Chemistry (English Wikipedia)

"Chemistry Is Everywhere". American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
"Analytical Chemistry". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
"Inorganic Chemistry". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 1 April 2024.

cen.acs.org

Tullo, Alexander H. (28 July 2014). "C&EN's Global Top 50 Chemical Firms For 2014". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Principe, L. (2011). "In retrospect: The Sceptical Chymist". Nature. 469 (7328): 30–31. Bibcode:2011Natur.469...30P. doi:10.1038/469030a. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 6490305.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Connelly, Neil G.; Damhus, Ture; Hartshom, Richard M.; Hutton, Alan T. (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing / IUPAC. ISBN 0854044388. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
Pauling, Linus (1947). General Chemistry. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Barnes, Ruth (2004). Textiles in Indian Ocean Societies. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0415297660.
Bunch, Bryan H. & Hellemans, Alexander (2004). The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-618-22123-3.
Marcelin Berthelot, Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs (3 vol., Paris, France, 1887–1888, p. 161); F. Sherwood Taylor, "The Origins of Greek Alchemy", Ambix 1 (1937), p. 40.
Kim, Mi Gyung (2003). Affinity, that Elusive Dream: A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution. MIT Press. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-262-11273-4.
"What makes these family likenesses among the elements? In the 1860s everyone was scratching their heads about that, and several scientists moved towards rather similar answers. The man who solved the problem most triumphantly was a young Russian called Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, who visited the salt mine at Wieliczka in 1859." Bronowski, Jacob (1973). The Ascent of Man. Little, Brown and Company. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-316-10930-7.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

"History – Robert Boyle (1627–1691)". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

ucmp.berkeley.edu

"Georgius Agricola". University of California – Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 4 April 2019.

biochemistry.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Studying Biochemistry". www.biochemistry.org. Retrieved 11 April 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Morris Kline (1985) Mathematics for the nonmathematician. Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Courier Dover Publications. p. 284. ISBN 0-486-24823-2.
Davy, Humphry (1808). "On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the new Substances, which constitute their Bases". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 98: 1–45. doi:10.1098/rstl.1808.0001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2020.

brillonline.com (Global: 1,475^th place; English: 1,107^th place)

referenceworks.brillonline.com

Darmstaedter, Ernst. "Liber Misericordiae Geber: Eine lateinische Übersetzung des gröβeren Kitâb l-raḥma", Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin, 17/4, 1925, pp. 181–197; Berthelot, Marcellin. "Archéologie et Histoire des sciences", Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France, 49, 1906, pp. 308–363; see also Forster, Regula. "Jābir b. Ḥayyān", Archived 18 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Chemistry – Chemistry and society". Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
"chemical bonding". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.

ca.gov (Global: 352^nd place; English: 167^th place)

calmis.ca.gov

"California Occupational Guide Number 22: Chemists". Calmis.ca.gov. 29 October 1999. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

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Calian, George-Florin‘Alkimia Operativa; Speculativa, Alkimia (2010). "Some Modern CCntroversies on the Historiography of Alchemy'" (PDF). Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU. 16: 166–90.

chem4kids.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Changing States of Matter, Archived 28 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Chemforkids.com.

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Newman, William R. (2011). "What Have We Learned from the Recent Historiography of Alchemy?". Isis. 102 (2): 313–321. doi:10.1086/660140. ISSN 0021-1753. PMID 21874691.
Principe, L. (2011). "In retrospect: The Sceptical Chymist". Nature. 469 (7328): 30–31. Bibcode:2011Natur.469...30P. doi:10.1038/469030a. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 6490305.
Marmura, Michael E.; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1965). "An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al-Safa'an, Al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina by Seyyed Hossein Nasr". Speculum. 40 (4): 744–746. doi:10.2307/2851429. JSTOR 2851429.
Eagle, Cassandra T.; Sloan, Jennifer (1998). "Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry". The Chemical Educator. 3 (5): 1–18. doi:10.1007/s00897980249a. S2CID 97557390.
Davy, Humphry (1808). "On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the new Substances, which constitute their Bases". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 98: 1–45. doi:10.1098/rstl.1808.0001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
"Chemistry's year". Nature Chemistry. 3 (1): 1–1. 2011. doi:10.1038/nchem.933. ISSN 1755-4349.

frostburg.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

antoine.frostburg.edu

"General Chemistry Online – Companion Notes: Matter". Antoine.frostburg.edu. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

h2g2.com (Global: 9,307^th place; English: 5,970^th place)

"History of Acidity". BBC. 27 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

history-science-technology.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Newman, William R. "New Light on the Identity of Geber", Sudhoffs Archiv, 1985, 69, pp. 76–90; Newman, William R. The Summa perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: A critical ed., translation and study, Leiden: Brill, 1991, pp. 57–103. It has been argued by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan that the pseudo-Geber works were actually translated into Latin from the Arabic (see Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. "The Arabic Origin of the Summa and Geber Latin Works: A Refutation of Berthelot, Ruska, and Newman Based on Arabic Sources", in: Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan. Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2009, pp. 53–104; also available online. Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine).

iupac.org (Global: 1,291^st place; English: 1,832^nd place)

goldbook.iupac.org

IUPAC, Gold Book Definition, Archived 4 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Chemical Reaction Equation, Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, IUPAC Goldbook.
Gold Book Chemical Reaction, Archived 4 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, IUPAC Goldbook.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Marmura, Michael E.; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1965). "An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al-Safa'an, Al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina by Seyyed Hossein Nasr". Speculum. 40 (4): 744–746. doi:10.2307/2851429. JSTOR 2851429.

kamus.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How to translate chemistry to Indonesian?". www.kamus.net. Retrieved 5 January 2026.

laboratory-journal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"International Year of Chemistry – The History of Chemistry". G.I.T. Laboratory Journal Europe. 25 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.

lemoyne.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry". Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2017.

libretexts.org (Global: 4,683^rd place; English: 3,565^th place)

chem.libretexts.org

"1.1: The Scope of Chemistry". Libretexts. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2026.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Definition of CHEMISTRY". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

classics.mit.edu

Lucretius. "de Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things)". The Internet Classics Archive. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2007.

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

"Chemistry's year". Nature Chemistry. 3 (1): 1–1. 2011. doi:10.1038/nchem.933. ISSN 1755-4349.

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

Reilly, Michael. (2007). Mechanical force induces chemical reaction, Archived 14 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, NewScientist.com news service.
First chemists, Archived 8 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine, February 13, 1999, New Scientist.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Newman, William R. (2011). "What Have We Learned from the Recent Historiography of Alchemy?". Isis. 102 (2): 313–321. doi:10.1086/660140. ISSN 0021-1753. PMID 21874691.

physicsworld.com (Global: 6,771^st place; English: 5,238^th place)

Dumé, Isabelle (1 February 2019). "The International Year of the Periodic Table has begun". Physics World. Retrieved 23 April 2026.

pressbooks.pub (Global: low place; English: 7,547^th place)

uen.pressbooks.pub

Kofoed, Melissa; Miller, Shawn (2020). Introductory Chemistry. Utah State University: UEN Pressbooks.

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dictionary.reference.com

"Definition of chemistry | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2020.

rsc.org (Global: 2,104^th place; English: 1,855^th place)

Note. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. "...it is surely true that had Mendeleev never lived modern chemists would be using a Periodic Table" and "Dmitri Mendeleev". Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2015.

sciencehistory.org (Global: 5,038^th place; English: 3,089^th place)

"Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev". Science History Institute. June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Principe, L. (2011). "In retrospect: The Sceptical Chymist". Nature. 469 (7328): 30–31. Bibcode:2011Natur.469...30P. doi:10.1038/469030a. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 6490305.
Eagle, Cassandra T.; Sloan, Jennifer (1998). "Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry". The Chemical Educator. 3 (5): 1–18. doi:10.1007/s00897980249a. S2CID 97557390.

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

Zielinski, Sarah (30 December 2010). "Looking Forward to the International Year of Chemistry". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 23 April 2026.

southasiaarchive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Stapleton, Henry Enest; Azo, R. F.; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927). "Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D." Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. VIII (6): 317–418. OCLC 706947607. pp. 338–340; Kraus, Paul (1942–1943). Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. ISBN 978-3-487-09115-0. OCLC 468740510. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) vol. II, pp. 41–42.

thecanadianencyclopedia.ca (Global: 795^th place; English: 534^th place)

"Chemistry Subdisciplines". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 1 April 2024.

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"What is Chemistry?". Chemweb.ucc.ie. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

journals.uchicago.edu

Newman, William R. (2011). "What Have We Learned from the Recent Historiography of Alchemy?". Isis. 102 (2): 313–321. doi:10.1086/660140. ISSN 0021-1753. PMID 21874691.

unt.edu (Global: 1,621^st place; English: 852^nd place)

chemistry.unt.edu

Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (Autumn 2005). "Rediscovery of the Elements: Agricola" (PDF). The Hexagon. 96 (3). Alpha Chi Sigma: 59. ISSN 0164-6109. OCLC 4478114. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

utm.edu (Global: 1,830^th place; English: 1,501^st place)

iep.utm.edu

Simpson, David (29 June 2005). "Lucretius (c. 99–55 BCE)". The Internet History of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2020.

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Anthony Carpi. Matter: Atoms from Democritus to Dalton, Archived 28 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
"Chemical Bonding by Anthony Carpi, PhD". visionlearning. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"What is Chemistry?". Chemweb.ucc.ie. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
"Definition of CHEMISTRY". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
"Definition of chemistry | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
"Chemistry Is Everywhere". American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
"Chemistry – Chemistry and society". Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
"chemical bonding". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Anthony Carpi. Matter: Atoms from Democritus to Dalton, Archived 28 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
IUPAC, Gold Book Definition, Archived 4 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
"California Occupational Guide Number 22: Chemists". Calmis.ca.gov. 29 October 1999. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
"General Chemistry Online – Companion Notes: Matter". Antoine.frostburg.edu. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
"IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry". Acdlabs.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
"Chemical Bonding by Anthony Carpi, PhD". visionlearning. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Reilly, Michael. (2007). Mechanical force induces chemical reaction, Archived 14 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, NewScientist.com news service.
Changing States of Matter, Archived 28 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Chemforkids.com.
Chemical Reaction Equation, Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, IUPAC Goldbook.
Gold Book Chemical Reaction, Archived 4 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, IUPAC Goldbook.
"History of Acidity". BBC. 27 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
"Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry". Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
First chemists, Archived 8 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine, February 13, 1999, New Scientist.
Lucretius. "de Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things)". The Internet Classics Archive. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
Simpson, David (29 June 2005). "Lucretius (c. 99–55 BCE)". The Internet History of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
"International Year of Chemistry – The History of Chemistry". G.I.T. Laboratory Journal Europe. 25 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Morris Kline (1985) Mathematics for the nonmathematician. Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Courier Dover Publications. p. 284. ISBN 0-486-24823-2.
Darmstaedter, Ernst. "Liber Misericordiae Geber: Eine lateinische Übersetzung des gröβeren Kitâb l-raḥma", Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin, 17/4, 1925, pp. 181–197; Berthelot, Marcellin. "Archéologie et Histoire des sciences", Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France, 49, 1906, pp. 308–363; see also Forster, Regula. "Jābir b. Ḥayyān", Archived 18 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three.
Newman, William R. "New Light on the Identity of Geber", Sudhoffs Archiv, 1985, 69, pp. 76–90; Newman, William R. The Summa perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: A critical ed., translation and study, Leiden: Brill, 1991, pp. 57–103. It has been argued by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan that the pseudo-Geber works were actually translated into Latin from the Arabic (see Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. "The Arabic Origin of the Summa and Geber Latin Works: A Refutation of Berthelot, Ruska, and Newman Based on Arabic Sources", in: Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan. Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2009, pp. 53–104; also available online. Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine).
"History – Robert Boyle (1627–1691)". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Davy, Humphry (1808). "On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the new Substances, which constitute their Bases". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 98: 1–45. doi:10.1098/rstl.1808.0001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
"A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table". Chemistry 412 course notes. Western Oregon University. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
Note. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. "...it is surely true that had Mendeleev never lived modern chemists would be using a Periodic Table" and "Dmitri Mendeleev". Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Winter, Mark. "WebElements: the periodic table on the web". The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
"Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev". Science History Institute. June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
Tullo, Alexander H. (28 July 2014). "C&EN's Global Top 50 Chemical Firms For 2014". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

webelements.com (Global: 4,345^th place; English: low place)

Winter, Mark. "WebElements: the periodic table on the web". The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Newman, William R. (2011). "What Have We Learned from the Recent Historiography of Alchemy?". Isis. 102 (2): 313–321. doi:10.1086/660140. ISSN 0021-1753. PMID 21874691.
Principe, L. (2011). "In retrospect: The Sceptical Chymist". Nature. 469 (7328): 30–31. Bibcode:2011Natur.469...30P. doi:10.1038/469030a. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 6490305.
Stapleton, Henry Enest; Azo, R. F.; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927). "Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D." Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. VIII (6): 317–418. OCLC 706947607. pp. 338–340; Kraus, Paul (1942–1943). Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. ISBN 978-3-487-09115-0. OCLC 468740510. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) vol. II, pp. 41–42.
Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (Autumn 2005). "Rediscovery of the Elements: Agricola" (PDF). The Hexagon. 96 (3). Alpha Chi Sigma: 59. ISSN 0164-6109. OCLC 4478114. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
"Chemistry's year". Nature Chemistry. 3 (1): 1–1. 2011. doi:10.1038/nchem.933. ISSN 1755-4349.

wou.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

people.wou.edu

"A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table". Chemistry 412 course notes. Western Oregon University. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2015.

Chemistry (English Wikipedia)

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reference.com (Global: 1,491^st place; English: 1,468^th place)

rsc.org (Global: 2,104^th place; English: 1,855^th place)

sciencehistory.org (Global: 5,038^th place; English: 3,089^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

thecanadianencyclopedia.ca (Global: 795^th place; English: 534^th place)

ucc.ie (Global: 2,972^nd place; English: 1,723^rd place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

unt.edu (Global: 1,621^st place; English: 852^nd place)

utm.edu (Global: 1,830^th place; English: 1,501^st place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

webelements.com (Global: 4,345^th place; English: low place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)