Carrington Event (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Carrington Event" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

23doi.org

2^nd place

20harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

9nih.gov

4^th place

6semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

4hathitrust.org

441^st place

311^th place

4arxiv.org

69^th place

59^th place

4worldcat.org

5^th place

3web.archive.org

1^st place

2nasa.gov

75^th place

83^rd place

2archive.org

6^th place

2unh.edu

3,779^th place

3,928^th place

1alaska.edu

5,834^th place

4,725^th place

1wiley.com

222^nd place

297^th place

1lloyds.com

low place

1soloma.be

low place

1sciam.com

6,119^th place

6,509^th place

1ips.gov.au

low place

1nationalgeographic.com

344^th place

296^th place

1rnz.co.nz

2,219^th place

1,274^th place

1news.google.com

59^th place

45^th place

1nla.gov.au

275^th place

181^st place

1sciencedirect.com

149^th place

178^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1youtube.com

9^th place

13^th place

1space.com

936^th place

713^th place

1measuringworth.com

2,465^th place

1,383^rd place

1knowablemagazine.org

low place

6,670^th place

1iflscience.com

low place

9,862^nd place

alaska.edu

scholarworks.alaska.edu

Kimball, D. S. (April 1960). "A Study of the Aurora of 1859" (PDF). Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska. Retrieved 28 November 2021.

archive.org

Clark, Stuart (2007). The Sun Kings: The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12660-9.^{[page needed]}
Odenwald, Sten F. (2002). The 23rd Cycle. Columbia University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-231-12079-1 – via archive.org.

arxiv.org

Hayakawa, H. (2018). "Low-latitude aurorae during the extreme space weather events in 1859". The Astrophysical Journal. 869 (1): 57. arXiv:1811.02786. Bibcode:2018ApJ...869...57H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c. S2CID 119386459.
Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 68 (6): 99. arXiv:1608.07702. Bibcode:2016PASJ...68...99H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psw097. S2CID 119268875.
Moreno Cárdenas, Freddy; Cristancho Sánchez, Sergio; Vargas Domínguez, Santiago; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Kumar, Sandeep; Mukherjee, Shyamoli; Veenadhari, B. (2016). "The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859". Advances in Space Research. 57 (1): 257–267. arXiv:1508.06365. Bibcode:2016AdSpR..57..257M. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026. S2CID 119183512.
Hayakawa, Hisashi; et al. (2023). "The extreme space weather event of 1872 February: sunspots, magnetic disturbance, and auroral displays". The Astrophysical Journal. 959 (23): 23. arXiv:2501.00176. Bibcode:2023ApJ...959...23H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc6cc.

doi.org

Tsurutani, B. T. (2003). "The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (A7): 1268. Bibcode:2003JGRA..108.1268T. doi:10.1029/2002JA009504. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
Baker, D.N.; et al. (2008). Severe Space Weather Events – Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts. Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press. doi:10.17226/12507. ISBN 978-0-309-12769-1.
Cliver, E. W.; Svalgaard, L. (2005). "The 1859 solar-terrestrial disturbance and the current limits on extreme space weather activity" (PDF). Solar Physics. 224 (1–2): 407–422. Bibcode:2004SoPh..224..407C. doi:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z. S2CID 120093108.
Odenwald, Sten F.; Green, James L. (28 July 2008). "Bracing the satellite infrastructure for a Solar superstorm". Scientific American. 299 (2): 80–87. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80 (inactive 11 July 2025). PMID 18666683. Retrieved 16 February 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Carrington, R. C. (1859). "Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 20: 13–15. Bibcode:1859MNRAS..20...13C. doi:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13.
Hodgson, R. (1859). "On a curious appearance seen in the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 20: 15–16. Bibcode:1859MNRAS..20...15H. doi:10.1093/mnras/20.1.15.
Hayakawa, H. (2018). "Low-latitude aurorae during the extreme space weather events in 1859". The Astrophysical Journal. 869 (1): 57. arXiv:1811.02786. Bibcode:2018ApJ...869...57H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c. S2CID 119386459.
González-Esparza, J. A.; Cuevas-Cardona, M. C. (2018). "Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm". Space Weather. 16 (6): 593. Bibcode:2018SpWea..16..593G. doi:10.1029/2017SW001789.
Green, J. (2006). "Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 130–135. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..130G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054. PMC 5215858. PMID 28066122.
Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 68 (6): 99. arXiv:1608.07702. Bibcode:2016PASJ...68...99H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psw097. S2CID 119268875.
Moreno Cárdenas, Freddy; Cristancho Sánchez, Sergio; Vargas Domínguez, Santiago; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Kumar, Sandeep; Mukherjee, Shyamoli; Veenadhari, B. (2016). "The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859". Advances in Space Research. 57 (1): 257–267. arXiv:1508.06365. Bibcode:2016AdSpR..57..257M. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026. S2CID 119183512.
Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A. (1 January 2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157. ISSN 0273-1177.
Hayakawa, Hisashi; et al. (2023). "The extreme space weather event of 1872 February: sunspots, magnetic disturbance, and auroral displays". The Astrophysical Journal. 959 (23): 23. arXiv:2501.00176. Bibcode:2023ApJ...959...23H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc6cc.
Moersdorf, Jessica; Rivers, Morgan; Denkenberger, David; Breuer, Lutz; Jehn, Florian Ulrich (January 2024). "The Fragile State of Industrial Agriculture: Estimating Crop Yield Reductions in a Global Catastrophic Infrastructure Loss Scenario". Global Challenges. 8 (1). Bibcode:2024GloCh...800206M. doi:10.1002/gch2.202300206. PMC 10784200. PMID 38223898.
Hudson, Hugh S. (2021). "Carrington Events". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 59: 445–477. Bibcode:2021ARA&A..59..445H. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-023324. ISSN 0066-4146. S2CID 241040835.
Battersby, Stephen (19 November 2019). "Core concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (47): 23368–23370. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11623368B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1917356116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6876210. PMID 31744927.
Crockett, Christopher (17 September 2021). "Are we ready? Understanding just how big solar flares can get". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-091721-1. S2CID 239204944. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nat. Commun. 13 (214): 214. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..214P. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. PMC 8752676. PMID 35017519.
Wolff, E. W.; Bigler, M.; Curran, M. A. J.; Dibb, J.; Frey, M. M.; Legrand, M. (2012). "The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (8): 21, 585, 598. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.8503W. doi:10.1029/2012GL051603.
McCracken, K. G.; Dreschhoff, G. A. M.; Zeller, E. J.; Smart, D. F.; Shea, M. A. (2001). "Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561–1994 – 1. Identification in polar-ice, 1561–1950". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (A10): 21, 585, 598. Bibcode:2001JGR...10621585M. doi:10.1029/2000JA000237.
Duderstadt, K. A.; et al. (2014). "Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 119 (11): 6938–6957. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.6938D. doi:10.1002/2013JD021389.
Mekhaldi, F.; McConnell, J. R.; Adolphi, F.; Arienzo, M. M.; Chellman, N. J.; Maselli, O. J.; et al. (November 2017). "No coincident nitrate enhancement events in polar ice cores following the largest known Solar storms". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 122 (21): 11, 900–911, 913. Bibcode:2017JGRD..12211900M. doi:10.1002/2017JD027325.
Beggan, C. D.; Clarke, E.; Lawrence, E.; Eaton, E.; Williamson, J.; Matsumoto, K.; Hayakawa, H. (29 February 2024). "Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK". Space Weather. 22 (3). Bibcode:2024SpWea..2203807B. doi:10.1029/2023SW003807. ISSN 1542-7390.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A. (1 January 2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157. ISSN 0273-1177.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Tsurutani, B. T. (2003). "The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (A7): 1268. Bibcode:2003JGRA..108.1268T. doi:10.1029/2002JA009504. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
Cliver, E. W.; Svalgaard, L. (2005). "The 1859 solar-terrestrial disturbance and the current limits on extreme space weather activity" (PDF). Solar Physics. 224 (1–2): 407–422. Bibcode:2004SoPh..224..407C. doi:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z. S2CID 120093108.
Carrington, R. C. (1859). "Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 20: 13–15. Bibcode:1859MNRAS..20...13C. doi:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13.
Hodgson, R. (1859). "On a curious appearance seen in the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 20: 15–16. Bibcode:1859MNRAS..20...15H. doi:10.1093/mnras/20.1.15.
Hayakawa, H. (2018). "Low-latitude aurorae during the extreme space weather events in 1859". The Astrophysical Journal. 869 (1): 57. arXiv:1811.02786. Bibcode:2018ApJ...869...57H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c. S2CID 119386459.
González-Esparza, J. A.; Cuevas-Cardona, M. C. (2018). "Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm". Space Weather. 16 (6): 593. Bibcode:2018SpWea..16..593G. doi:10.1029/2017SW001789.
Green, J. (2006). "Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 130–135. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..130G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054. PMC 5215858. PMID 28066122.
Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 68 (6): 99. arXiv:1608.07702. Bibcode:2016PASJ...68...99H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psw097. S2CID 119268875.
Moreno Cárdenas, Freddy; Cristancho Sánchez, Sergio; Vargas Domínguez, Santiago; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Kumar, Sandeep; Mukherjee, Shyamoli; Veenadhari, B. (2016). "The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859". Advances in Space Research. 57 (1): 257–267. arXiv:1508.06365. Bibcode:2016AdSpR..57..257M. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026. S2CID 119183512.
Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A. (1 January 2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157. ISSN 0273-1177.
Hayakawa, Hisashi; et al. (2023). "The extreme space weather event of 1872 February: sunspots, magnetic disturbance, and auroral displays". The Astrophysical Journal. 959 (23): 23. arXiv:2501.00176. Bibcode:2023ApJ...959...23H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc6cc.
Moersdorf, Jessica; Rivers, Morgan; Denkenberger, David; Breuer, Lutz; Jehn, Florian Ulrich (January 2024). "The Fragile State of Industrial Agriculture: Estimating Crop Yield Reductions in a Global Catastrophic Infrastructure Loss Scenario". Global Challenges. 8 (1). Bibcode:2024GloCh...800206M. doi:10.1002/gch2.202300206. PMC 10784200. PMID 38223898.
Hudson, Hugh S. (2021). "Carrington Events". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 59: 445–477. Bibcode:2021ARA&A..59..445H. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-023324. ISSN 0066-4146. S2CID 241040835.
Battersby, Stephen (19 November 2019). "Core concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (47): 23368–23370. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11623368B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1917356116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6876210. PMID 31744927.
Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nat. Commun. 13 (214): 214. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..214P. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. PMC 8752676. PMID 35017519.
Wolff, E. W.; Bigler, M.; Curran, M. A. J.; Dibb, J.; Frey, M. M.; Legrand, M. (2012). "The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (8): 21, 585, 598. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.8503W. doi:10.1029/2012GL051603.
McCracken, K. G.; Dreschhoff, G. A. M.; Zeller, E. J.; Smart, D. F.; Shea, M. A. (2001). "Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561–1994 – 1. Identification in polar-ice, 1561–1950". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (A10): 21, 585, 598. Bibcode:2001JGR...10621585M. doi:10.1029/2000JA000237.
Duderstadt, K. A.; et al. (2014). "Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 119 (11): 6938–6957. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.6938D. doi:10.1002/2013JD021389.
Mekhaldi, F.; McConnell, J. R.; Adolphi, F.; Arienzo, M. M.; Chellman, N. J.; Maselli, O. J.; et al. (November 2017). "No coincident nitrate enhancement events in polar ice cores following the largest known Solar storms". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 122 (21): 11, 900–911, 913. Bibcode:2017JGRD..12211900M. doi:10.1002/2017JD027325.
Beggan, C. D.; Clarke, E.; Lawrence, E.; Eaton, E.; Williamson, J.; Matsumoto, K.; Hayakawa, H. (29 February 2024). "Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK". Space Weather. 22 (3). Bibcode:2024SpWea..2203807B. doi:10.1029/2023SW003807. ISSN 1542-7390.

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

Carrington, R. C. (1859). "Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 20: 13–15. Bibcode:1859MNRAS..20...13C. doi:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13.
Hodgson, R. (1859). "On a curious appearance seen in the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 20: 15–16. Bibcode:1859MNRAS..20...15H. doi:10.1093/mnras/20.1.15.
The 9 articles by E. Loomis published from November 1859 to July 1862 in the American Journal of Science regarding "The great auroral exhibition", 28 – 4 August September 1859:
- Loomis, Elias (November 1859). "The Great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859". The American Journal of Science. 2nd series. 28: 385–408.
- Loomis, Elias; Kingston, G. P.; Lyman, C. S.; Twining, Alexander C.; Kirkwood, Daniel; Cornette, A.; Poey, Andreas; Trask, John B.; et al. (1859). "The great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859". American Journal of Science. 2nd series. 28 (84): 385. [...] in more than one case the north and south [telegraph] lines were worked during the daytime of September 3d solely by the atmospheric influence!

iflscience.com

Luntz, Stephen (25 March 2024). "History's Biggest Solar Storm, The Carrington Event, Was Even Bigger Than We Realized". IFLScience. Retrieved 26 March 2024.

ips.gov.au

Thompson, Richard (24 September 2015). "A solar flare effect". Space Weather Services. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.

knowablemagazine.org

Crockett, Christopher (17 September 2021). "Are we ready? Understanding just how big solar flares can get". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-091721-1. S2CID 239204944. Retrieved 30 September 2021.

lloyds.com

assets.lloyds.com

Solar Storm Risk to the North American Electric Grid (PDF). Lloyd's of London and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2022.

measuringworth.com

Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 30 November 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.

nasa.gov

science.nasa.gov

Phillips, Dr. Tony (23 July 2014). "Near miss: The solar superstorm of July 2012". NASA. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
"Near miss: The Solar superstorm of July 2012". NASA Science. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2016.

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

Lovett, R. A. (2 March 2011). "What if the biggest solar storm on record happened today?". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.

news.google.com

"The Aurora Borealis". Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser. 3 September 1859. p. 2, column 2. Retrieved 16 February 2011.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Odenwald, Sten F.; Green, James L. (28 July 2008). "Bracing the satellite infrastructure for a Solar superstorm". Scientific American. 299 (2): 80–87. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80 (inactive 11 July 2025). PMID 18666683. Retrieved 16 February 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Green, J. (2006). "Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 130–135. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..130G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054. PMC 5215858. PMID 28066122.
Moersdorf, Jessica; Rivers, Morgan; Denkenberger, David; Breuer, Lutz; Jehn, Florian Ulrich (January 2024). "The Fragile State of Industrial Agriculture: Estimating Crop Yield Reductions in a Global Catastrophic Infrastructure Loss Scenario". Global Challenges. 8 (1). Bibcode:2024GloCh...800206M. doi:10.1002/gch2.202300206. PMC 10784200. PMID 38223898.
Battersby, Stephen (19 November 2019). "Core concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (47): 23368–23370. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11623368B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1917356116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6876210. PMID 31744927.
Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nat. Commun. 13 (214): 214. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..214P. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. PMC 8752676. PMID 35017519.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Green, J. (2006). "Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 130–135. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..130G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054. PMC 5215858. PMID 28066122.
Moersdorf, Jessica; Rivers, Morgan; Denkenberger, David; Breuer, Lutz; Jehn, Florian Ulrich (January 2024). "The Fragile State of Industrial Agriculture: Estimating Crop Yield Reductions in a Global Catastrophic Infrastructure Loss Scenario". Global Challenges. 8 (1). Bibcode:2024GloCh...800206M. doi:10.1002/gch2.202300206. PMC 10784200. PMID 38223898.
Battersby, Stephen (19 November 2019). "Core concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (47): 23368–23370. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11623368B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1917356116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6876210. PMID 31744927.
Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nat. Commun. 13 (214): 214. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..214P. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. PMC 8752676. PMID 35017519.

nla.gov.au

trove.nla.gov.au

Herbert, Count Frank (8 October 1909). "The Great Aurora of 1859". The Daily News. Perth, Western Australia. p. 9. Retrieved 1 April 2018.

rnz.co.nz

"The Carrington Event: How NZ evaded disaster". Radio New Zealand. 29 December 2024.

sciam.com

Odenwald, Sten F.; Green, James L. (28 July 2008). "Bracing the satellite infrastructure for a Solar superstorm". Scientific American. 299 (2): 80–87. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80 (inactive 11 July 2025). PMID 18666683. Retrieved 16 February 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

sciencedirect.com

Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A. (1 January 2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157. ISSN 0273-1177.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Cliver, E. W.; Svalgaard, L. (2005). "The 1859 solar-terrestrial disturbance and the current limits on extreme space weather activity" (PDF). Solar Physics. 224 (1–2): 407–422. Bibcode:2004SoPh..224..407C. doi:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z. S2CID 120093108.
Hayakawa, H. (2018). "Low-latitude aurorae during the extreme space weather events in 1859". The Astrophysical Journal. 869 (1): 57. arXiv:1811.02786. Bibcode:2018ApJ...869...57H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c. S2CID 119386459.
Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 68 (6): 99. arXiv:1608.07702. Bibcode:2016PASJ...68...99H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psw097. S2CID 119268875.
Moreno Cárdenas, Freddy; Cristancho Sánchez, Sergio; Vargas Domínguez, Santiago; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Kumar, Sandeep; Mukherjee, Shyamoli; Veenadhari, B. (2016). "The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859". Advances in Space Research. 57 (1): 257–267. arXiv:1508.06365. Bibcode:2016AdSpR..57..257M. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026. S2CID 119183512.
Hudson, Hugh S. (2021). "Carrington Events". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 59: 445–477. Bibcode:2021ARA&A..59..445H. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-023324. ISSN 0066-4146. S2CID 241040835.
Crockett, Christopher (17 September 2021). "Are we ready? Understanding just how big solar flares can get". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-091721-1. S2CID 239204944. Retrieved 30 September 2021.

soloma.be

Cliver, E. W.; Svalgaard, L. (2005). "The 1859 solar-terrestrial disturbance and the current limits on extreme space weather activity" (PDF). Solar Physics. 224 (1–2): 407–422. Bibcode:2004SoPh..224..407C. doi:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z. S2CID 120093108.

space.com

Garofalo, Meredith (13 May 2024). "How a giant sunspot unleashed solar storms that spawned global auroras that just dazzled us all". Space.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

unh.edu

scholars.unh.edu

Wolff, E. W.; Bigler, M.; Curran, M. A. J.; Dibb, J.; Frey, M. M.; Legrand, M. (2012). "The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (8): 21, 585, 598. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.8503W. doi:10.1029/2012GL051603.
Duderstadt, K. A.; et al. (2014). "Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 119 (11): 6938–6957. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.6938D. doi:10.1002/2013JD021389.

web.archive.org

Thompson, Richard (24 September 2015). "A solar flare effect". Space Weather Services. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
Lovett, R. A. (2 March 2011). "What if the biggest solar storm on record happened today?". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
Garofalo, Meredith (13 May 2024). "How a giant sunspot unleashed solar storms that spawned global auroras that just dazzled us all". Space.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

wiley.com

agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Tsurutani, B. T. (2003). "The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (A7): 1268. Bibcode:2003JGRA..108.1268T. doi:10.1029/2002JA009504. Retrieved 28 November 2021.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A. (1 January 2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157. ISSN 0273-1177.
Hudson, Hugh S. (2021). "Carrington Events". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 59: 445–477. Bibcode:2021ARA&A..59..445H. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-023324. ISSN 0066-4146. S2CID 241040835.
Battersby, Stephen (19 November 2019). "Core concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (47): 23368–23370. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11623368B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1917356116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6876210. PMID 31744927.
Beggan, C. D.; Clarke, E.; Lawrence, E.; Eaton, E.; Williamson, J.; Matsumoto, K.; Hayakawa, H. (29 February 2024). "Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK". Space Weather. 22 (3). Bibcode:2024SpWea..2203807B. doi:10.1029/2023SW003807. ISSN 1542-7390.

youtube.com

Carrington-class coronal mass ejection narrowly misses Earth (video). NASA. 28 April 2014. Event occurs at 04:03. Retrieved 26 July 2014 – via YouTube.