Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Turku". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Abu Absi, Samir; Sinaud, André (1968). Basic Chad Arabic: The Pre-Speech Phase(PDF). Intensive Language Training Center of Indiana University at Bloomington. pp. 1, 3.