Chicago Pile-1 (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Chicago Pile-1" in English language version.

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"The Chicago Pile 1 Pioneers". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
"The Italian Navigator Lands". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
"Early Exploration: CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor)". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
"Promethean Boldness". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.

aps.org

"Alfred O. C. Nier". American Physical Society. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2016.

archive.org

Bonolis 2001, pp. 347–352. Bonolis, Luisa (2001). "Enrico Fermi's Scientific Work". In Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa (eds.). Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. pp. 314–394. ISBN 978-88-7438-015-2. OCLC 56686431.
Amaldi 2001, pp. 153–156. Amaldi, Ugo (2001). "Nuclear Physics from the Nineteen Thirties to the Present Day". In Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa (eds.). Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. pp. 151–176. ISBN 978-88-7438-015-2. OCLC 56686431.
Salvetti 2001, pp. 177–203. Salvetti, Carlo (2001). "The Birth of Nuclear Energy: Fermi's Pile". In Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa (eds.). Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. pp. 177–203. ISBN 978-88-7438-015-2. OCLC 56686431.
Salvetti 2001, pp. 192–193. Salvetti, Carlo (2001). "The Birth of Nuclear Energy: Fermi's Pile". In Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa (eds.). Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. pp. 177–203. ISBN 978-88-7438-015-2. OCLC 56686431.
Segrè 1970, p. 116. Segrè, Emilio (1970). Enrico Fermi, Physicist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74473-5. OCLC 118467.
Zug 2003, pp. 134–135. Zug, J. (2003). Squash: A History of the Game. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-2990-6. OCLC 52079735.
Libby 1979, p. 86. Libby, Leona Marshall (1979). The Uranium People. New York: Crane, Russak. ISBN 978-0-8448-1300-4. OCLC 4665032.
Libby 1979, p. 85. Libby, Leona Marshall (1979). The Uranium People. New York: Crane, Russak. ISBN 978-0-8448-1300-4. OCLC 4665032.
Compton 1956, pp. 136–137. Compton, Arthur (1956). Atomic Quest. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 173307.
Compton 1956, pp. 137–138. Compton, Arthur (1956). Atomic Quest. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 173307.
Groves 1962, p. 53. Groves, Leslie (1962). Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-306-70738-4. OCLC 537684.
Nichols 1987, pp. 66. Nichols, Kenneth D. (1987). The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-688-06910-0. OCLC 15223648.
Salvetti 2001, p. 197. Salvetti, Carlo (2001). "The Birth of Nuclear Energy: Fermi's Pile". In Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa (eds.). Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. pp. 177–203. ISBN 978-88-7438-015-2. OCLC 56686431.
Libby 1979, p. 119. Libby, Leona Marshall (1979). The Uranium People. New York: Crane, Russak. ISBN 978-0-8448-1300-4. OCLC 4665032.
Groves 1962, p. 54. Groves, Leslie (1962). Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-306-70738-4. OCLC 537684.
Libby 1979, pp. 120–123. Libby, Leona Marshall (1979). The Uranium People. New York: Crane, Russak. ISBN 978-0-8448-1300-4. OCLC 4665032.

atomicarchive.com

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Anderson, H.L. (April 1973). "Early Days of Chain Reaction". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 29 (4). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 8–12. Bibcode:1973BuAtS..29d...8A. doi:10.1080/00963402.1973.11455466.
Nightingale 1962, p. 4. Nightingale, R.E. (1962). "Graphite in the Nuclear Industry". In Nightingale, R.E. (ed.). Nuclear Graphite. Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-4832-5848-5. OCLC 747492.

chicagomaroon.com

McNear, Claire (5 March 2009). "The Way Things Work: Nuclear waste". The Chicago Maroon. Retrieved 28 November 2015.

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"U. of C. to Raze Stagg Field's Atomic Cradle". Chicago Tribune. 26 July 1957. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
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"Site of the First Self-Sustaining Controlled Nuclear Chain Reaction". City of Chicago. Retrieved 26 July 2013.

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"CP-1 Goes Critical". Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010.

doi.org

Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons)". Die Naturwissenschaften. 27 (1): 11–15. Bibcode:1939NW.....27...11H. doi:10.1007/BF01488241. S2CID 5920336.
Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0. S2CID 4113262.
Brasch, A.; Lange, F.; Waly, A.; Banks, T. E.; Chalmers, T. A.; Szilard, Leo; Hopwood, F. L. (8 December 1934). "Liberation of Neutrons from Beryllium by X-Rays: Radioactivity Induced by Means of Electron Tubes". Nature. 134 (3397): 880. Bibcode:1934Natur.134..880B. doi:10.1038/134880a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4106665.
Anderson, H. L.; Booth, E. T.; Dunning, J. R.; Fermi, E.; Glasoe, G. N.; Slack, F. G. (1939). "The Fission of Uranium". Physical Review. 55 (5): 511–512. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..511A. doi:10.1103/physrev.55.511.2.
Anderson, H. L.; Fermi, E.; Hanstein, H. (16 March 1939). "Production of Neutrons in Uranium Bombarded by Neutrons". Physical Review. 55 (8): 797–798. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..797A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.797.2.
Anderson, H.L. (April 1973). "Early Days of Chain Reaction". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 29 (4). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 8–12. Bibcode:1973BuAtS..29d...8A. doi:10.1080/00963402.1973.11455466.
Anderson, H.; Fermi, E.; Szilárd, L. (1 August 1939). "Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium". Physical Review. 56 (3): 284–286. Bibcode:1939PhRv...56..284A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.284.
Weinberg, Alvin (1994a). "Herbert G. MacPherson". Memorial Tributes. 46 (7). National Academy of Engineering Press: 143–147. Bibcode:1993PhT....46g.103W. doi:10.1063/1.2808987. ISSN 1075-8844.
Bethe, Hans A. (2000). "The German Uranium Project". Physics Today. 53 (7). American Institute of Physics: 34–36. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..34B. doi:10.1063/1.1292473.
Eatherly, W. P. (1981). "Nuclear graphite – the first years". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 100 (1–3): 55–63. Bibcode:1981JNuM..100...55E. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(81)90519-5.
Walsh, J. (1981). "A Manhattan Project Postscript" (PDF). Science. 212 (4501): 1369–1371. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1369W. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1369. PMID 17746246.
Fermi, Enrico (1952). "Experimental Production of a Divergent Chain Reaction". American Journal of Physics. 20 (9): 536–558. Bibcode:1952AmJPh..20..536F. doi:10.1119/1.1933322. ISSN 0002-9505.

energy.gov

"First-Hand Recollections of the First Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction". Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

espacenet.com

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Szilard, Leo. "Improvements in or relating to the transmutation of chemical elements, British patent number: GB630726 (filed: 28 June 1934; published: 30 March 1936)". Retrieved 23 September 2015.

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""Site A" at Red Gate Woods & The World's First Nuclear Reactor". Forest Preserves of Cook County. October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2015.

governmentattic.org

Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 28. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 19–21. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 36–38. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 46–49. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 50–51. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 54–55. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 180–181. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 74–75. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 65–66, 83–88. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 107–109. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 174. Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons)". Die Naturwissenschaften. 27 (1): 11–15. Bibcode:1939NW.....27...11H. doi:10.1007/BF01488241. S2CID 5920336.
Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0. S2CID 4113262.
Brasch, A.; Lange, F.; Waly, A.; Banks, T. E.; Chalmers, T. A.; Szilard, Leo; Hopwood, F. L. (8 December 1934). "Liberation of Neutrons from Beryllium by X-Rays: Radioactivity Induced by Means of Electron Tubes". Nature. 134 (3397): 880. Bibcode:1934Natur.134..880B. doi:10.1038/134880a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4106665.
Anderson, H. L.; Booth, E. T.; Dunning, J. R.; Fermi, E.; Glasoe, G. N.; Slack, F. G. (1939). "The Fission of Uranium". Physical Review. 55 (5): 511–512. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..511A. doi:10.1103/physrev.55.511.2.
Anderson, H. L.; Fermi, E.; Hanstein, H. (16 March 1939). "Production of Neutrons in Uranium Bombarded by Neutrons". Physical Review. 55 (8): 797–798. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..797A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.797.2.
Anderson, H.L. (April 1973). "Early Days of Chain Reaction". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 29 (4). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 8–12. Bibcode:1973BuAtS..29d...8A. doi:10.1080/00963402.1973.11455466.
Anderson, H.; Fermi, E.; Szilárd, L. (1 August 1939). "Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium". Physical Review. 56 (3): 284–286. Bibcode:1939PhRv...56..284A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.284.
Weinberg, Alvin (1994a). "Herbert G. MacPherson". Memorial Tributes. 46 (7). National Academy of Engineering Press: 143–147. Bibcode:1993PhT....46g.103W. doi:10.1063/1.2808987. ISSN 1075-8844.
Bethe, Hans A. (2000). "The German Uranium Project". Physics Today. 53 (7). American Institute of Physics: 34–36. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..34B. doi:10.1063/1.1292473.
Eatherly, W. P. (1981). "Nuclear graphite – the first years". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 100 (1–3): 55–63. Bibcode:1981JNuM..100...55E. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(81)90519-5.
Walsh, J. (1981). "A Manhattan Project Postscript" (PDF). Science. 212 (4501): 1369–1371. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1369W. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1369. PMID 17746246.
Fermi, Enrico (1952). "Experimental Production of a Divergent Chain Reaction". American Journal of Physics. 20 (9): 536–558. Bibcode:1952AmJPh..20..536F. doi:10.1119/1.1933322. ISSN 0002-9505.

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International Atomic Energy Agency. "Nuclear Data for Safeguards". www-nds.iaea.org. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

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"Enrico Fermi, Nuclear Fission, US Patent No. 2,708,656, Inducted in 1976". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
"Leo Szilard, Nuclear Fission, US Patent No. 2,708,656, Inducted in 1996". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 11 September 2020.

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Fermi, Enrico (1946). "The Development of the first chain reaction pile". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 90 (1): 20–24. JSTOR 3301034.

marist.edu

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Anderson, H.; Fermi, E.; Szilárd, L. (1 August 1939). "Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium". Physical Review. 56 (3): 284–286. Bibcode:1939PhRv...56..284A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.284.

mphpa.org

"Pa, this requires action!". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2007.

nap.edu

Weinberg, Alvin (1994a). "Herbert G. MacPherson". Memorial Tributes. 46 (7). National Academy of Engineering Press: 143–147. Bibcode:1993PhT....46g.103W. doi:10.1063/1.2808987. ISSN 1075-8844.

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Embrey 1970, p. 385. Embrey, Lee Anna (1970). "George Braxton Pegram 1876–1958" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 41: 357–407. Retrieved 23 November 2015.

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Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0. S2CID 4113262.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Walsh, J. (1981). "A Manhattan Project Postscript" (PDF). Science. 212 (4501): 1369–1371. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1369W. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1369. PMID 17746246.

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Ölander, Arne. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 – Award Ceremony Speech". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

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"Site of the First Self-Sustaining Nuclear Reaction". National Historic Landmark Summary Listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2013.

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Walsh, J. (1981). "A Manhattan Project Postscript" (PDF). Science. 212 (4501): 1369–1371. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1369W. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1369. PMID 17746246.

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Wellerstein, Alex (16 May 2014). "Szilard's chain reaction: visionary or crank?". Restricted Data. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

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"Frontiers: Research Highlights 1946–1996" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. 1996. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
Allardice & Trapnell 1982, p. 14. Allardice, Corbin; Trapnell, Edward R. (December 1982). "The First Pile". The First Reactor (PDF). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. pp. 1–21. OCLC 22115. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
Manhattan District 1947, p. 3.9. Manhattan District (1947). Manhattan District History, Book IV – Pile Project X-10, Volume 2 – Research, Part 1 – Metallurgical Laboratory (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Manhattan District.
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Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons)". Die Naturwissenschaften. 27 (1): 11–15. Bibcode:1939NW.....27...11H. doi:10.1007/BF01488241. S2CID 5920336.
Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0. S2CID 4113262.
Brasch, A.; Lange, F.; Waly, A.; Banks, T. E.; Chalmers, T. A.; Szilard, Leo; Hopwood, F. L. (8 December 1934). "Liberation of Neutrons from Beryllium by X-Rays: Radioactivity Induced by Means of Electron Tubes". Nature. 134 (3397): 880. Bibcode:1934Natur.134..880B. doi:10.1038/134880a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4106665.

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Fermi, Enrico (1952). "Experimental Production of a Divergent Chain Reaction". American Journal of Physics. 20 (9): 536–558. Bibcode:1952AmJPh..20..536F. doi:10.1119/1.1933322. ISSN 0002-9505.

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"Site of the First Self-Sustaining Nuclear Reaction". National Historic Landmark Summary Listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
"Alfred O. C. Nier". American Physical Society. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
"Pa, this requires action!". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
"Chapter 1: Wartime Laboratory". ORNL Review. 25 (3 & 4). 2002. ISSN 0048-1262. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
"Frontiers: Research Highlights 1946–1996" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. 1996. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
"CP-1 Goes Critical". Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010.
"First-Hand Recollections of the First Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction". Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

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Fermi 1982, p. 24. Fermi, Enrico (December 1982). "Fermi's Own Story". The First Reactor (PDF). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. pp. 22–26. OCLC 22115. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
Lanouette & Silard 1992, p. 148. Lanouette, William; Silard, Bela (1992). Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard: The Man Behind The Bomb. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62636-023-5. OCLC 25508555.
Brasch, A.; Lange, F.; Waly, A.; Banks, T. E.; Chalmers, T. A.; Szilard, Leo; Hopwood, F. L. (8 December 1934). "Liberation of Neutrons from Beryllium by X-Rays: Radioactivity Induced by Means of Electron Tubes". Nature. 134 (3397): 880. Bibcode:1934Natur.134..880B. doi:10.1038/134880a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4106665.
Lanouette & Silard 1992, pp. 172–173. Lanouette, William; Silard, Bela (1992). Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard: The Man Behind The Bomb. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62636-023-5. OCLC 25508555.
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