Chemical patent (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Chemical patent" in English language version.

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canterbury.ac.nz

econ.canterbury.ac.nz

  • Scherer, FM (Dec 2002). "The economics of human gene patents" (PDF). Acad Med. 77 (12 Pt 2): 1348–67. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. For one, in pharmaceuticals, as in organic and agricultural chemicals, patent claims tend to define products especially precisely. ..." "Second, once a particular molecule is identified as a potentially effective therapeutic medium, it must be carried through expensive clinical trials to prove its safety and efficacy. ..." "Third, absent patent protection or regulatory barriers to imitation, imitators might spend a very few million dollars on product formulation, process development, and clinical trials (typically on 24 human subjects) required to prove therapeutic equivalence and bring their generic substitutes onto the market in competition with the company that has incurred huge discovery and clinical testing costs. ..." "It is for these three reasons together that patents are accorded such high importance by pharmaceutical manufacturers.

doi.org

  • "Perverse Results from Pharmaceutical Patents in the United States". 2021. Int Rev Intellect Prop Compet Law. 52/5, 596-605. W. Grimes. doi:10.1007/s40319-021-01055-9.
  • "What litigators can teach the patent office about pharmaceutical patents". 2021. Wash UL Rev. 99/1673. S.S. Tu, M.A. Lemley. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3903513.

europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

fda.gov

web.archive.org

  • Scherer, FM (Dec 2002). "The economics of human gene patents" (PDF). Acad Med. 77 (12 Pt 2): 1348–67. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. For one, in pharmaceuticals, as in organic and agricultural chemicals, patent claims tend to define products especially precisely. ..." "Second, once a particular molecule is identified as a potentially effective therapeutic medium, it must be carried through expensive clinical trials to prove its safety and efficacy. ..." "Third, absent patent protection or regulatory barriers to imitation, imitators might spend a very few million dollars on product formulation, process development, and clinical trials (typically on 24 human subjects) required to prove therapeutic equivalence and bring their generic substitutes onto the market in competition with the company that has incurred huge discovery and clinical testing costs. ..." "It is for these three reasons together that patents are accorded such high importance by pharmaceutical manufacturers.
  • "Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry, Preliminary Report (DG Competition Staff Working Paper)" (PDF). European Commission. 28 November 2008. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on Apr 21, 2023. patents are key in the pharmaceutical sector, as they allow companies to recoup their often very considerable investments and to be rewarded for their innovative efforts