Cheyenne Mountain Complex (English Wikipedia)

1 Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC) (Report). Air Force Historical Research Agency. September 6, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
"1 Space Control Squadron (AFSPC)". AFHRA.af.mil. Archived from the original (USAF Fact Sheet) on December 19, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

au.af.mil

Homeland Security: Roles and Missions for United States Northern Command (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. January 28, 2008. Archived from the original (CRS Report for Congress: Order Code RL34342) on October 10, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2012.

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"Schriever Air Force Base Brochure" (PDF). Schriever.af.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.

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"Airmen operate America's fortress". Air Force. Archived from the original on March 29, 2025. Retrieved December 17, 2025.

peterson.af.mil

Kenney, Emily (April 5, 2019). "721st MSG inactivates, realigns with 21st MSG". Peterson Air Force Base. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019.

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"United States Air Force – Fiscal Year 2011 Force Structure Announcement" (PDF). Public Affairs. Archived from the original (AFA.org webpage) on September 16, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.

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"Cheyenne Mountain Complex". North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). April 26, 2013. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"AFSPC Cheyenne Mountain AFS". Energystar.gov. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. (mirror website of c. 2004 webpage at www.cheyennemountain.af.mil)[1]

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Merwin H. Howes (1966). Methods and costs of constructing the underground facility of North American Air Defense Command at Cheyenne Mountain, El Paso County, Colo. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. pp. iii, 5, 68.
Maj. Michael Muolo; Maj. Richard A. Hand (October 1, 1994). Space Handbook: A War Fighter's Guide to Space. DIANE Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7881-1297-3.
The World Wide Military Command and Control System evolution and effectiveness. DIANE Publishing. 2000. pp. 244–246. ISBN 978-1-4289-9086-9.
The World Wide Military Command and Control System evolution and effectiveness. DIANE Publishing. 2000. pp. 249–253. ISBN 978-1-4289-9086-9.
Joseph Angelo (October 31, 2013). Dictionary of Space Technology. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-135-94402-5.
David Lowe; Tony Joel (January 21, 2014). Remembering the Cold War: Global Contest and National Stories. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-317-91259-0.
Philipp Kneis (2010). The Emancipation of the Soul: Memes of Destiny in American Mythological Television. Peter Lang. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-631-60817-3.
David C. Wright, Jr.; Allan W. Austin (April 6, 2010). Space and Time: Essays on Visions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy Television. McFarland. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-7864-5634-5.

cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; English: 225^th place)

cnet.com

"Photos: Inside Cheyenne Mountain, America's Fortress". CNET. Retrieved December 16, 2025.

news.cnet.com

"America's Fortress: Cheyenne Mountain, NORAD live on". CNET. June 27, 2009. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2013.

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"People's Atlas of Nuclear Colorado". www.coloradonuclearatlas.org. Retrieved December 19, 2025.
"People's Atlas of Nuclear Colorado". www.coloradonuclearatlas.org. Retrieved December 20, 2025.

commondreams.org (Global: 5,363^rd place; English: 3,477^th place)

William Astore, Leaving Cheyenne Mountain

csmng.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cheyenne Mountain unveils renovated Missile Warning Center". Colorado Springs Military Newspaper Group (CSMNG). August 17, 2011. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2012.

cspm.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"ENT Air Force Base". CSPM. Retrieved December 19, 2025.

defensenews.com (Global: 1,259^th place; English: 839^th place)

"NORAD Moving Comms Gear Back To Mountain Bunker". Sightline Media Group. April 8, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2016.

defenseone.com (Global: 9,298^th place; English: 6,082^nd place)

Weisgerber, Marcus (April 7, 2015). "NORAD Moving Comms Gear Back To Mountain Bunker". National Journal Group, Inc. Retrieved January 8, 2016.

denvergazette.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of Space Command in Colorado Springs: Timeline". Denver Gazette. December 15, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

denverpost.com (Global: 770^th place; English: 472^nd place)

Finley, Bruce (December 26, 2006). "Military to put Cheyenne Mountain on standby". The Denver Post. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

dtic.mil (Global: 833^rd place; English: 567^th place)

apps.dtic.mil

Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P (October 1987). A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986 (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Lepingwell, John W. R. (June 1986). Soviet Assessments of North American Air Defense (Research Report No. 86-2 p) (Report). MIT Center for International Studies: Soviet Security Studies Working Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Modernization of the WWMCCS Information System (WIS) (ADA095409) (Report). United States House Committee on Armed Services. January 19, 1981. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
Status of the Survivable Communications Integration System (Report). Attack Warning. Defense Technical Information Center. July 1992. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
"Near Term Command and Control of Homeland Air and Missile Defense" (PDF). Dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2012.

dvidshub.net (Global: 3,349^th place; English: 1,938^th place)

"Hagel Assesses Capabilities at Cheyenne Mountain Complex". DVIDS. Retrieved October 16, 2025.

energystar.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

"AFSPC Cheyenne Mountain AFS". Energystar.gov. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. (mirror website of c. 2004 webpage at www.cheyennemountain.af.mil)[1]

eurogamer.net (Global: 288^th place; English: 218^th place)

Yin-Poole, Wesley (August 25, 2021). "Wasteland 3: Cult of the Holy Detonation is the last DLC for the game". Eurogamer. Retrieved August 27, 2021.

fas.org (Global: 505^th place; English: 410^th place)

nuke.fas.org

"Cheyenne Mountain Complex - United States Nuclear Forces". nuke.fas.org. Retrieved January 12, 2026.

fas.org

"Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU)". FY97 DOT&E Annual Report (webpage transcription) (Report). Retrieved September 9, 2012.

gao.gov (Global: 2,954^th place; English: 1,848^th place)

gao.gov

"NORAD's Information Processing Improvement Program: Will It Enhance Mission Capability?" (Report to Congress). Comptroller General. September 21, 1978. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
D'Agostino, Davi M (May 21, 2007). Defense Infrastructure: Full Costs and Security Implications of Cheyenne Mountain Realignment Have Not Been Determined (PDF) (Report). United States General Accounting Office (GAO—07-803R). Retrieved September 9, 2012.

archive.gao.gov

NORAD's Missile Warning System: What Went Wrong? (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Accountability Office. May 15, 1981. Archived from the original (MASAD-81-30) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
Better Management Required to Resolve NORAD Integration Deficiencies (PDF) (Report). Attack Warning. U.S. Government Accountability Office (IMTEC-89-26). July 7, 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2012. Also available at hsdl.org Archived June 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine--the Homeland Security Digital Library

geohack.toolforge.org (Global: 3,699^th place; English: 3,000^th place)

The fire station is located at 38°44′26″N 104°50′23″W / 38.74056°N 104.83972°W / 38.74056; -104.83972.^[69]

highbeam.com (Global: 405^th place; English: 256^th place)

business.highbeam.com

"title tbd". Defense Daily. May 4, 1993. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2012. CTA, Inc., Rockville, Md., $19 million (Estimated) indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract for a maximum of 416,000 direct labor hours in support of the Granite Sentry Program, which will provide various software, hardware, and facility improvements to the NORAD Command Center, Air Defense Operations Center, the Battle Staff Support Center, and other agencies located at Cheyenne Mountain AFB, Colo.

hsdl.org (Global: low place; English: 9,950^th place)

Better Management Required to Resolve NORAD Integration Deficiencies (PDF) (Report). Attack Warning. U.S. Government Accountability Office (IMTEC-89-26). July 7, 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2012. Also available at hsdl.org Archived June 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine--the Homeland Security Digital Library

iflscience.com (Global: low place; English: 9,862^nd place)

"America's Cheyenne Mountain Complex Can Withstand A 30-Megaton Nuclear Bomb". IFLScience. March 16, 2024. Retrieved December 17, 2025.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Rick W. Sturdevant (Winter 2008). "From Satellite Tracking to Space Situational Awareness: The USAF and Space Surveillance, 1957–2007" (PDF). Air Power History. Vol. 55, no. 4. pp. 4–23. JSTOR 26275054.

justia.com (Global: 696^th place; English: 428^th place)

gao.justia.com

Costs to Modernize NORAD's Computer System Significantly Understated (Report to the Chairman,[House] Subcommittee on Defense [Appropriations]) (Report). General Accounting Office. April 1991. Retrieved February 22, 2015. (also available at www.gao.gov/assets/220/211682.pdf)

militarybases.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base Colorado Springs, CO | MilitaryBases". Military Bases. Retrieved December 16, 2025.

nationalmap.gov (Global: 420^th place; English: 235^th place)

edits.nationalmap.gov

"Cheyenne Mountain NORAD Air Force Station Fire Department". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 25, 2012.

news.google.com (Global: 59^th place; English: 45^th place)

"America's Defense Tied to City in Mountain" (Google News Archive). The Lewiston Daily Sun. Lewiston, Maine. January 4, 1967. Retrieved August 29, 2012.

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"Hanscom group awards NORAD contract" (NewspaperArchive scan). The Sun (Lowell). January 22, 1973. Retrieved February 22, 2015.

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"List of the most known underground military installations around the world". Newsweek. June 21, 2025. Retrieved October 16, 2025.

norad.mil (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cheyenne Mountain Complex". North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). April 26, 2013. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"A Brief History of NORAD" (PDF). Office of History, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). December 31, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 20, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"NORAD Chronology" (PDF). NORAD.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 20, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
"Cheyenne Mountain Complex". North American Aerospace Defense Command. NORAD.mil. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
"North American Aerospace Defense Command > About NORAD > Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station". www.norad.mil.

northcom.mil (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cheyenne Mountain Complex". www.northcom.mil.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Richard Halloran (May 29, 1983). "Nuclear Missiles: Warning System and the Question of When to Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2015.

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more.ppld.org

"Burroughs Corporation of Detroit to supply NORAD control system" (PDF). The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. July 28, 1961. p. 1:4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Public Library.

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Raymond, Nicholas (May 24, 2024). "Fallout Season 1's Ending Ressurects A Massive Villain Twist From 23 Years Ago". ScreenRant. Retrieved January 8, 2026.

si.edu (Global: 340^th place; English: 295^th place)

airandspace.si.edu

"The Cuban Missile Crisis". airandspace.si.edu. October 27, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2026.

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503^rd place; English: 364^th place)

Behar, Michael. "The Secret World of NORAD". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 17, 2025.

srmsc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Chapter 12. Ballistic Missile Defense Center" (PDF). ABM R & D at Bell Laboratories: Project History, Part II. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved August 6, 2012.

swfound.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Brian C. Weeden; Paul J. Cefola (December 1, 2010). "Computer Systems and Algorithms for Space Situational Awareness: History and Future Development" (PDF). ISCOPS 12th International Conference of Pacific-Basin Societies. Advances in the Astronautical Sciences. pp. 3–4. Retrieved February 23, 2015 – via Secure World Foundation.
Weeden, Brian C; Cefola, Paul J. Computer Systems and Algorithms for Space Situational Awareness: History and Future Development (PDF) (Report). SWFound.org. Retrieved September 2, 2012.

thelivingmoon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC)" (TheLivingMoon.com mirror webpage of former "Official Site"). Retrieved August 9, 2012.

usatoday.com (Global: 41^st place; English: 34^th place)

"From 'War Games' to 'Interstellar': NORAD's bunker is a film favorite". USA Today.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P (October 1987). A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986 (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
"WestoverYesterday.com: "The Notch and Grayson: Eighth Air Force's alternative command posts"". Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
"A Brief History of NORAD" (PDF). Office of History, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). December 31, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 20, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"Burroughs Corporation of Detroit to supply NORAD control system" (PDF). The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. July 28, 1961. p. 1:4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015 – via Pikes Peak Public Library.
1 Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC) (Report). Air Force Historical Research Agency. September 6, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
"NORAD Chronology" (PDF). NORAD.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 20, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
Lepingwell, John W. R. (June 1986). Soviet Assessments of North American Air Defense (Research Report No. 86-2 p) (Report). MIT Center for International Studies: Soviet Security Studies Working Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
"1 Space Control Squadron (AFSPC)". AFHRA.af.mil. Archived from the original (USAF Fact Sheet) on December 19, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
Modernization of the WWMCCS Information System (WIS) (ADA095409) (Report). United States House Committee on Armed Services. January 19, 1981. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
NORAD's Missile Warning System: What Went Wrong? (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Accountability Office. May 15, 1981. Archived from the original (MASAD-81-30) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
Better Management Required to Resolve NORAD Integration Deficiencies (PDF) (Report). Attack Warning. U.S. Government Accountability Office (IMTEC-89-26). July 7, 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2012. Also available at hsdl.org Archived June 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine--the Homeland Security Digital Library
Status of the Survivable Communications Integration System (Report). Attack Warning. Defense Technical Information Center. July 1992. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
"title tbd". Defense Daily. May 4, 1993. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2012. CTA, Inc., Rockville, Md., $19 million (Estimated) indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract for a maximum of 416,000 direct labor hours in support of the Granite Sentry Program, which will provide various software, hardware, and facility improvements to the NORAD Command Center, Air Defense Operations Center, the Battle Staff Support Center, and other agencies located at Cheyenne Mountain AFB, Colo.
"Near Term Command and Control of Homeland Air and Missile Defense" (PDF). Dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
Homeland Security: Roles and Missions for United States Northern Command (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. January 28, 2008. Archived from the original (CRS Report for Congress: Order Code RL34342) on October 10, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
"Cheyenne Mountain unveils renovated Missile Warning Center". Colorado Springs Military Newspaper Group (CSMNG). August 17, 2011. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
"Cheyenne Mountain Complex". North American Aerospace Defense Command. NORAD.mil. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
"AFSPC Cheyenne Mountain AFS". Energystar.gov. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. (mirror website of c. 2004 webpage at www.cheyennemountain.af.mil)[1]
"Schriever Air Force Base Brochure" (PDF). Schriever.af.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
"United States Air Force – Fiscal Year 2011 Force Structure Announcement" (PDF). Public Affairs. Archived from the original (AFA.org webpage) on September 16, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
"Airmen operate America's fortress". Air Force. Archived from the original on March 29, 2025. Retrieved December 17, 2025.
"America's Fortress: Cheyenne Mountain, NORAD live on". CNET. June 27, 2009. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
"Peterson Air Force Support Squadron: CMAFS". Peterson Air Force Base. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Kenney, Emily (April 5, 2019). "721st MSG inactivates, realigns with 21st MSG". Peterson Air Force Base. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019.

yahoo.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 40^th place)

news.yahoo.com

"US aerospace command moving comms gear back to Cold War bunker". Yahoo News. AFP. April 7, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015.

Cheyenne Mountain Complex (English Wikipedia)

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