Causes of the Great Depression (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Causes of the Great Depression" in English language version.

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9books.google.com

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8jstor.org

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8web.archive.org

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1cato.org

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1federalreserve.gov

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aeaweb.org (Global: 7,762^nd place; English: 5,451^st place)

Gauti B. Eggertsson, Great Expectations and the End of the Depression, American Economic Review 2008, 98:4, 1476–1516

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). A New Economic View of American History. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. pp. 574–6. ISBN 978-0-393-96315-1.
Kennedy, David M. (1999). Freedom From Fear, The American People in Depression and War 1929–1945. Oxford University Press. pp. 122, 123. ISBN 978-0-19-503834-7.
Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). A New Economic View of American History. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 599. ISBN 978-0-393-96315-1.
Longman, Philip (2004). The Empty Cradle: How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity And What to Do About It. Basic Books. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-465-05050-5.
Urofsky, Melvin I. (2000). The American Presidents: Critical Essays. Garland Pub. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-8153-2184-2.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Field, Alexander J. (2011). A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-300-15109-1Field cites Freeman & Schwartz (1963), Temin (1976), Bernanke (1983), Field (1984), Romer (1990), Eighengreen (1992){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz (2008). The Great Contraction, 1929–1933 (New ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691137940.
Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz (2008). The Great Contraction, 1929–1933 (New ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691137940.
Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz (2008). The Great Contraction, 1929–1933 (New ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0691137940.
Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz (2008). The Great Contraction, 1929–1933 (New ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. xviii, 13. ISBN 978-0691137940.
* Bruner, Robert F.; Carr, Sean D. (2007). The Panic of 1907: Lessons Learned from the Market's Perfect Storm. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-15263-8.
Randall E. Parker (2003), Reflections on the Great Depression, Elgar Publishing ISBN 978-1843763352, p. 11
Randall E. Parker (2003), Reflections on the Great Depression, Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN 9781843765509, pp. 14-15
Temin, P. 1989. Lessons from the Great Depression, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass [2]

cato.org (Global: 4,789^th place; English: 3,253^rd place)

McCulloch, Hu (23 August 2018). "World War I, Gold, and the Great Depression". www.cato.org. Retrieved 2025-06-07.

csbsju.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

employees.csbsju.edu

Robert Whaples, "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 (March 1995), p. 150 in JSTOR.
Robert Whaples, "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 (March 1995), p. 143 in JSTOR.
Robert Whaples, "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 (March 1995), p. 150, in JSTOR

debtdeflation.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Keen, Steve (December 6, 2012). "Briefing for Congress on the Fiscal Cliff: Lessons from the 1930s – Steve Keen's Debtwatch". Debtdeflation.com. Retrieved December 1, 2014.

debunkportland.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"General Motors and the Decline of Streetcars" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2012.

dergipark.org.tr (Global: 1,543^rd place; English: 4,480^th place)

White, Clash of Economic Ideas, p. 94. See alsoWhite, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.
White, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.
White, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Fisher, Irving (October 1933). "The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions". Econometrica. 1 (4). The Econometric Society: 337–357. doi:10.2307/1907327. JSTOR 1907327. S2CID 35564016.
Mishkin, Fredric (December 1978). "The Household Balance and the Great Depression". Journal of Economic History. 38 (4): 918–37. doi:10.1017/S0022050700087167. S2CID 155049545.
White, Clash of Economic Ideas, p. 94. See alsoWhite, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.
Whaples, Robert (June 1991). "The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences". Journal of Economic History. 51 (2): 454–57. doi:10.1017/S0022050700039073. S2CID 153813437.
De Long, J. Bradford (December 1990). "'Liquidation' Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression". NBER Working Paper No. 3546: 1. doi:10.3386/w3546.
White, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.
White, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.

ecommcode.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, p. 31 Archived December 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

econjournalwatch.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Richard H. Timberlake (August 2005). "Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy" (PDF). Econ Journal Watch. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2005. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy, RICHARD H. TIMBERLAKE http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/TimberlakeIntellectualTyrannyAugust2005.pdf Archived September 10, 2005, at the Wayback Machine

eh.net (Global: 9,448^th place; English: 8,131^st place)

"Hours of Work in U.S. History". 2010. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011.
"Reconstruction Finance Corporation". EH.net Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.

eur.nl (Global: low place; English: 9,966^th place)

repub.eur.nl

Gomez, Georgina M; Prittwitz und Gaffron, Wilko von (2018). "The pervasiveness of monetary plurality in economic crisis and wars" (PDF). Erasmus University Rotterdam. International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

federalreserve.gov (Global: 2,493^rd place; English: 1,714^th place)

Ben Bernanke (Nov. 8, 2002), FederalReserve.gov: "Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke", Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago

findarticles.com (Global: 424^th place; English: 310^th place)

Fortune, Peter (Sep–Oct 2000). "Margin Requirements, Margin Loans, and Margin Rates: Practice and Principles – analysis of history of margin credit regulations – Statistical Data Included". New England Economic Review.

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; English: 48^th place)

Fleisher, Larry (2009-10-30). "The Great Depression And The Great Recession". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-04-22.

free.fr (Global: 321^st place; English: 724^th place)

terra2000.free.fr

Ayres, R. U.; Ayres, L. W.; Warr, B. (2002). "Exergy, Power and Work in the U. S. Economy 1900–1998, Insead's Center For the Management of Environmental Resources, 2002/52/EPS/CMER" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2011<Fig. 4 in Appendix> {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)From one-sixth to one-quarter of all land had been used to grow animal feed.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Robert Whaples, "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 (March 1995), p. 150 in JSTOR.
Robert Whaples, "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 (March 1995), p. 143 in JSTOR.
Robert Whaples, "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 (March 1995), p. 150, in JSTOR
Hansen, Alvin (1939). "Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth". American Economic Review. 29 (March): 1–15. JSTOR 1806983.
Fisher, Irving (October 1933). "The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions". Econometrica. 1 (4). The Econometric Society: 337–357. doi:10.2307/1907327. JSTOR 1907327. S2CID 35564016.
Bernanke, Ben S (June 1983). "Non-Monetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression". The American Economic Review. 73 (3). The American Economic Association: 257–276. JSTOR 1808111.
Gauti B. Eggertsson, Great Expectations and the End of the Depression, The American Economic Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Sep. 2008), S. 1476–1516, p. 1480
Robert Whaples, "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar. 1995), pp. 139–54 in JSTOR

livinghistoryfarm.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bank Failures". Living History Farm. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

webarchive.loc.gov

"Bank Failures". Living History Farm. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

marxists.org (Global: 803^rd place; English: 826^th place)

"Lewis Corey: The Decline of American Capitalism (1934)". Marxists.org. September 30, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2014.

mauldineconomics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

[1] Several graphs of total debt to GDP can be found on the Internet.

minneapolisfed.org (Global: 1,535^th place; English: 822^nd place)

Cole, Harold L., and Lee E. Ohanian. "The Great Depression from a Neoclassical Perspective" N.p., n.d.
Chari, V. V., Patrick J. Kehoe, and Ellen R. McGrattan. "Accounting for the Great Depression" N.p., n.d.

mises.org (Global: 3,237^th place; English: 2,989^th place)

Mises, Ludwig von (2006). The Causes of the Economic Crisis; and Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression. Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 207. ISBN 978-1933550039.

nber.org (Global: 2,969^th place; English: 1,994^th place)

nber.org

https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c11482/c11482.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
Ben Bernanke (1983), "Non-monetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression", American Economic Review . Am 73#3 257–76.
Jerome, Harry (1934). "Introduction to "Mechanization in Industry"". Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research. pp. –11–2. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

papers.nber.org

Jerome, Harry (1934). "Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research". NBER<For the several industries studied industry expansion offset most of the productivity gains that would otherwise have resulted in many more job losses than actually occurred. To prevent rising unemployment the laid off workers would have to have changed industries, but it was noted that even if workers were successful at such a change the time typically took 18 months or more. The employment statistics for the 1930 census reflect conditions after the start of the depression so the actual employment situation prior to the depression is unknown.>{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

ntnu.no (Global: 7,215^th place; English: 5,735^th place)

folk.ntnu.no

Lietaer, Bernard A. (July 1990). "A Strategy for a Convertible Currency" (PDF). ICIS Forum. 20 (3). International Center for Integrative Studies. Retrieved 4 May 2025.

nybooks.com (Global: 1,785^th place; English: 1,133^rd place)

Paul Krugman (February 3, 2007), "Who Was Milton Friedman?", New York Review of Books

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

krugman.blogs.nytimes.com

Paul Krugman, blog (December 14, 2009), "Samuelson, Friedman, and monetary policy", The New York Times
Protectionism and the Great Depression, Paul Krugman, The New York Times, November 30, 2009
"Protectionism and the Great Depression". Paul Krugman Blog. 30 November 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2016.

nytimes.com

The New York Times, Christina Romer, The Fiscal Stimulus, Flawed but Valuable, October 20, 2012

proquest.com (Global: 206^th place; English: 124^th place)

Chernow, R. (October 23, 2009). "Everyman's financial meltdown". The New York Times. ProQuest 1030683641.

scribd.com (Global: 482^nd place; English: 552^nd place)

Hubbert, M. King (1940). "Man Hours and Distribution, Derived from Man Hours: A Declining Quantity, Technocracy, Series A, No. 8, August 1936". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

seekingalpha.com (Global: 5,344^th place; English: 3,420^th place)

"Private Debt Caused The Current Great Depression, Not Public Debt – Michael Clark". Seeking Alpha. 11 May 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2014.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Fisher, Irving (October 1933). "The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions". Econometrica. 1 (4). The Econometric Society: 337–357. doi:10.2307/1907327. JSTOR 1907327. S2CID 35564016.
Mishkin, Fredric (December 1978). "The Household Balance and the Great Depression". Journal of Economic History. 38 (4): 918–37. doi:10.1017/S0022050700087167. S2CID 155049545.
White, Clash of Economic Ideas, p. 94. See alsoWhite, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.
Whaples, Robert (June 1991). "The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences". Journal of Economic History. 51 (2): 454–57. doi:10.1017/S0022050700039073. S2CID 153813437.
White, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.
White, Lawrence (2008). "Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 40 (4): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x. S2CID 153773721.

theatlantic.com (Global: 228^th place; English: 158^th place)

Friedersdorf, Conor (December 5, 2012). "What If the Fiscal Cliff Is the Wrong Cliff?". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 1, 2014.

thebalance.com (Global: 8,704^th place; English: 5,754^th place)

Amadeo, Kimberly. "17 Recessions in U.S. History". The Balance. Retrieved November 5, 2019.

typepad.com (Global: 1,429^th place; English: 932^nd place)

delong.typepad.com

Bradford DeLong, What Was Herbert Hoover's Fiscal Policy?

umn.edu (Global: 1,266^th place; English: 860^th place)

econ.umn.edu

De Vroey, Michel R. "Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression: The Abandonment of the Abstentionist Viewpoint" N.p., n.d.

unisg.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

ux-tauri.unisg.ch

Allgoewer, Elisabeth (May 2002). "Underconsumption theories and Keynesian economics. Interpretations of the Great Depression" (PDF). Discussion Paper No. 2002–14.

usnews.com (Global: 634^th place; English: 432^nd place)

Walsh, Kenneth T. (September 10, 2008) The Most Consequential Elections in History: Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Election of 1932 – U.S. News & World Report. Usnews.com. Retrieved on July 14, 2013.

vanityfair.com (Global: 107^th place; English: 81^st place)

Stiglitz, Joseph (2011). "The Book of Jobs". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 23, 2011.

voxeu.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

The protectionist temptation: Lessons from the Great Depression for today, VOX, Barry Eichengreen, Douglas Irwin, March 17, 2009

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Richard H. Timberlake (August 2005). "Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy" (PDF). Econ Journal Watch. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2005. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
"Hours of Work in U.S. History". 2010. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011.
Field, Alexander (2004). "Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2012.
Ayres, R. U.; Ayres, L. W.; Warr, B. (2002). "Exergy, Power and Work in the U. S. Economy 1900–1998, Insead's Center For the Management of Environmental Resources, 2002/52/EPS/CMER" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2011<Fig. 4 in Appendix> {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)From one-sixth to one-quarter of all land had been used to grow animal feed.
"General Motors and the Decline of Streetcars" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy, RICHARD H. TIMBERLAKE http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/TimberlakeIntellectualTyrannyAugust2005.pdf Archived September 10, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, p. 31 Archived December 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
"Reconstruction Finance Corporation". EH.net Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)

econ.yale.edu

Field, Alexander (2004). "Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2012.

Causes of the Great Depression (English Wikipedia)

aeaweb.org (Global: 7,762nd place; English: 5,451st place)

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forbes.com (Global: 54th place; English: 48th place)

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loc.gov (Global: 70th place; English: 63rd place)

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marxists.org (Global: 803rd place; English: 826th place)

mauldineconomics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

minneapolisfed.org (Global: 1,535th place; English: 822nd place)

mises.org (Global: 3,237th place; English: 2,989th place)

nber.org (Global: 2,969th place; English: 1,994th place)

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thebalance.com (Global: 8,704th place; English: 5,754th place)

typepad.com (Global: 1,429th place; English: 932nd place)

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umn.edu (Global: 1,266th place; English: 860th place)

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archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cato.org (Global: 4,789^th place; English: 3,253^rd place)

dergipark.org.tr (Global: 1,543^rd place; English: 4,480^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

eh.net (Global: 9,448^th place; English: 8,131^st place)

eur.nl (Global: low place; English: 9,966^th place)

federalreserve.gov (Global: 2,493^rd place; English: 1,714^th place)

findarticles.com (Global: 424^th place; English: 310^th place)

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; English: 48^th place)

free.fr (Global: 321^st place; English: 724^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

marxists.org (Global: 803^rd place; English: 826^th place)

minneapolisfed.org (Global: 1,535^th place; English: 822^nd place)

mises.org (Global: 3,237^th place; English: 2,989^th place)

nber.org (Global: 2,969^th place; English: 1,994^th place)

ntnu.no (Global: 7,215^th place; English: 5,735^th place)

nybooks.com (Global: 1,785^th place; English: 1,133^rd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

proquest.com (Global: 206^th place; English: 124^th place)

scribd.com (Global: 482^nd place; English: 552^nd place)

seekingalpha.com (Global: 5,344^th place; English: 3,420^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

theatlantic.com (Global: 228^th place; English: 158^th place)

thebalance.com (Global: 8,704^th place; English: 5,754^th place)

typepad.com (Global: 1,429^th place; English: 932^nd place)

umn.edu (Global: 1,266^th place; English: 860^th place)

usnews.com (Global: 634^th place; English: 432^nd place)

vanityfair.com (Global: 107^th place; English: 81^st place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)