The osculating circle at a given point P on a curve is the limiting circle of a sequence of circles that pass through P and two other points on the curve, Q and R, on either side of P, as Q and R approach P. See the online text by Lamb: Horace Lamb (1897). An Elementary Course of Infinitesimal Calculus. University Press. p. 406. ISBN978-1-108-00534-0. osculating circle.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Eugene Lommel; George William Myers (1900). Experimental physics. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 63. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
John Robert Taylor (2005). Classical Mechanics. Sausalito CA: University Science Books. pp. 28–29. ISBN978-1-891389-22-1. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
Eugene Lommel; George William Myers (1900). Experimental physics. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 63. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
John Robert Taylor (2005). Classical Mechanics. Sausalito CA: University Science Books. pp. 28–29. ISBN978-1-891389-22-1. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2020.