. 115 (1–4): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.10.019. PMID 19058933.
Hildebrandt, T.B.; Hermes, R.; Saragusty, J.; Potier, R.; Schwammer, H.M.; Balfanz, F.; Vielgrader, H.; Baker, B.; Bartels, P.; Göritz, F. (October 2012). "Enriching the captive elephant population genetic pool through artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen collected in the wild". Theriogenology. 78 (6): 1398–1404. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.014. PMID 22898009.
Hermes, Robert; Saragusty, Joseph; Göritz, Frank; Bartels, Paul; Potier, Romain; Baker, Barbara; Streich, W. Jürgen; Hildebrandt, Thomas B. (2013-03-06). "Freezing African Elephant Semen as a New Population Management Tool". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e57616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857616H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057616. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3590205. PMID 23483917.
Rees, Paul A. (2009-01-01). "The Sizes of Elephant Groups in Zoos: Implications for Elephant Welfare". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 12 (1): 44–60. doi:10.1080/10888700802536699. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 19107664. S2CID 36001822.
Murphree, R; et al. (2011). "Elephant-to-human transmission of tuberculosis". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (3): 366–371. doi:10.3201/eid1703.101668. PMC 3166032. PMID 21392425.
Hermes, R.; Saragusty, J.; Moser, I.; Holtze, S.; Nieter, J.; Sachse, K.; Voracek, T.; Bernhard, A.; Bouts, T.; Göritz, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (March 2018). "Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in elephants". Epidemiology and Infection. 146 (4): 481–488. doi:10.1017/S0950268818000122. ISSN 0950-2688. PMC 9134556. PMID 29397050.
Long, Simon Y.; Latimer, Erin M.; Hayward, Gary S. (2016-02-24). "Review of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses and Acute Hemorrhagic Disease". ILAR Journal. 56 (3): 283–296. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilv041. ISSN 1084-2020. PMC 4765743. PMID 26912715.
Pavulraj, Selvaraj; Eschke, Kathrin; Prahl, Adriane; Flügger, Michael; Trimpert, Jakob; van den Doel, Petra B.; Andreotti, Sandro; Kaessmeyer, Sabine; Osterrieder, Nikolaus; Azab, Walid (2019-09-26). "Fatal Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection of Two Young Asian Elephants". Microorganisms. 7 (10): 396. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7100396. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 6843339. PMID 31561506.
Angkawanish, Taweepoke; Nielen, Mirjam; Vernooij, Hans; Brown, Janine L.; van Kooten, Peter J. S.; van den Doel, Petra B.; Schaftenaar, Willem; Na Lampang, Kannika; Rutten, Victor P. M. G. (December 2019). "Evidence of high EEHV antibody seroprevalence and spatial variation among captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand". Virology Journal. 16 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1142-8. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 6415343. PMID 30866975.
Zachariah, Arun; Zong, Jian-Chao; Long, Simon Y.; Latimer, Erin M.; Heaggans, Sarah Y.; Richman, Laura K.; Hayward, Gary S. (April 2013). "Fatal Herpesvirus Hemorrhagic Disease in Wild and Orphan Asian Elephants in Southern India". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 49 (2): 381–393. doi:10.7589/2012-07-193. ISSN 0090-3558. PMC 3707512. PMID 23568914.
Richman, L. K. (1999-02-19). "Novel Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses Fatal for Asian and African Elephants". Science. 283 (5405): 1171–1176. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1171R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5405.1171. PMID 10024244.
Bennett, Laura; Dunham, Stephen; Yon, Lisa; Chapman, Sarah; Kenaghan, Megan; Purdie, Laura; Tarlinton, Rachael (2015-08-01). "Longitudinal study of Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, indicates intermittent shedding of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 during pregnancy". Veterinary Record Open. 2 (1): e000088. doi:10.1136/vetreco-2014-000088. ISSN 2052-6113. PMC 4567181. PMID 26392899.
Kochagul, Varankpicha; Srivorakul, Saralee; Boonsri, Kittikorn; Somgird, Chalermchart; Sthitmatee, Nattawooti; Thitaram, Chatchote; Pringproa, Kidsadagon (2018-03-16). "Production of antibody against elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) unveils tissue tropisms and routes of viral transmission in EEHV-infected Asian elephants". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4675. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4675K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22968-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5856810. PMID 29549315.
Lewis, Karen D.; Shepherdson, David J.; Owens, Terrah M.; Keele, Mike (2009). "A survey of elephant husbandry and foot health in North American zoos". Zoo Biology. 29 (2): 221–236. doi:10.1002/zoo.20291. PMID 20014111.
Miller, Michele A.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Meehan, Cheryl L. (2016-07-14). Ryan, Sadie Jane (ed.). "Housing and Demographic Risk Factors Impacting Foot and Musculoskeletal Health in African Elephants [Loxodonta africana] and Asian Elephants [Elephas maximus] in North American Zoos". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0155223. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155223M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155223. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4944946. PMID 27415763.
Morfeld, Kari A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Brown, Janine L. (2016-07-14). Ryan, Sadie Jane (ed.). "Assessment of Body Condition in African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) Elephants in North American Zoos and Management Practices Associated with High Body Condition Scores". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0155146. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155146M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155146. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4944958. PMID 27415629.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Jackson, John; Childs, Dylan Z.; Mar, Khyne U.; Htut, Win; Lummaa, Virpi (2019-03-27). "Long-term trends in wild-capture and population dynamics point to an uncertain future for captive elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1899): 20182810. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2810. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6452069. PMID 30900534.
Brown, Janine L.; Paris, Stephen; Prado-Oviedo, Natalia A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Morfeld, Kari A.; Carlstead, Kathy (2016-07-14). Cameron, Elissa Z. (ed.). "Reproductive Health Assessment of Female Elephants in North American Zoos and Association of Husbandry Practices with Reproductive Dysfunction in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0145673. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1145673B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145673. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4945061. PMID 27416141.
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Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants. Fowler, Murray E., Mikota, Susan K. (1st ed.). Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. 2006. pp. 15–22. ISBN 978-0-470-34448-4. OCLC 212121534.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Wiese, R. J.; Willis, K. (2006). "Population management of zoo elephants". International Zoo Yearbook. 40 (1): 80–87. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00080.x. ISSN 0074-9664.
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Ward, David (2002-03-19). "Elephant killed handler after he ignored warning". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
Staff Reporter (2020-02-22). "Mahout killed by elephant". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
Brulliard, Karin. "Some of America's top zoos still use bullhooks on elephants. That's about to change". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
Jackson, John; Childs, Dylan Z.; Mar, Khyne U.; Htut, Win; Lummaa, Virpi (2019-03-27). "Long-term trends in wild-capture and population dynamics point to an uncertain future for captive elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1899): 20182810. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2810. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6452069. PMID 30900534.
Brown, Janine L.; Paris, Stephen; Prado-Oviedo, Natalia A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Morfeld, Kari A.; Carlstead, Kathy (2016-07-14). Cameron, Elissa Z. (ed.). "Reproductive Health Assessment of Female Elephants in North American Zoos and Association of Husbandry Practices with Reproductive Dysfunction in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0145673. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1145673B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145673. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4945061. PMID 27416141.
Hermes, Robert; Saragusty, Joseph; Göritz, Frank; Bartels, Paul; Potier, Romain; Baker, Barbara; Streich, W. Jürgen; Hildebrandt, Thomas B. (2013-03-06). "Freezing African Elephant Semen as a New Population Management Tool". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e57616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857616H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057616. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3590205. PMID 23483917.
Rees, Paul A. (2009-01-01). "The Sizes of Elephant Groups in Zoos: Implications for Elephant Welfare". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 12 (1): 44–60. doi:10.1080/10888700802536699. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 19107664. S2CID 36001822.
Hermes, R.; Saragusty, J.; Moser, I.; Holtze, S.; Nieter, J.; Sachse, K.; Voracek, T.; Bernhard, A.; Bouts, T.; Göritz, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (March 2018). "Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in elephants". Epidemiology and Infection. 146 (4): 481–488. doi:10.1017/S0950268818000122. ISSN 0950-2688. PMC 9134556. PMID 29397050.
Long, Simon Y.; Latimer, Erin M.; Hayward, Gary S. (2016-02-24). "Review of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses and Acute Hemorrhagic Disease". ILAR Journal. 56 (3): 283–296. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilv041. ISSN 1084-2020. PMC 4765743. PMID 26912715.
Pavulraj, Selvaraj; Eschke, Kathrin; Prahl, Adriane; Flügger, Michael; Trimpert, Jakob; van den Doel, Petra B.; Andreotti, Sandro; Kaessmeyer, Sabine; Osterrieder, Nikolaus; Azab, Walid (2019-09-26). "Fatal Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection of Two Young Asian Elephants". Microorganisms. 7 (10): 396. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7100396. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 6843339. PMID 31561506.
Angkawanish, Taweepoke; Nielen, Mirjam; Vernooij, Hans; Brown, Janine L.; van Kooten, Peter J. S.; van den Doel, Petra B.; Schaftenaar, Willem; Na Lampang, Kannika; Rutten, Victor P. M. G. (December 2019). "Evidence of high EEHV antibody seroprevalence and spatial variation among captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand". Virology Journal. 16 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1142-8. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 6415343. PMID 30866975.
Zachariah, Arun; Zong, Jian-Chao; Long, Simon Y.; Latimer, Erin M.; Heaggans, Sarah Y.; Richman, Laura K.; Hayward, Gary S. (April 2013). "Fatal Herpesvirus Hemorrhagic Disease in Wild and Orphan Asian Elephants in Southern India". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 49 (2): 381–393. doi:10.7589/2012-07-193. ISSN 0090-3558. PMC 3707512. PMID 23568914.
Bennett, Laura; Dunham, Stephen; Yon, Lisa; Chapman, Sarah; Kenaghan, Megan; Purdie, Laura; Tarlinton, Rachael (2015-08-01). "Longitudinal study of Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, indicates intermittent shedding of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 during pregnancy". Veterinary Record Open. 2 (1): e000088. doi:10.1136/vetreco-2014-000088. ISSN 2052-6113. PMC 4567181. PMID 26392899.
Kochagul, Varankpicha; Srivorakul, Saralee; Boonsri, Kittikorn; Somgird, Chalermchart; Sthitmatee, Nattawooti; Thitaram, Chatchote; Pringproa, Kidsadagon (2018-03-16). "Production of antibody against elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) unveils tissue tropisms and routes of viral transmission in EEHV-infected Asian elephants". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4675. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4675K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22968-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5856810. PMID 29549315.
Miller, Michele A.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Meehan, Cheryl L. (2016-07-14). Ryan, Sadie Jane (ed.). "Housing and Demographic Risk Factors Impacting Foot and Musculoskeletal Health in African Elephants [Loxodonta africana] and Asian Elephants [Elephas maximus] in North American Zoos". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0155223. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155223M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155223. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4944946. PMID 27415763.
Morfeld, Kari A.; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Hogan, Jennifer N.; Brown, Janine L. (2016-07-14). Ryan, Sadie Jane (ed.). "Assessment of Body Condition in African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) Elephants in North American Zoos and Management Practices Associated with High Body Condition Scores". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0155146. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155146M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155146. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4944958. PMID 27415629.

worldcat.org

Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants. Fowler, Murray E., Mikota, Susan K. (1st ed.). Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. 2006. pp. 15–22. ISBN 978-0-470-34448-4. OCLC 212121534.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

zoocheck.com

Clubb, Ros; Mason, Georgia (2002). A review of the welfare of zoo elephants in Europe (PDF). Horsham, West Sussex: RSPCA.