Chicken (English Wikipedia)

Brown, Marley (September–October 2017). "Fast Food". Archaeology. 70 (5): 18. ISSN 0003-8113. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

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Barras, Colin. "Despite what you might think, chickens are not stupid". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2020.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Stevens, Lewis (1991). Genetics and evolution of the domestic fowl. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11 and throughout. ISBN 978-0-521-40317-7.
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cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

dictionary.cambridge.org

"Chick". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015.
"Chook". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
"Cock". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
"Hen". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2021.

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"Why Do Chickens Puff up Their Feathers? I 4 Reasons Explained". August 8, 2020. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.

ciwf.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"About chickens". Compassion in World Farming. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
"Chickens Farmed for Meat". Compassion in World Farming. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024.

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"Biddy definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. February 13, 2020. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.

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usda.library.cornell.edu

Fereira, John. "Poultry Slaughter Annual Summary". usda.mannlib.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Fereira, John. "Chickens and Eggs Annual Summary". usda.mannlib.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.

dictionary.com (Global: 1,672^nd place; English: 1,248^th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

"chicken (n.)". Oxford English Dictionary. December 2024. doi:10.1093/OED/2784909248. Archived from the original on February 1, 2026. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
Schmidt, C.J.; Persia, M.E.; Feierstein, E.; Kingham, B.; Saylor, W.W. (2009). "Comparison of a modern broiler line and a heritage line unselected since the 1950s". Poultry Science. 88 (12): 2610–2619. doi:10.3382/ps.2009-00055. PMID 19903960.
Guo, Ying; Gu, Xiaorong; Sheng, Zheya; Wang, Yanqiang; Luo, Chenglong; et al. (June 2, 2016). "A Complex Structural Variation on Chromosome 27 Leads to the Ectopic Expression of HOXB8 and the Muffs and Beard Phenotype in Chickens". PLOS Genetics. 12 (6) e1006071. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006071. PMC 4890787. PMID 27253709.
Perrin, P. G. (1955). "'Pecking order' 1927–54". American Speech. 30 (4): 265–268. doi:10.2307/453561. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 453561.
Rajecki, D. W. (1988). "Formation of leap orders in pairs of male domestic chickens". Aggressive Behavior. 14 (6): 425–436. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:6<425::AID-AB2480140604>3.0.CO;2-#. S2CID 141664966.
Marino, Lori (2017). "Thinking chickens: a review of cognition, emotion, and behavior in the domestic chicken". Animal Cognition. 20 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1007/s10071-016-1064-4. PMC 5306232. PMID 28044197.
Evans, Christopher S.; Evans, Linda; Marler, Peter (July 1993). "On the meaning of alarm calls: functional reference in an avian vocal system". Animal Behaviour. 46 (1): 23–38. Bibcode:1993AnBeh..46...23E. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1158. S2CID 53165305.
Cheng, Kimberly M.; Burns, Jeffrey T. (August 1988). "Dominance Relationship and Mating Behavior of Domestic Cocks: A Model to Study Mate-Guarding and Sperm Competition in Birds". The Condor. 90 (3): 697–704. doi:10.2307/1368360. JSTOR 1368360.
Briskie, J. V.; R. Montgomerie (1997). "Sexual Selection and the Intromittent Organ of Birds". Journal of Avian Biology. 28 (1): 73–86. Bibcode:1997JAvBi..28...73B. doi:10.2307/3677097. JSTOR 3677097.
Dufour, Sylvie; Quérat, Bruno; Tostivint, Hervé; Pasqualini, Catherine; Vaudry, Hubert; Rousseau, Karine (April 2020). "Origin and Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Vertebrates, With Special Focus on Genome and Gene Duplications". Physiological Reviews. 100 (2): 869–943. doi:10.1152/physrev.00009.2019. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 31625459. Archived from the original on December 7, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
Bain, M. M.; Nys, Y.; Dunn, I.C. (May 3, 2016). "Increasing persistency in lay and stabilising egg quality in longer laying cycles. What are the challenges?". British Poultry Science. 57 (3). Taylor & Francis: 330–338. doi:10.1080/00071668.2016.1161727. PMC 4940894. PMID 26982003. S2CID 17842329.
Sherwin, C.M.; Nicol, C.J. (1993). "Factors influencing floor-laying by hens in modified cages". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 36 (2–3): 211–222. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90011-d.
Zhang, H.; Wang, X.T.; Chamba, Y.; Ling, Y.; Wu, C.X. (October 2008). "Influences of Hypoxia on Hatching Performance in Chickens with Different Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude". Poultry Science. 87 (10): 2112–2116. doi:10.3382/ps.2008-00122. PMID 18809874.
Ali, A.; Cheng, K.M. (1985). "Early egg production in genetically blind (rc/rc) chickens in comparison with sighted (Rc+/rc) controls". Poultry Science. 64 (5): 789–794. doi:10.3382/ps.0640789. PMID 4001066.
Edgar, Joanne; Held, Suzanne; Jones, Charlotte; Troisi, Camille (January 5, 2016). "Influences of Maternal Care on Chicken Welfare". Animals. 6 (1): 2. doi:10.3390/ani6010002. PMC 4730119. PMID 26742081.
Sewalem, A.; Johansson, K.; Wilhelmson, M.; Lillpers, K. (1999). "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression on reproduction and production traits of White Leghorn lines selected for egg production traits". British Poultry Science. 40 (2): 203–208. doi:10.1080/00071669987601. PMID 10465386.
Xue, Qian; Li, Guohui; Cao, Yuxia; Yin, Jianmei; Zhu, Yunfen; Zhang, Huiyong; Zhou, Chenghao; Shen, Haiyu; Dou, Xinhong; Su, Yijun; Wang, Kehua; Zou, Jianmin; Han, Wei (June 1, 2021). "Identification of genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens". Animal Bioscience. 34 (6): 975–984. doi:10.5713/ajas.20.0248. ISSN 2765-0189. PMC 8100482. PMID 33152217.
Pennisi, Elizabeth (May 24, 2018). "Quaillike creatures were the only birds to survive the dinosaur-killing asteroid impact". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aau2802.
Wong, G. K.; Liu, B.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, X.; Zhang, Z.; et al. (December 9, 2004). "A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms". Nature. 432 (7018): 717–722. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..717B. doi:10.1038/nature03156. PMC 2263125. PMID 15592405.
Lawal, Raman Akinyanju; Martin, Simon H.; Vanmechelen, Koen; Vereijken, Addie; Silva, Pradeepa; Al-Atiyat, Raed Mahmoud; et al. (December 2020). "The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens". BMC Biology. 18 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1. PMC 7014787. PMID 32050971.
Eriksson, Jonas; Larson, Greger; Gunnarsson, Ulrika; Bed'hom, Bertrand; Tixier-Boichard, Michele; Strömstedt, Lina; et al. (February 29, 2008). "Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken". PLOS Genetics. 4 (2) e1000010. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010. PMC 2265484. PMID 18454198.
West, B.; Zhou, B.X. (1988). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication". Journal of Archaeological Science. 14 (5): 515–533. Bibcode:1988JArSc..15..515W. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5.
Al-Nasser, A.; Al-Khalaifa, H.; Al-Saffar, A.; Khalil, F.; Albahouh, M.; Ragheb, G.; Al-Haddad, A.; Mashaly, M. (June 1, 2007). "Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication". World's Poultry Science Journal []. 63 (2): 285–300. doi:10.1017/S004393390700147X. S2CID 86734013.
Fumihito, A.; Miyake, T.; Sumi, S.; Takada, M.; Ohno, S.; Kondo, N. (December 20, 1994), "One subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds", PNAS, 91 (26): 12505–12509, Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112505F, doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12505, PMC 45467, PMID 7809067
Wang, Ming-Shan; Thakur, Mukesh; Peng, Min-Sheng; Jiang, Yu; Frantz, Laurent Alain François; Li, Ming; et al. (2020). "863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken". Cell Research. 30 (8): 693–701. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y. PMC 7395088. PMID 32581344. S2CID 220050312.
Liu, Yi-Ping; Wu, Gui-Sheng; Yao, Yong-Gang; Miao, Yong-Wang; Luikart, Gordon; Baig, Mumtaz; et al. (January 2006). "Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (1): 12–19. Bibcode:2006MolPE..38...12L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014. PMID 16275023.
Zeder, Melinda A.; Emshwiller, Eve; Smith, Bruce D.; Bradley, Daniel G. (March 2006). "Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology". Trends in Genetics. 22 (3): 139–155. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007. PMID 16458995.
Peters, Joris; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Paxinos, Ptolemaios Dimitrios; Best, Julia; et al. (June 14, 2022). "The biocultural origins and dispersal of domestic chickens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (24) e2121978119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11921978P. doi:10.1073/pnas.2121978119. PMC 9214543. PMID 35666876.
Thomson, Vicki A. (April 2014). "Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (13). et al.: 4826–4831. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4826T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320412111. PMC 3977275. PMID 24639505.
Borrell, Brendan (June 1, 2007). "DNA reveals how the chicken crossed the sea". Nature. 447 (7145): 620–621. Bibcode:2007Natur.447R.620B. doi:10.1038/447620b. PMID 17554271. S2CID 4418786.
Storey, A. A. (June 19, 2007). "Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile". PNAS. 104 (25). et al.: 10335–10339. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10410335S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703993104. PMC 1965514. PMID 17556540.
Gongora, Jaime (2008). "Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA". PNAS. 105 (30). et al.: 10308–10313. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10510308G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801991105. PMC 2492461. PMID 18663216.
Peters, Carli (April 2, 2024). "Archaeological and molecular evidence for ancient chickens in Central Asia". Nature Communications. 15 (1) 2697. et al. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.2697P. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46093-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10987595. PMID 38565545.
Perry-Gal, Lee; Erlich, Adi; Gilboa, Ayelet; Bar-Oz, Guy (August 11, 2015). "Earliest economic exploitation of chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (32): 9849–9854. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.9849P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504236112. PMC 4538678. PMID 26195775.
Schiavone, Antonella; Pugliese, Nicola; Otranto, Domenico; Samarelli, Rossella; Circella, Elena; De Virgilio, Caterina; Camarda, Antonio (January 20, 2022). "Dermanyssus gallinae: the long journey of the poultry red mite to become a vector". Parasites & Vectors. 15 (1): 29. Bibcode:2022PVec...15...29S. doi:10.1186/s13071-021-05142-1. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 8772161. PMID 35057849.
Barjesteh, Neda; O'Dowd, Kelsey; Vahedi, Seyed Milad (March 2020). "Antiviral responses against chicken respiratory infections: Focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus". Cytokine. 127 154961. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154961. PMC 7129915. PMID 31901597.
Ilea, Ramona Cristina (April 2009). "Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 22 (2): 153–167. Bibcode:2009JAEE...22..153I. doi:10.1007/s10806-008-9136-3. S2CID 154306257.
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Patwardhan, D.; King, A. (2011). "Review: feed withdrawal and non feed withdrawal moult". World's Poultry Science Journal. 67 (2): 253–268. doi:10.1017/s0043933911000286. S2CID 88353703.
Webster, A.B. (2003). "Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced moult". Poultry Science. 82 (6): 992–1002. doi:10.1093/ps/82.6.992. PMID 12817455.
Molino, A.B.; Garcia, E.A.; Berto, D.A.; Pelícia, K.; Silva, A.P.; Vercese, F. (2009). "The Effects of Alternative Forced-Molting Methods on The Performance and Egg Quality of Commercial Layers". Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 11 (2): 109–113. doi:10.1590/s1516-635x2009000200006. hdl:11449/14340.
Yousaf, M.; Chaudhry, A.S. (March 1, 2008). "History, changing scenarios and future strategies to induce moulting in laying hens" (PDF). World's Poultry Science Journal. 64 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1017/s0043933907001729. S2CID 34761543. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
Young, John J.; Tabin, Clifford J. (September 2017). "Saunders's framework for understanding limb development as a platform for investigating limb evolution". Developmental Biology. 429 (2): 401–408. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.005. PMC 5426996. PMID 27840200.
International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium (December 9, 2004). "Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution". Nature. 432 (7018): 695–716. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..695C. doi:10.1038/nature03154. PMID 15592404.
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Warren, Wesley C.; Hillier, LaDeana W.; Tomlinson, Chad; Minx, Patrick; Kremitzki, Milinn; Graves, Tina; et al. (January 2017). "A New Chicken Genome Assembly Provides Insight into Avian Genome Structure". G3. 7 (1): 109–117. doi:10.1534/g3.116.035923. PMC 5217101. PMID 27852011.

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"UK Egg Industry Data". Official Egg Info. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2017.

ensemble-en-france.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Why is France's emblem a rooster?". Ensemble en France. September 11, 2019. Archived from the original on April 13, 2025. Retrieved March 16, 2025.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

"chicken". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Archived from the original on April 28, 2026. Retrieved May 12, 2026.
Online Etymology Dictionary Archived November 11, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Entry for rooster (n.), May 2019

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Gerard P.Worrell AKA "Farmer Jerry". "Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs". Gworrell.freeyellow.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2008.

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D Lines (July 27, 2013). "Chicken Kills Rattlesnake". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2019.

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abcnews.go.com

Scientists Find Chickens Retain Ancient Ability to Grow Teeth Archived June 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Ammu Kannampilly, ABC News, February 27, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

babel.hathitrust.org

"Editor's Table". The Knickerbocker, or The New York Monthly. March 1847. p. 283. There are 'quips and quillets' which seem actual conundrums, but yet are none. Of such is this: 'Why does a chicken cross the street? [...] Because it wants to get on the other side!'

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Molino, A.B.; Garcia, E.A.; Berto, D.A.; Pelícia, K.; Silva, A.P.; Vercese, F. (2009). "The Effects of Alternative Forced-Molting Methods on The Performance and Egg Quality of Commercial Layers". Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 11 (2): 109–113. doi:10.1590/s1516-635x2009000200006. hdl:11449/14340.

henkeeping.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Choosing Your Chickens". Clucks and Chooks. Archived from the original on July 30, 2009.

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"Info on Chicken Care". Ideas-4-pets.co.uk. 2003. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2008.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Perrin, P. G. (1955). "'Pecking order' 1927–54". American Speech. 30 (4): 265–268. doi:10.2307/453561. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 453561.
Cheng, Kimberly M.; Burns, Jeffrey T. (August 1988). "Dominance Relationship and Mating Behavior of Domestic Cocks: A Model to Study Mate-Guarding and Sperm Competition in Birds". The Condor. 90 (3): 697–704. doi:10.2307/1368360. JSTOR 1368360.
Briskie, J. V.; R. Montgomerie (1997). "Sexual Selection and the Intromittent Organ of Birds". Journal of Avian Biology. 28 (1): 73–86. Bibcode:1997JAvBi..28...73B. doi:10.2307/3677097. JSTOR 3677097.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Boone, Lisa (August 27, 2017). "Chickens will become a beloved pet — just like the family dog". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.

livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; English: 1,417^th place)

Geggel, Laura (December 8, 2016). "Forget About the Road. Why Are Chickens So Bad at Flying?". Live Science. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.

livestockconservancy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Plymouth Rock Chicken". The Livestock Conservancy. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2026.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Hen noun". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
"Definition of Rooster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
"Chicken". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2021.

mo.gov (Global: 2,582^nd place; English: 1,191^st place)

dese.mo.gov

"Overview of the Poultry Industry" (PDF). Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2020.

ncl.ac.uk (Global: 5,403^rd place; English: 3,489^th place)

eprint.ncl.ac.uk

Yousaf, M.; Chaudhry, A.S. (March 1, 2008). "History, changing scenarios and future strategies to induce moulting in laying hens" (PDF). World's Poultry Science Journal. 64 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1017/s0043933907001729. S2CID 34761543. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Schmidt, C.J.; Persia, M.E.; Feierstein, E.; Kingham, B.; Saylor, W.W. (2009). "Comparison of a modern broiler line and a heritage line unselected since the 1950s". Poultry Science. 88 (12): 2610–2619. doi:10.3382/ps.2009-00055. PMID 19903960.
Guo, Ying; Gu, Xiaorong; Sheng, Zheya; Wang, Yanqiang; Luo, Chenglong; et al. (June 2, 2016). "A Complex Structural Variation on Chromosome 27 Leads to the Ectopic Expression of HOXB8 and the Muffs and Beard Phenotype in Chickens". PLOS Genetics. 12 (6) e1006071. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006071. PMC 4890787. PMID 27253709.
Marino, Lori (2017). "Thinking chickens: a review of cognition, emotion, and behavior in the domestic chicken". Animal Cognition. 20 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1007/s10071-016-1064-4. PMC 5306232. PMID 28044197.
Dufour, Sylvie; Quérat, Bruno; Tostivint, Hervé; Pasqualini, Catherine; Vaudry, Hubert; Rousseau, Karine (April 2020). "Origin and Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Vertebrates, With Special Focus on Genome and Gene Duplications". Physiological Reviews. 100 (2): 869–943. doi:10.1152/physrev.00009.2019. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 31625459. Archived from the original on December 7, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
Bain, M. M.; Nys, Y.; Dunn, I.C. (May 3, 2016). "Increasing persistency in lay and stabilising egg quality in longer laying cycles. What are the challenges?". British Poultry Science. 57 (3). Taylor & Francis: 330–338. doi:10.1080/00071668.2016.1161727. PMC 4940894. PMID 26982003. S2CID 17842329.
Zhang, H.; Wang, X.T.; Chamba, Y.; Ling, Y.; Wu, C.X. (October 2008). "Influences of Hypoxia on Hatching Performance in Chickens with Different Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude". Poultry Science. 87 (10): 2112–2116. doi:10.3382/ps.2008-00122. PMID 18809874.
Ali, A.; Cheng, K.M. (1985). "Early egg production in genetically blind (rc/rc) chickens in comparison with sighted (Rc+/rc) controls". Poultry Science. 64 (5): 789–794. doi:10.3382/ps.0640789. PMID 4001066.
Edgar, Joanne; Held, Suzanne; Jones, Charlotte; Troisi, Camille (January 5, 2016). "Influences of Maternal Care on Chicken Welfare". Animals. 6 (1): 2. doi:10.3390/ani6010002. PMC 4730119. PMID 26742081.
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