Charlemagne (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Charlemagne" in English language version.

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Bulfinch 1864, pp. xxii–xxiv. Bulfinch, Thomas (1864). Legends of Charlemagne. Boston, J. E. Tilton and Co.

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Alternative birth years for Charlemagne include 742 and 747. There has been scholarly debate over this topic, see Birth and early life. For full treatment of the debate, see Nelson 2019, pp. 28–29. See further Karl Ferdinand Werner, Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in Francia 1, 1973, pp. 115–157 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine);
Matthias Becher: Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in: Francia 19/1, 1992, pp. 37–60 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine) Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.

books.google.com

Alternative birth years for Charlemagne include 742 and 747. There has been scholarly debate over this topic, see Birth and early life. For full treatment of the debate, see Nelson 2019, pp. 28–29. See further Karl Ferdinand Werner, Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in Francia 1, 1973, pp. 115–157 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine);
Matthias Becher: Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in: Francia 19/1, 1992, pp. 37–60 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine) Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
The Latin title imperator, meaning "commander", used to denote successful generals in ancient Rome, but eventually came to denote the position of Augustus and his successors.^[189] In German, the title was rendered as kaiser, after Caesar. In Greek, it was rendered as autokrator and used alongside the traditional title of basileus. For a discussion of Charlemagne's title and Constantinople's reaction, see Sarti 2024, pp. 7–39. Sarti, Laury (2024). Orbis Romanus: Byzantium and the Legacy of Rome in the Carolingian World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-774654-7. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
McKitterick 2008, p. 116. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, pp. 2, 68. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 2. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 16. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, p. 65. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 71. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, pp. 61–65. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 29. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 28–28. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 28. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 68. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, p. 318. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Dutton 2016, pp. 71–72. Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-1370-6228-4.
Dutton 2016, p. 72. Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-1370-6228-4.
Dutton 2016, pp. 75–80. Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-1370-6228-4.
Dutton 2016, p. 75. Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-1370-6228-4.
Dutton 2016, p. 91. Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-1370-6228-4.
McKitterick 2008, p. 73. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, pp. 71–72. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 72. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, pp. 72–73. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 74. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 75. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, p. 91. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, p. 77. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 79. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 80. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 81. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 82. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, p. 99. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 99, 101. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 100–101. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 101. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 84–85, 101. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 106. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 104–106. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, p. 84. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
McKitterick 2008, p. 87. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, pp. 108–109. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 109–110. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, p. 89. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, pp. 110–111. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 116. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 117. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 117–118. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 131–132. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 133. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 133, 134. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 134–135. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 130. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 146. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 135–138. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 139–140. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 139–141. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 142–144. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 147. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, p. 109. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, pp. 147–148. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 154–156. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 157–159. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 159. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 159–161. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 157. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 162–163. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 164–165. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 164–166. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 166. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 167–170, 173. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 168, 172. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 181. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 172–173. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 175–179. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 173. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 182–186. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 186. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 191. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 182–183. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 203. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 204–205. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 205. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 193. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 193–195. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 195–196. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 196–197. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 197. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 200–202. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 208–209. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 228. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 225–226, 230. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 234. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 240. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 240–241. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 186–187. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 188–190. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 213–214. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 243–244. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 251–254. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 294. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 257. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 270. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 270, 274–275. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 285–287, 438. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 283–284. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 289–292. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 302. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 306–314. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 304. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 340, 377–379. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 319–321. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 323–324. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 325–326, 329–331. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 356–359. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 340. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 326, 333. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 270–271. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 352, 400, 460. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 353. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, p. 115. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, p. 381. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Hornblower 2012, p. 728. Hornblower, Simon (2012). Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1995-4556-8.
Nelson 2019, p. 361. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 370. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 384. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, pp. 115–116. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Nelson 2019, pp. 382, 385. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Sarti 2024, pp. 7–39. Sarti, Laury (2024). Orbis Romanus: Byzantium and the Legacy of Rome in the Carolingian World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-774654-7. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
Nelson 2019, pp. 387–389. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 472. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 462. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 495–496. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 409, 411. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 410–415. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, p. 429. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 432–435. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
Nelson 2019, pp. 458–459. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
McKitterick 2008, pp. 116–117. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-7285-2.
Dutton 2016, p. 60. Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-1370-6228-4.
Dutton 2016, pp. 60–61. Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-1370-6228-4.
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Nonn 2008, p. 575. Nonn, Ulrich (2008). "Karl Martell – Name und Beiname". In Ludwig, Uwe; Schlipp, Thomas (eds.). Nomen et Fraternitas. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde – Ergänzungsbände. Vol. 62. Berlin, New York: DeGruyter. pp. 575–586. doi:10.1515/9783110210477.3.575. ISBN 978-3-1102-0238-0. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.

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Coxon 2021, pp. 31, 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
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doi.org

Nonn 2008, p. 575. Nonn, Ulrich (2008). "Karl Martell – Name und Beiname". In Ludwig, Uwe; Schlipp, Thomas (eds.). Nomen et Fraternitas. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde – Ergänzungsbände. Vol. 62. Berlin, New York: DeGruyter. pp. 575–586. doi:10.1515/9783110210477.3.575. ISBN 978-3-1102-0238-0. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
Goffart 1986. Goffart, Walter (1986). "Paul the Deacon's 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession". Traditio. 42: 59–93. doi:10.1017/S0362152900004049. S2CID 151941720.
Reuter 1985, p. 85. Reuter, Timothy (1985). "Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fifth Series. 35: 75–94. doi:10.1017/S0080440100017710 (inactive 2 January 2025). JSTOR 3679177.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link)
Mayr-Harting 1996. Mayr-Harting, Henry (1996). "Charlemagne, the Saxons, and the Imperial Coronation of 800". The English Historical Review. 111 (444 November): 1113–1133. doi:10.1093/ehr/CXI.444.1113.
Ganshof 1965. Ganshof, François L. (1965). "The Impact of Charlemagne on the Institutions of the Frankish Realm". Speculum. 40 (1): 49. doi:10.2307/2856463. JSTOR 2856463. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
Lewis 1977, pp. 246–247, n 94. Lewis, Andrew W. (1977). "Dynastic Structures and Capetian Throne-Right: the Views of Giles of Paris". Traditio. 33 (1): 225–252. doi:10.1017/S0362152900009119. JSTOR 27831029. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
Geary 1987, pp. 275–283. Geary, Patrick J. (1987). "Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century: The Visio Karoli Magni". Frühmittelalterliche Studien. 21: 274–294. doi:10.1515/9783110242195.274. ISSN 0071-9706. S2CID 165699647.
Kuskin 1999, pp. 513, 547–548 fn24. Kuskin, William (1999). "Caxton's Worthies Series: The Production of Literary Culture". ELH. 66 (3): 511–551. doi:10.1353/elh.1999.0027. JSTOR 30032085. S2CID 162260451. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
Noble 2015, p. 294. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, pp. 289–290, 295–296. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
McKitterick 1996, p. 61. McKitterick, Rosamond (1996). "Unity and Diversity in the Carolingian Church". Studies in Church History. 32: 59–82. doi:10.1017/S0424208400015333. S2CID 163254629.
Noble 2015, pp. 269–297. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
McKitterick 1996, p. 82. McKitterick, Rosamond (1996). "Unity and Diversity in the Carolingian Church". Studies in Church History. 32: 59–82. doi:10.1017/S0424208400015333. S2CID 163254629.
Noble 2015, pp. 287–288. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, p. 294–295. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, pp. 301–302. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, p. 287. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, pp. 306–307. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, pp. 292, 306–307. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Ruhli, Blumich & Henneberg 2010. Ruhli, F.J.; Blumich, B.; Henneberg, M. (2010). "Charlemagne was very tall, but not robust". Economics and Human Biology. 8 (2): 289–290. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.12.005. PMID 20153271.
Coxon 2021, pp. 31, 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
Coxon 2021, p. 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

escholarship.org

Sterk 1988. Sterk, Andrea (1 October 1988). "The Silver Shields of Pope Leo III: A Reassessment of the Evidence". Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 19: 62–79. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

jstor.org

Reuter 1985, p. 85. Reuter, Timothy (1985). "Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fifth Series. 35: 75–94. doi:10.1017/S0080440100017710 (inactive 2 January 2025). JSTOR 3679177.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link)
Ganshof 1965. Ganshof, François L. (1965). "The Impact of Charlemagne on the Institutions of the Frankish Realm". Speculum. 40 (1): 49. doi:10.2307/2856463. JSTOR 2856463. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
Lewis 1977, pp. 246–247, n 94. Lewis, Andrew W. (1977). "Dynastic Structures and Capetian Throne-Right: the Views of Giles of Paris". Traditio. 33 (1): 225–252. doi:10.1017/S0362152900009119. JSTOR 27831029. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
Kuskin 1999, pp. 513, 547–548 fn24. Kuskin, William (1999). "Caxton's Worthies Series: The Production of Literary Culture". ELH. 66 (3): 511–551. doi:10.1353/elh.1999.0027. JSTOR 30032085. S2CID 162260451. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
Coxon 2021, pp. 31, 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
Coxon 2021, p. 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

karlspreis.de

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Ruhli, Blumich & Henneberg 2010. Ruhli, F.J.; Blumich, B.; Henneberg, M. (2010). "Charlemagne was very tall, but not robust". Economics and Human Biology. 8 (2): 289–290. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.12.005. PMID 20153271.

openlibrary.org

Leonhardt 2016, pp. 160–162. Leonhardt, Jürgen (2016) [2009]. Latin: story of a World Language. Translated by Kenneth Kronenberg. Harvard. ISBN 978-0-6746-5996-4. OL 35499574M.

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Goffart 1986. Goffart, Walter (1986). "Paul the Deacon's 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession". Traditio. 42: 59–93. doi:10.1017/S0362152900004049. S2CID 151941720.
Geary 1987, pp. 275–283. Geary, Patrick J. (1987). "Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century: The Visio Karoli Magni". Frühmittelalterliche Studien. 21: 274–294. doi:10.1515/9783110242195.274. ISSN 0071-9706. S2CID 165699647.
Kuskin 1999, pp. 513, 547–548 fn24. Kuskin, William (1999). "Caxton's Worthies Series: The Production of Literary Culture". ELH. 66 (3): 511–551. doi:10.1353/elh.1999.0027. JSTOR 30032085. S2CID 162260451. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
Noble 2015, p. 294. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, pp. 289–290, 295–296. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
McKitterick 1996, p. 61. McKitterick, Rosamond (1996). "Unity and Diversity in the Carolingian Church". Studies in Church History. 32: 59–82. doi:10.1017/S0424208400015333. S2CID 163254629.
Noble 2015, pp. 269–297. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
McKitterick 1996, p. 82. McKitterick, Rosamond (1996). "Unity and Diversity in the Carolingian Church". Studies in Church History. 32: 59–82. doi:10.1017/S0424208400015333. S2CID 163254629.
Noble 2015, pp. 287–288. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, p. 294–295. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, pp. 301–302. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, p. 287. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, pp. 306–307. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Noble 2015, pp. 292, 306–307. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268.
Coxon 2021, pp. 31, 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
Coxon 2021, p. 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

web.archive.org

Alternative birth years for Charlemagne include 742 and 747. There has been scholarly debate over this topic, see Birth and early life. For full treatment of the debate, see Nelson 2019, pp. 28–29. See further Karl Ferdinand Werner, Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in Francia 1, 1973, pp. 115–157 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine);
Matthias Becher: Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in: Francia 19/1, 1992, pp. 37–60 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine) Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-1420-7.
The Latin title imperator, meaning "commander", used to denote successful generals in ancient Rome, but eventually came to denote the position of Augustus and his successors.^[189] In German, the title was rendered as kaiser, after Caesar. In Greek, it was rendered as autokrator and used alongside the traditional title of basileus. For a discussion of Charlemagne's title and Constantinople's reaction, see Sarti 2024, pp. 7–39. Sarti, Laury (2024). Orbis Romanus: Byzantium and the Legacy of Rome in the Carolingian World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-774654-7. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
Nonn 2008, p. 575. Nonn, Ulrich (2008). "Karl Martell – Name und Beiname". In Ludwig, Uwe; Schlipp, Thomas (eds.). Nomen et Fraternitas. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde – Ergänzungsbände. Vol. 62. Berlin, New York: DeGruyter. pp. 575–586. doi:10.1515/9783110210477.3.575. ISBN 978-3-1102-0238-0. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
Sarti 2024, pp. 7–39. Sarti, Laury (2024). Orbis Romanus: Byzantium and the Legacy of Rome in the Carolingian World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-774654-7. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
Ganshof 1965. Ganshof, François L. (1965). "The Impact of Charlemagne on the Institutions of the Frankish Realm". Speculum. 40 (1): 49. doi:10.2307/2856463. JSTOR 2856463. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
Sterk 1988. Sterk, Andrea (1 October 1988). "The Silver Shields of Pope Leo III: A Reassessment of the Evidence". Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 19: 62–79. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
Lewis 1977, pp. 246–247, n 94. Lewis, Andrew W. (1977). "Dynastic Structures and Capetian Throne-Right: the Views of Giles of Paris". Traditio. 33 (1): 225–252. doi:10.1017/S0362152900009119. JSTOR 27831029. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
Coxon 2021, pp. 31, 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
Coxon 2021, p. 196. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of Masculinity in Medieval German Literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-7873-5221-6. JSTOR j.ctv1hggknc. S2CID 239135035. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Nelson 2007, p. 31. Nelson, Janet L. (2007). Courts, elites, and gendered power in the early Middle Ages Charlemagne and others. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5933-4. OCLC 1039829293.
Geary 1987, pp. 275–283. Geary, Patrick J. (1987). "Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century: The Visio Karoli Magni". Frühmittelalterliche Studien. 21: 274–294. doi:10.1515/9783110242195.274. ISSN 0071-9706. S2CID 165699647.