Marc, Mappen (2013). Prohibition Gangsters: The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN978-0813561158. OCLC852899302.
Nate, Hendley (2010). American Gangsters, Then and Now: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-0313354519. OCLC727948429.
Capeci, Jerry (2004). The complete idiot's guide to the Mafia. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha Books. pp. 31–46. ISBN978-1-59257-305-9. OCLC57428053.