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de Vos, A.; Brokx, P.; Geist, V. (1967). "A Review of Social Behavior of the North American Cervids during the Reproductive Period". The American Midland Naturalist. 77 (2): 390–417. doi:10.2307/2423349. JSTOR2423349.
Pitra, Christian; Fickel, Joerns; Meijaard, Erik; Groves, Colin (2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013. PMID15522810.
Randi, Ettore; Mucci, Nadia; Claro-Hergueta, Françoise; Bonnet, Amélie; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation". Animal Conservation. 4 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1017/S1367943001001019. ISSN1367-9430.